IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- The Role of Mathematical Model of Energy
Review of Phase Change Materials Based on Storage by Power Systems Computer
Aided Design / Electromagnetic Transients
Energy Storage System with Applications including DC in Power Energy Security
Control
Haoning Yang
To cite this article: R. Thamaraikannn et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 197 012034 - Economic Analysis of Centralized Energy
Storage and Impact on NEM
Yunfan Meng

- Measurement of Non-Linear Impedances

and Zero Free Parameter Modeling
View the article online for updates and enhancements. Approach for Predicting Battery Voltages
Can Berk Uzundal, Mohammed Zabara
and Burak Ulgut

Recent citations
- Lizhong Yang et al

- Emerging applications of phase change

materials: A concise review of recent
advances
Hamza Faraji et al

- A review of thermo-fluidic performance

and application of shellless phase change
slurry: Part 1 – Preparations, properties
and applications
Fei Ma and Peng Zhang

This content was downloaded from IP address 103.158.42.32 on 22/01/2022 at 07:08

Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS BASED ON

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM WITH APPLICATIONS

R.Thamaraikannn1, B.Kanimozhi2, M. Anish3,J.Jayaprabakar4

P.Saravanan5,A.RohanNicholas6

School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India

E-mail: anish2010me@gmail.com

Abstract. The use of Different types of storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is
an effective way of storing energy and also to make advantages ofheating and cooling systems
are installed to maintain temperatures within the well-being zone. PCMs have been extensively
used in various storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, and thermal control
applications. The use of PCM’s for heating and cooling applications have been investigated
during the past decade. There are large numbers of PCM’s, which melt and solidify at a wide
range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also
outline the investigation and analysis of Phase Change materials used in Different Types of
storage systems with different applications.

1. Introduction

Since the beginning of time people have beneficiated by sun. Ancient civilizations personified by the
sun. Only recently suns however have we developed the ability to harness the suns awesome power
.The resultant technologies have promising deduction for the future of renewable energy and
sustainability Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at later time a
device that stores energy is sometimes called as accumulator. Energy comes in multiple fumes
including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential, electricity, elevated temperature latent heat.
Energy storage involves converts energy from forms that are difficult to store the conventional,
economical storage forms. As examples energy demand can balanced day time and day time .summer
heat from solar heaters can be stored interpersonally for use in kilter and cold obtained from kilter air
can be provided for summer air conditioning. Storage medium include water or ice slush tanks ranging
from small to massive. There are many types of storage system using phase change materials is an
effective way of storing energy and also to make advantage of heating and cooling systems are
installed to keep temperatures within the well being zone .PCMs have been extensively used in
various storage systems. For heat pumps solar engineering and thermal control applications. The use of
PCMs for heating and cooling have been investigated during the past decade .they are large number of
PCMs which meld solidify at a wide range of temperatures making them beautiful in a number of
applications. This paper also outline the investigation and analysis of phase change materials used in
different types of storage systems with different applications .Thermal energy storage technology with
PCMs with many applications those technology is very beneficial for the humans as well as the energy
conversations

2. Energy Storage Systems

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

Thermal Energy Storage systems play an important role in the effectual functioning of different
systems, and industrial waste heat advance systems. Energy can be stored and recovered as sensible
heat, latent heat and also in energy storage transformations increase of any of these. In SHS system,
thermal energy is stored by increasing the temperature of a solid or liquid. The SHS system uses the
heat capacity and the change in the temperature of the material during the procedure of charging and
discharging. The amount of stored thermal energy depend on the specific heat of the medium, the
temperature alter and the amount of storage material. LHS system is settled on heat absorption or
release, when heat provide to the system. When materials access certain level of temperature the
additional heat energy is stored in the system without any alter in the temperature, then the stored
energy in the materials experience a phase change from solid to gas or reversed. It is called as latent
heat storage system. Energy Storage system, the energy is occupied and distributed while breakage or
reforming molecular bonds in a fully reversed chemical reaction. In this case, the storage of heat
depends on the quantity of chemical material and endothermic heat of reaction.

