Plane Waves: Reflection & Transmission: P Chandramouli

Plane Waves: Reflection & Transmission
P Chandramouli
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
January 22, 2020
Mouli (IIT Madras) Noise & Vibration: Royal Enfield January 22, 2020 1 / 36
1 Acoustic Horn
Wave propagation in two media
What happens when a wave travelling in one medium encounters

boundary of another medium?
I Reflection back into first medium and transmission into second medium
To understand why let us look at an analogy
I A ball of mass m1 with initial velocity u1 hits another mass m2 initially
at rest
F Assume elastic collision
I The velocity of masses m1 and m2 after collision
u01 m1 −m2 u02 2m1
F RU = u1
= m1 +m2
; TU = u1
= m1 +m2
I Now let us look at some special cases

I What happens when m1 = m2 ?
Analogy
RU becomes zero and TU becomes 1

I If m1 represents first medium and m2 the second medium then there is
no reflection if the two media are identical
What happens if m2 m1 ?
I In this case TU becomes zero and RU = −1
I No transmission and only reflection
We have both reflection and transmission for other cases
m2
I It is clear that the mass ratio m1 determines this
In a similar way when a wave meets a boundary of another medium
I Some characteristic property ratio dictates behaviour
I What property will become clear shortly
1D Plane Wave
Recall from earlier the expression for acoustic pressure of a plane

wave
I p(x, y, z, t) = Aei(kx x+ky y+kz z−ωt)
I Infinite medium with no boundaries or other sources
Now let us look at the special case of ky = kz = 0
I Then kx = k and wave propagation is only along the x direction
Let us also include the backward propagating wave
I Allows for reflection of waves at interface between two media
1D Plane Wave - 2
The pressure expression then becomes
I p(x, t) = Aei(kx−ωt) + Be−i(kx+ωt)
Euler’s equation in 1D can be written as
∂p
I ρ0 ∂u
∂t = − ∂x
We assume that u(x, t) = Cei(kx−ωt) + De−i(kx+ωt)

Substitution in Euler’s equation yields
1
Aei(kx−ωt) − Be−i(kx+ωt)

I u(x, t) = ρ0 c
p
For forward and backward waves u = ±ρ0 c
I This ratio is called impedance
I ρ0 c is termed characteristic impedance
Now we examine what happens at the interface between two media
assuming 1D plane waves are propagating
Transmission with 2 media
Plane wave at interface

I Normal incidence
I Densities and speeds of sound propagation
are different
I Frequency same which implies wave
number k different
Pressure and velocity in media 1
I p1 = pi eik1 x + pr e−ik1 x ; k1 = ω
c1
I u1 = 1
ρ1 c1 {pi e
ik1 x
− pr e−ik1 x }
Pressure and velocity in media 2
ω
I p2 = pt eik2 x ; k2 = c2
pt ik2 x
I u2 = ρ2 c2 e
I No backward wave as 2 of infinite extent
Pressure continuity
I pr + pi = pt
Velocity continuity at interface
I u1 = u2 which leads to
pi −pr pt
I
ρ1 c1 = ρ2 c2
Pressure transmission coefficient

pt 2ρ2 c2
I
pi = ρ1 c1 +ρ2 c2
Pressure reflection coefficient

pr ρ2 c2 −ρ1 c1
I
pi = ρ1 c1 +ρ2 c2
Similarity with mass impact analogy
ρ0 c plays the role of mass

I Characteristic Impedance
ρ 1 c1
Define H = ρ 2 c2
Pressure transmission coefficient

2
I T = 1+H

1−H
I R= 1+H
Key: Impedance ratio controls

reflection/transmission
Intensity Ratios
Recall sound intensity is the product of pressure and particle velocity

I Represents sound power per unit area
For a plane wave then the incident/ reflected wave intensities will be
p2i p2r
I Ii = pi ui = ρ1 c1 ; Ir = pr ur = ρ1 c1
I Negative sign for 2nd term not shown but interpret as direction reversal
Similarly the transmitted wave intensity is
p2t
I It = pt ut = ρ2 c 2
Intensity transmission ratio

