Operation in quadrants 1 & 2

Ra
Ia
La
D Q1
Vs
Ea

D Ea
Ra La
Q2
Vs Ia + -

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Regenerative PWM DC-DC converter

D Ea
Ra La
Vs Ia + -

va
Vs VEa
a

0
Ts Ea
Va t

Ton = DTs Toff =

(1-D)Ts

0
ia Imax
Ia
D is ON Imin t
D is OFF 40
 Analysis of ia in Q2 at constant speed
Note: Diode D is on during DTs, switch T is on during (1 - D)Ts.
dia
During 0  t  Ton Vs - Ea = La + ia Ra
dt
dia
During t - Ton  t  Ts, 0 = Ra ia + La + Ea
dt
The differential equations are the same as those in Q1

Vs æ 1 - e- DTs / t a ö Ea
I a max = ç ÷-
Ra è 1 - e-Ts / t a ø Ra

Vs æ e DTs / t a - 1 ö Ea
I a min = ç Ts / t a ÷-
Ra è e - 1 ø Ra

Î a -ripple = I a max - I a min

41
 is T1

T1 D1 Ea T2
Ia Ra La va
Vs
Vs ia Ia
T1 D2
T2 D2 D1 D1
T2
is

Ea or wm
D = 1.0
D = 0.75
D = 0.5 Q2 Q1
D = 0.25

0 Ia or Tem

The straight-line T-ω characteristics of Q1 CCM

extends into Q2 with the same slopes and intercept 42
 4Q PWM DC-DC converter drive

FB FM
T1 D1 T3 D3
Ia Ra La
Vs
T4 D4 T2 D2
RM RB

• Unipolar: (Vs/0; 0/-Vs)

Only one switch is controlled for a given polarity of the output
voltage, the current freewheels through the other switch and a
diode during Toff ;
• Bipolar (±Vs)
Two diagonal switches are always switched together.
43
4Q PWM DC-DC converter drive (Unipolar)
• Unipolar (Va>0)

T1 D1 T3 D3 T1 D1 T3 D3
Ia Ra La Ia Ra La
Vs Vs
T4 D4 T2 D2 T4 D4 T2 D2

During Ton During Toff

va
VS

0
t
ia

0 t
Ton Toff
44
4Q PWM DC-DC converter drive (Unipolar)
• Unipolar (Va<0)

T1 D1 T3 D3 T1 D1 T3 D3
Ia Ra La Ia Ra La
Vs Vs
T4 D4 T2 D2 T4 D4 T2 D2

During Ton During Toff

0
t
-VS va
0 t
ia

Ton Toff
45
 Exercise 3: 4-Q DC-DC converter drive
Sketch va and ia in bipolar switching mode, indicating the conduction
paths of ia through the switches and diodes.

T1 D1 T3 D3 T1 D1 T3 D3
Ia Ra La Ia Ra La
Vs Vs
T4 D4 T2 D2 T4 D4 T2 D2

T1 D1 T3 D3 T1 D1 T3 D3
Ia Ra La Ia Ra La
Vs Vs
T4 D4 T2 D2 T4 D4 T2 D2

va
VS VS
0 0
t -VS va t
-VS
ia 0
ia t

0 t Ton Toff
Ton Toff
46
 Switching scheme and PWM switching frequency
§ Unipolar versus bipolar switching in 4-quadrant converter (SW signals, ripple)
§ The PWM switching frequency is selected from the following considerations:
1. for the switching frequency, 2pfsLa >> Ra (ripple)
2. High switching frequency reduces the current ripple and motor losses. It also
avoids discontinuous conduction.
3. fs should be much higher than the speed control bandwidth. Thus fs > 10×speed
control bandwidth.
4. fs should be higher than any significant resonant frequencies
5. fs should be sufficiently high to avoid audible noise (>=5kHz)
6. Too high switching frequency will result in excessive switching losses in the
switching devices (transistors).
7. Too high switching frequency limits the range of output and introduces offset
into the power converter input-output characteristics. At high switching
frequencies the finite delay times of gate switching circuits and dead-times for
device protection may become comparable to the switching period.

47