3.Heat Transfer Improvements Methods

Enhancement techniques are supporting tools for thermal energy storage systems. The closely
enhanced design yields good results in thermal systems. The rapid development of world literature on
this subject point that enhancement is now a major specialty area in thermal energy (heat transfer)
Research and Development. so the industrial and domestic utilization of improvement techniques
increases day by day. Heat transfer improvements techniques are needed for many latent heat thermal
energy storage systems; various methods are proposed to increase the heat passing in a latent heat
thermal energy storage system, such as Metallic fillers, metal matrix construction, and finned tubes
were used to increase the thermal conductivity of the phase change materials as shown in figure
1.improvements related techniques are listed below. (i)Active methods of agitators, vibrators, scrapers
and clay. (ii)Microencapsulated PCM. (iii) PCM contains separate high conductivity particles, Lessing
rings.

(iv) PCM assorted with graphite composite material.

(v) Extensive surfaces such as fins and honeycombs.

Figure.1 Different kinds of Heat Transfer Improvements fins

2
Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

4. Objective:
[1]By using phase change material like paraffin and stearic acid during thermal energy
storagesystemusing both sensible and latent heat storage capacity in a unit volume, while
charging and discharging the solar energy is maintained at constant temp and pressure.
[2] PCMs like paraffin (aluminium is filled with paraffin) it maintain that hot water is accessible
throughout the day the storage unit stores the heat in the PCM storage during the day time and supplies
hot water during at night and overcast time.[3] By using he PCM (wax based storage system is
improved by fixed copper, aluminium and iron spring).we can store the loss of energy during changing
and discharging of solar energy.[4]His review is using the PCM the latent storage system is obtained
in effective way and it has the many advantages high storage, isothermal in nature .PCM is widely
used for many applications
[5] To avoid when the available energy source is irregular then a time lagging between productions is
demand by providing three different aspect ratio of thermal storage tank namely 2, 1, 1/2.[6] He
describe that using the pcm when the solar radiation is not available we use the sensible storage unit
.when the solar radiation is available means we use the latent heat storage system.[7] The storage of
solar energy with the help of thermal energy storage like solar energy storage sensible heat storage and
latent heat storage with the help of PCM .[8]He describe using the solar energy the water is heated
with the help of attachment of photovoltaic tank because this one reach the high efficiency when
compared to others normal heater.
[9]The focus on solar power plant using the thermal energy storage technology and system to get a low
economic analysis as high efficiency.[10] He describe focus on solar and power plant using the latent
thermo Celine energy storage system is performed for repeated charging and discharging process and
movement of process using the encapsulated PCM.[11] He describe using the PCM as salt instead of
paraffin wax to increase the solidification of storage system and It has high thermal conductivity and
low cost compared to the paraffin wax.[12] She describe the storage .The energy interns of
temperature distribution heat transfer and energy storage rate by using multi tank storage system.[13]
The solar energy storage based on the metal hybrids particularly to get the better performance,
optimization and good economical feasibility.[14] He describes that energy storage system based on
latent heat storage and thermo chemical heat storage mainly concentrate on limited life of methods
energy source is the achievement of sustainable energy is not available at all the time the need of heat
storage system obtained.[15] He describe in order to reduce operation cost of solar plant and the
limitation is their low heat conductivity based on different types of thermal storage system sensible
,latent and chemical heat using PCM.[16] The simple and widely used application of solar energy
include cooking, water heating power generation and agricultural drying operating the cooking on
power by using different PCM(stearic acid)[17] The usage of PCM to kept the heat in the form of
latent heat is increased because large amount of thermal energy stored in smaller volume. In that
sodium thiosulphate ,pentahydrate used as a PCM stored in stainless steel capsule.[18] He describes
the mainly concentrated on free cooling and active building cooling by the concept of thermal energy
storage by using PCM as CaCl2,6H2O this material is used for cooling the water during night time and
circulating throughout the area.[19] He describes based on phase changing material in solar thermal
energy storage system in different types Sensible heat storage ,latent heat storage and thermo
chemical storage and is widely used for many applications in order to reduce the low cost medium
good efficiency and stores thermal energy.[20] He describes based on PCM the indoor temperature of
the fluctuation can be reduced significantly to achieve energy conservation in building with thermal
comfort..
[21] The review on thermal energy storage system using phase changing material and it’s widely used
for many applications space heating and cooling in buildings solar application of peak energy storage
on heat exchanger in improvement. It concentrates to raise in electric energy cost thermal storage