It p2 4H
I = H t2 =
Ii pi (1 + H)2
Intensity Ratios - 2
Intensity reflection ratio

Ir p2 (1 − H)2
I = r2 =
Ii pi (1 + H)2
Ir It
Now clearly + =1
Ii Ii
I Conservation of energy/power
What happens when H 1 or H 1?
Ir Ir
I ≈ 1 and ≈0
Ii Ii
Impedance mismatch implies low sound transmission
I Fundamental principle used in noise control design
I Also true for vibration transmission
Oblique Incidence
We now examine the case of wave incident

at an angle to interface
In this situation kx = k cos θ and
ky = k sin θ with kz = 0
Expression for plane wave in medium 1
I p1 (x, y) = pi ei(k1 cos θi x+k1 sin θi y)
+ pr ei(−k1 cos θr x+k1 sin θr y)
Plane wave in medium 2
I p2 (x, y) = pt ei(k2 cos θt x+k2 sin θ2 y)
Oblique Incidence - 2
Continuity of pressure at x = 0
I pi eik1 sin θi y + pr eik1 sin θr y =
pt eik2 sin θt y
To be true for all y we require
I k1 sin θi = k1 sin θr = k2 sin θt
c1
I sin θi = sin θr ; sin θi = sin θt
c2
I First one implies θi = θr
I Second equation is Snell’s Law
Hence pi + pr = pt
Continuity of normal component of particle

velocity at x = 0
I uix + urx = utx
cos θi ik1 sin θi y
I uix = r1 p i e
I urx = − cosr1θr pr eik1 sin θr y

cos θt ik2 sin θt y
I utx = r 2 pt e
This leads to the equation

r1 cos θt
I pi − pr = pt
r2 cos θi
Eliminating pt from these one gets

r1 cos θt

pr 1− r2 cos θi
I = r1 cos θt

pi 1+ r2 cos θi
Called the Rayleigh Reflection Coefficient

The pressure transmission coefficient is
pt 2
I = r1 cos θt

pi 1+ r2 cos θi
c2
Recall that sin θt = sin θi
c1
If c1 > c2 then θt exists
I θt < θi
c2
If c1 < c2 then θt exists only if sin θi ≤ 1
c1
I Limiting case θic = sin−1 ( cc12 )
I If θi ≤ θic then θt > θi
I If θi > θic then θt is not real
F Transmitted wave propagates in y direction parallel to boundary
F Amplitude decays perpendicular to the boundary
Power transmission coefficient for θt real

4 rr21 cos θt
cos θi
I TΠ =
( rr21 + cos θt 2
cos θi )
r2 cos θt
I When r1 = cos θi power reflection coefficient is zero
r
21
1−( r1 )2
I This occurs when sin θI = ρ
2
1−( ρ1 )2
2
F Angle of intromission
I Can exist only if r1 < r2 and c2 < c1 or r1 > r2 and c2 > c1
I For the second case there is a critical angle and θc > θI
Case 1: c2 < c1
Transmitted power ratio

Reflected power ratio
0.75
Magnitude, TΠ and RΠ
c2/c1=0.9
0.5 r2/r1 =1.1
θI=46.4๐
0.25
0
0 25 50 75 100
Angle of incidence, deg
Case 2: c2 > c1
Transmitted power ratio

Reflected power ratio
0.75
Magnitude, TΠ and RΠ
c2/c1=1.1
0.5 r2/r1 =0.9
θI=43.2๐
θc = 65.5๐
0.25
0
0 25 50 75 100
Angle of incidence, deg
Transmission through a finite fluid layer
Fluid layer of thickness L between two r1 r2 r3

fluids of infinite extent
Characteristic impedances are r1 , r2
and r3
p1 = pi1 eik1 x + pr1 e−ik1 x pr1 pr2
pt3
p2 = pt2 eik2 x + pr2 e−ik2 x
pi1 pt2
0
p3 = pt3 eik3 x
Instead of pressure and velocity
continuity being imposed individually at
each interface x=0 x=L
x0 = 0
I Impedance continuity imposed
Transmission through a finite fluid layer - 2
r1 r2 r3
pi1 + pr1 r2 pt2 + pr2