3
Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

technologies.[22] To achieve thermal comfort inn buildings reducing the cooling and heating demand
using PCM to obtain energy efficiency inHVAC system.[23] He describes using PCM able to charge
and discharge the energy storage with a thermal power with the help of latent thermal energy storage
system in order to increase the thermal conductivity of material using as pcm . which limits the power
that can be extracted from the thermal energy storage [24] He explains the heat transfer co -efficent
decreases with increasing phase change material as micro protected pcm suspension with water
propanol mixture as the base fluid .temperature and flow rate of heat transfer in three technique the
pure conduction quasi -steady and decay period [25] In order to increase the content on the pcm .its
prepared by using the macro packed pcm .its prepared by using n-octedecane ,n-eicosane and n-
docosane to get the thermal conductivity was more than pure pcm .and also wiedly used in aplication
material in buildings [26] In order to reduce the weight and space requirement of energy storage
system by using cylindrical latent heat energy storage system .based on pcmcanonic acid is used with
copper fins .
[27] In order to get the satisfactory conductivity good thermal reliability and stability by using
unchanged pcm in differntLauric -Palmatic -Stearic acid /expanded perlite composite[28] He describe
the use of pcm in a thermal energy storage tank when blended to a heat pump system and also he
mentioned to get high efficiency by using pcm tanks compared to normal tank material like salt
hydride ,macro -encapsulated in plastic flat slab.[29] He describes in order to improve the speed of the
charging and discharging heat process by adding the oil engine different type of paraffin wax as
PCM.[30] He describes order to increase the higher heat storage capacity by using different kind of
building composite PCM in different ratio and many TES application.
[31] The review on phase changing material. The phase change between 0 degree Celsius and 250
degree Celsius during heating and cooling applications by latent heat storage system and many
techniques used for heat transfer.PCM salt hydrate, eutectic mixtures.
[32] By using the composite PCM to achieve the high energy charging and discharging and method to
enhance the thermal conductivity by the PCM.[33] The discharging process of a latent heat thermal
energy storage system with help of finned head pipes by using the high temperature PCM.[34] He
describes to accrue long term productivity of LHS system by using Thermo-Physical stability of both
paraffin’s and salt hydrates .Its mainly focused on to improve the phase transience rate thermal
conductivity latent heat storage capacity and thermo physical stability.
5.Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials
There are many merits in using an encapsulated phase change materials, which rising the heat transfer
area, decrease the PCM reactivity towards the outside surroundings, and manage the changes in the
storage material sizes. The phase change materials are encapsulated in clear design closed vessel with
metal or plastic materials as shown in Figure.2

Figure.2 Heat Transfer EnhancementEncapsulation

[35] he developed a computer framework for the appraising of the temperature of solid and fluid. The

4
Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

length of the packed bed contains encapsulated AL-Si PCM shots. Air was used as the heat transfer
fluid (HTF) in their analyse.[36] Developed an ID porous medium framework to find the thermal
characteristics of ice-water cool storage in crowded capsules for air conditioner, in which the water as
PCM and alcohol as coolant for assorted porosities.[37] Analyses numerical probe on packed bed
thermal framework for sensible and latent heat storage systems. The framework was compared in
relation to the work factors of particle size, void fraction, particle material, flow rate alteration,
working fluid inlet temperature and wall thermal losses. [38] Compare Sodium acetate try hydrate has
more effectual than paraffin wax in which the storage tank comprise number of encapsulated PCM
balls in which solar energy is engrossed and stored as latent heat. Large amount of solar energy can be
stored in a day time and same heat can be used afterwards. It concluded Sodium acetate try hydrate has
more effectual than paraffin wax and extended with thermal cooling on PCB.
Carry a transient phase change thermal storage system. The manage volume limit difference approach
was used to find the equations. The EASY scheme was used to find the pressure and velocity fields of
the HEAT TRANSFER FLUID. The influencing factors such as radial temperature spreading, phase
change overlap position and heat accumulation have been considered. Deal with the experimental
ascertaining of the thermal performance of a packed bed latent heat TES system, formed with solar flat
plate aggregator, in which the TES unit contains paraffin as PCM is filled in spherical capsules.
Delineate the preparation of a form-stable PCM and polyethylene paraffin compound. It contained of
paraffin as a dispersed PCM and a high volume polyethylene (HDPE) as a supporting material to
contribute the heat storage.
Analyse the solidification of an n-hexadecane filled in spherical enclosure. The performance of
solidification process calculates for three various unchanged surface temperatures and three different
initial super heats of n-hexadecane. He determined that the solidification phase propagate inside and
outside the centre of the sphere. Studied four various capsules (sphere, cylinder, plate and tube) for
analyse the effects of geometrical constellation. The consequence of the capsule diameter and shell
thickness and the void ratio on the action of the heat storage system were also analysed. The
experiment was handling by using a commercial plate heat trader as the heat storage tank. It was
confirmed that the spherical capsule showed the best heat release performance among the four types of
analyse capsules.
6.Thermal Energy Storage System Based on the Solar System
Thermal energy storage consists a number of technologies that store thermal energy in artificial lake
for afterwards. They can be employed to equilibrium the energy demand between the day time, night
time and the overcast period .Solar energy is a greater renewable energy resource, of an sporadic
nature, and its effectual utilization is a part of expense and effectual storage system. No storage is
utilize in solar energy system, the major part of the energy demand will be come across by theSharma
et al (1999) handled experimental test on commercial grade of stearic acid, paraffin wax and acetamide
. Throughout the investigate latent heat of fusion, melting temperature and specific heat of PCM have
been addressed. He terminated that acetamide and paraffin wax were found to be more stable pcm than
stearic acid and protracted his study with erythritol as PCM . He builds a prototype solar cooker based
on an evacuated tube solar aggregator with PCM. Solar energy is stored in the PCM storage unit
during daytime and is utilized for cooking in overcast period. Cooking experiments and PCM storage
processes were carried out simultaneously. It was observed that noon cooking didn’t affect the evening
cooking, and evening cooking using PCM heat storage was found to be faster than noon cooking.
Developed a framework of open-loop passive solar water-heating system joint with sodium thisulfate
pentahydrate pcm. It was determined that the water temperature at the midpoint of the storage tank
reduced regularly by day untill the temperature of pcm. Heat storage action of the same solar water-
heating system joined with the other salt hydrate pcm’s were checked theoretically by using
meteorological data and thermo physical properties of PCM with some premise, finally he proved that
the PCM solar water header had a higher thermal efficiency than conventional solar water-heating
system concentrated Experimental Study of Heat Transfer improvement in Latent Heat Thermal
Storage System during Charging and Discharging Processes. Hybrid thermal energy storage system

5
Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

used for PCM , for managing simultaneously the storage of heat from solar and electric energy. This is
developed and declared with experimental data. Simulations carried out for a period of 4 continuous
winter months point that, with such a system, the electricity consumed for space heating is reduced
above 32% Also more than 90% of the electric energy is very intense during off-peak hours. For
electricity fair where time of use schemes are in effect, the return on the finance in such a thermal
storage system is very desirable.
7. Conclusion
The review of this paper carried out various methods of heat transfers techniques to improve the
thermal energy storage system. The paper mainly focus on PCM based thermal energy storage system,
which is more adaptability and useful to the energy conservative system and wrapped current research
papers in particular field.