= pr1 pr2
pi1 − pr1 r1 pt2 − pr2
pt3
pt2 eik2 L + pr2 e−ik2 L r3 pi1 pt2
ik L −ik L
=
pt2 e 2 − pr2 e 2 r2
x=0 x=L
x0 = 0

r1 r2 r1
1− cos(k2 L) − i − sin(k2 L)
r3 r r2
I R= 3
r1 r2 r1
1+ cos(k2 L) − i + sin(k2 L)
r3 r3 r2
Intensity transmission coefficient
4
TI =
r3 r1 r22 r1 r3

2+ + cos2 (k2 L) + + 2 sin2 (k2 L)
r1 r3 r1 r3 r2
Special case of r1 = r3 makes the above expression
1
I TI = 2
1 r2 r1
1+ − sin2 (k2 L)
4 r1 r2
When r2 r1 the transmission intensity ratio becomes

4
I TI = r22
4+ r12
sin2 (k2 L)
For normal incidence many solids behave the same way as fluids
I One can visualize the fluid 2 to be a solid wall between two rooms
r2
For solid walls r1 sin(k2 L) 2 at most frequencies
2r1 2r1 2
I TI = ( )2 ≈ ( )
r2 sin k2 L r2 k2 L
Consider 1 KHz wave through a concrete wall 0.1 m thick
2×π×1000×0.1
I k2 L = 3100 = 0.203; sin k2 L = 0.201
r2 r1
For solid panels in water both r1 and r2 are comparable
I Approximation used for TI not applicable
r2
For thin panels or low frequencies r1 sin(k2 L) 1
I TI ≈ 1
I Free-flooding domes of sonar transducers exploit this
Transmission through thin partitions
Sound transmission through thin partition between two enclosures

I Office spaces
Partition motion normal to interface independent of angle of incidence
Thickness L such that k2 L 1 for most frequencies
Since fluids 1 and 3 are same we have from Snell’s law
I Wave transmitted into 3 has same direction as incident wave in 1
This implies that ui + ur = ut
The momentum part yields pi + pr − pt = iωρs ut cos θ
One can arrive at the following expression for the power transmission
coefficient
1
I TΠ = ωρs 2
1+ r1 cos θ
Plane waves in a tube
First we derive the expression for the velocity

I ux (x, ω) = 1
ρ0 c (Ae
ikx
− Be−ikx )
Suppose one end of the tube is open and the other closed
I At closed end velocity is zero (say at x = L)
I At open end acoustic pressure is zero (say at x = 0)
This would lead to the following conditions
I A = −B
I A = Bei2kL
From this we get B(1 + ei2kL ) = 0
For non-trivial solution this means 1 + ei2kL = 0
Tube with one end closed
1 + ei2kL = 0 can be written as

I 1 + cos(2kL) = 0 and sin(2kL) = 0
I This implies that 2kL = (2m − 1)π with m = 1, 2, · · ·
2π
If we subsitute k = λ into the above expression
I L = (2m − 1) λ4
What does the above mean?
λ
This implies that unless the length L is an odd multiple of 4 there is
no wave propagation
I These are called eigenvalues or natural frequencies of the tube
Modes of the tube
Plane waves in a tube
Suppose now that both ends of the tube are open

I At one open end pressure is zero (x = 0)
I At other open end pressure is zero (x = L)
This would lead to the following conditions
I A = −B
I A = −Bei2kL
From this we get B(1 − ei2kL ) = 0
For non-trivial solution this means 1 − ei2kL = 0
Tube with both ends open
1 − ei2kL = 0 can be written as