References:
[1]Arun Prasad Raja, Basak T. and Das S.K. (2005),“Heat transfer and fluid flow in a constructal heat
exchanger”, Engineering in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Enhanced Compact
and Ultra Compact Heat Exchangers Science Engineering and Technology.
[2]Ismail K.A.R., Alves C.L.F. and Modesto M.S. (2001), “Numerical and experimental study on
the solidification of PCM around a vertical axially finned isothermal cylinder”,
Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 21, pp. 53-77.
[3]Frusteri F., Leonardi V., Vasta S. and Restuccia G. (2005), “Thermal conductivity measurement
of a PCM based storage system containing carbon fiber”, Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering,
No. 25, pp. 1623-1633.
[4] HishamEttouney, Hisham El-Dessouky and Eman Al-Kandari (2004), “Heat Transfer
Characteristics during Melting and Solidification of Phase Change Energy Storage Process”,
Conference on Industrial Engineering and Chemical Research. No. 43, pp. 5350-5357.
[5]PiiaLamberg (2004), “Approximateanalytical model for two-phase solidification problem in a
finned phase-change material storage”, Journal of Applied Energy, No. 77, pp. 131-152.
[6]Ananthanarayanan V., Sahai Y., Mobley C.E. and Rapp R.A. (1987), “Modeling of fixed bed heat
storage units utilizing phase- change materials”, Journal of Metallurgical Trans. B, Vol. 18,pp. 339-
346.
[7] Velraj R., Seeniraj R.V., Hafner B., Faber C. and Schwarzer K. (1999), “Heat transfer
enhancement in a latent heat storage system”, Journal of Solar Energy, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 171-180.
[8]Ismail K.A.R. and Stuginsky R. (1999), “A parametric study on possible fixed bed models for PCM
and sensible heat storage”, Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 19, pp. 757-788.
[9] Kanimozhi B. and Ramesh Bapu B.R. (2010), “Enhancement of Solar Water Heating
System Using PCM”,NationalJournal of Advanced Mechanics And Building Science,Vol. 1,No.2,pp.
48-51.
[10]Kanimozhi B. and Ramesh Bapu B.R. and Sivashanmugam M. (2009), “Thermal cooling on PCB
using PCM materials”, International Conference on Advanced in Mechanical and Building Science in
the 3rd Millennium, ICAMP 2009, Dec. 2009, VIT, Vellore University, Vellore.
[11]Nasser Mostafavinia, SamanEghvay and Amir Hassanzadeh 2015 Numerical analysis of melting
of nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) in a cavity with different positions of two heat
source-sink pairs Indian J. Sci. Tech.8(S9) pp 49–61.
[12]Aceves-Saborio SS, Nakamura HH and Reistad GM 1994 Optimum efficiencies and phase change
temperatures in latent heat storage systems ASME Journal of Energy Resources Technology 116(1)
pp 79-86.
[13]VahidMadadi, Hamid Beheshti, TourajTavakoli and Amir Rahimi 2015 Experimental study and
first thermodynamic law analysis of a solar water heater system J. Non-Equilibrium
Thermodynamics 40 (3) pp 171–183.
[14]SelvanBellan, Tanvir E Alam, José González-Aguilar, Manuel Romero, Muhammad M Rahman,
D Yogi Goswami and Elias K Stefanakos 2015 Numerical and experimental studies on heat transfer

6
 Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

characteristics of thermal energy storage system packed with molten salt PCM capsules Applied
Thermal Engineering 90 pp970-979.
[15]Lingkun Liu, Guruprasad Alva, Xiang Huang and Guiyin Fang 2016 Preparation, heat transfer
and flow properties of microencapsulated phase change materials for thermal energy storage
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 pp 399-414.
[16]GovindarajKumaresan, Rahulram Sridhar and RamalingomVelraj 2012 Performance studies of a
solar parabolic trough collector with a thermal energy storage system Energy47 (1) pp 395–402.
[17]V K Jebasingh and G M Joselin Herbert 2015 Numerical simulation of elliptical absorber tube in
parabolic trough collector for better heat transfer. Indian J. Sci. Tech. 8(24) DOI:
10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i24/80165.
[18]Mohamed M Abdulgalil, Franc F Kosi, Mohamed H Musbah and Mirko S Komatina 2014 Effect
of thermal energy storage in energy consumption required for air conditioning system in office
building under the africanmediterranean climate Thermal Science18(1) pp S201-S212.
[19]Beemkumar N and Karthikeyan A 2016 Experimental analysis of heat transfer characteristics of
solar energy Materials today: Proceedings3 pp 2475 – 2482.
[20]Felix Regin A, Solanki SC and Saini JS 2008 Heat transfer characteristics of thermal energy
storage system using PCM capsule: A review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews12 pp
2438–58.
[21]Medrano M, Yilmaz M O, Nogues M, Martorell I, Joan Roca and Luisa F Cabeza 2009 Experimental
evaluation of commercial heat exchangers for use as PCM thermal storage systems Applied Energy
86 2047-2055.
[22]Nallusamy N, Sampath S and Velraj R 2007 Experimental investigation on a combined sensible and
latent heat storage system integrated with constant/varying (solar) heat sources Renewable Energy 32
pp 1206-1277.
[23]Shiina Y and Inagaki T 2005 Study on the efficiency of effective thermal conductivities on melting
characteristics of latent heat storage capsules International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer48 pp
373-383.
[24]Velraj R, Seeniraj R V, Hafner B, Faber C and Schwarzer K 1999 Heat transfer enhancement in a latent
heat storage system Solar Energy65(3) pp 171-180.
[25]Zalba B, Mann J M, Cabeza L F and Mehling H 2003 Review on thermal energy storage with
phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications Applied Thermal Engineering23 pp
251-283.
[26] Kanimozhi B. and Ramesh Bapu B.R. (2011), “Experimental Study of Heat Transfer
Enhancement in Latent Heat Thermal Storage System during Charging and Discharging Processes”,
International Journal of Design and Manufacturing Technologies, Vol. 2,No. 5, pp45-49
[27] Chen S.L. and Yue J.S. (1991) “Thermal performance of cool storage in packed capsules for air-
conditioning”, Journal of Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 551-561. [37]
UrosStritih (2003), “Heat transfer enhancement in latent heat thermal storage system for buildings”,
International Journal of Energy and Buildings, No. 35, pp. 1097-1104.
[22] Ye Hong Ge Xin-shi (2000), “Preparation of polyethylene paraffin compound as a form-stable
solid-liquid phase change material”, Conference on Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, No.64, pp.
37-44.
[23] Chan C.W. and Tan F.L. (2005), “Solidification inside a sphere -an experimental study”,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, No. 33, pp. 335-341.
[24] Jinjia Wei, Yasuo Kawaguchi, Satoshi Hirano and Hiromi Takeuchi (2005), “Study on a PCM
heat storage system for rapid heat supply”, Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, No. 25, pp. 2903-
2920
[25] Brousseau P. and Lacroix M. (1996), “Study of the thermal performance of a multi-layer PCM
storage unit”, Journal of Energy Conservation and Management, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 599-609.
[26] Ismail, K.A.R. and Goncalves M.M. (I999), “Thermal performance of a PCM storage unit”,
International Journal of Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 40, pp. 115-138.

7
Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890

[27] Velraj R., Seeniraj R.V., Hafner B., Faber C. and Schwarzer K. (1999), “Heat transfer
enhancement in a latent heat storage system”, Journal of Solar Energy, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 171-180.
[28] UrosStritih (2003), “Heat transfer enhancement in latent heat thermal storage system for
buildings”, International Journal of Energy and Buildings, No. 35, pp. 1097-1104.
[29] Arun Prasad Raja, Basak T. and Das S. K. (2005), “Heat transfer and fluid flow in a constructal
heat exchanger”, Engineering in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Enhanced
Compact and Ultra Compact Heat Exchangers Science Engineering and Technology.
[30] Ismail K.A.R., Alves C.L.F. and Modesto M.S. (2001), “Numerical and experimental study on the
solidification of PCM around a vertical axially finned isothermal cylinder”, Journal of Applied
Thermal Engineering, Vol. 21, pp. 53-77.
[31] Eftekhar J., Haji-Sheikh A. and Lou D.Y.S. (1984), “Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Paraffin
Wax Thermal Storage System”, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 299- 306.
[32] Kanimozhi B. and Ramesh Bapu B.R. (2012), “Experimental Study of thermal energy storage in
Solar System using PCM”, Advanced Materials Research,No.433, pp. 1027-1032
[33] Lacroix M. and Duong (1993), “Experimental improvements of heat transfer in a latent heat
thermal energy storage unit with embedded heat sources”, International Journal of Energy
Conversation and Management, Vol. 39, No. 8, pp. 703-716.
[34] Padmanabhan P.V. and Krishna Murthy M.V. (1986), “Outward phase change in a cylindrical
annulus with axial fins on the inner tube”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, No. 29,
pp.1855-1866.
[35] Siegel R. (1977), “Solidification of low conductivity material containing dispersed high
conductivity particles”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, No. 20, pp. 1087-1089.
[36] Chow Zhong J.K. and Beam J.E. (1996), “Thermal conductivity enhancements for phase change
storage media”, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 91-100.
[37] SuatCanbazog ˘lua, Abdulmuttalip S., Ahinaslana, Ahmet Ekmekyaparb, Y. GokhanAksoya and
FatihAkarsu (2005), “Thermal performance of a solar cooker based on an evacuated tube solar
collector with a PCM storage unit”, Journal of System Energy and Buildings, No. 37, pp. 235-242.
[38]R.J. Goldstein et al. (2006)“Heat transfer review of 2003 literature” International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer Vol.49,pp. 451-534.

8
Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 197 (2017) 012034 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/197/1/012034
1234567890