I 1 − cos(2kL) = 0 and sin(2kL) = 0
I This implies that 2kL = 2mπ with m = 1, 2, · · ·
2π
If we subsitute k = λ into the above expression
I L= m λ2
What does the above mean?
λ
This implies that unless the length L is a multiple of 2 there is no
wave propagation
I These are called eigenvalues or natural frequencies of the tube
I Note that the fundamental wavelength in this case is twice the previous
case
Modes of Open tube
Horn: Governing Equation
Device to increase acoustic output

Wave equation in 1D is of the form
∂2p c2 ∂ ∂p
= S(x) ∂x {S(x) ∂x }
I
∂t2
dS
Effective horns have dx increase from
throat to mouth
I Horn shapes include hyperbola/ catenary/
exponential and conical
Solution for exponential horn
We will consider exponential horn with S(x) = S0 e2βx

2β is Flare Constant
p(x, t) = e−βx {Aei(κx−ωt) + B −i(κx+ωt) }
β 2 − 12
I κ2 = ( ωc )2 − β 2 ; cp = ω
κ = c(1 − k2 )
Since the phase speed cp is a function of frequency the air inside the
horn is dispersive
Waves will not propagate if driving frequency below a cut-off found
from κ = 0
βc
I fc = 2π
Impedance of Horn
Impedance at any x is given by

ρ0 c 1 (κ−iβ)Aeiβx −(κ+iβ)Be−iβx
I Z(x) = S(x) k Aeiβx +Be−iβx
Amplitude of reflected wave small when krm > 3
ρ0 c
Then Z(0) = S0 k (κ − iβ)
Let us consider a horn with rt = 20 mm and rm = 400 mm and
L = 1.6 m
This corresponds to a flare constant of 2β = 3.7
βc 1.85×340
Cut-off frequency is fc = 2π = 2×π = 100 Hz
Horn Impedance
Why calculate impedance?
Sound intensity for plane wave

1 ∗
2 Re{p̄(ω)ux (ω)}
I
p̄
Now we have Z = ux which implies that p̄ = Zux
Hence the time-averaged sound intensity becomes 12 |ux |2 Re(Z)
In other words the sound power radiated is controlled by the real part
of the impedance (called resistance) and the mean square velocity of
the speaker diaphragm

Plane Waves: Reflection & Transmission: P Chandramouli

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Plane Waves: Reflection & Transmission

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

January 22, 2020

What happens when a wave travelling in one medium encounters

I Now let us look at some special cases

RU becomes zero and TU becomes 1

Recall from earlier the expression for acoustic pressure of a plane

We assume that u(x, t) = Cei(kx−ωt) + De−i(kx+ωt)

Plane wave at interface

Pressure transmission coefficient

Pressure reflection coefficient

Similarity with mass impact analogy

ρ0 c plays the role of mass

Pressure transmission coefficient

Pressure reflection coefficient

Key: Impedance ratio controls

Recall sound intensity is the product of pressure and particle velocity

Intensity transmission ratio

Intensity reflection ratio

We now examine the case of wave incident

Continuity of normal component of particle

I urx = − cosr1θr pr eik1 sin θr y

This leads to the equation

Eliminating pt from these one gets

Called the Rayleigh Reflection Coefficient

Power transmission coefficient for θt real

Transmitted power ratio

Transmitted power ratio

Fluid layer of thickness L between two r1 r2 r3

pi1 + pr1 r2 pt2 + pr2

When r2  r1 the transmission intensity ratio becomes

Sound transmission through thin partition between two enclosures

First we derive the expression for the velocity

1 + ei2kL = 0 can be written as

Suppose now that both ends of the tube are open

1 − ei2kL = 0 can be written as

Device to increase acoustic output

We will consider exponential horn with S(x) = S0 e2βx

Impedance at any x is given by

Sound intensity for plane wave

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When r2 r1 the transmission intensity ratio becomes