Network Fundamentals

Lecturer Shoaib Noori

Shoaib@Jahan.edu.af

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Course Objectives
After successfully completing this course, you will be able to:
› Understand Networking
› Understand Network Media
› Understand OSI Model
› Understand TCP/IP
› Understand Network Devices
› Understand IP Addresses
› Understand Configuration and Controlling of LAN
› Understand Resource Sharing and Remote Management
› Understand Configuration of Desktop Security
› Understand Wide Area Network

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Course Outline
› Introduction to Networking
› Network Media
› Understanding OSI Model
› TCP/IP
› Network Devices
› IP Addresses
› Configuring and Controlling LAN
› Resource Sharing and Remote Management
› Configuring Desktop Security
› Wide Area Network
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Text Books to Follow
› CompTia Network+ N10-005, by Emmett Dulaney and Mike
Harwood Fourth Edition, Pearson
› CCNA Routing and Switching, Todd Lammle
› CCENT Study Guide 2nd Edition By Todd Lammle
› Windows 8 for IT Pros Jump Start, by Microsoft Corporations

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Grading Policies
Internal Evaluation

Midterm Exam 20%

Attendance 5%

Assignment/Presentations 5%

Quizzes/Tests 10%

Total Internal Evaluation 40%

Final-term Examination

Theory Exam 40%

Viva Exam 20%

Total Marks 100%

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Student Responsibility

A student must be in the class on time.

Obey rules and regulations of Jahan university.
Must actively participate in the class.
Should keep the mobile switched off & in case of emergency ask the
lecturer for permission.
Can use library/lab when needed.
Must present & work on presentations, workshops, assignment and project.

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Networking

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Lecture Outline
› What is a network?
› What are some of the different types of networks?
› What does topology mean?
› Physical Network Topologies
› How do we make connections?
› What is a protocol?
› Introduction to addressing

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What is a network?
› When two or more Devices (Nodes) are connected through a
medium/cable to share their resources and information, it is
called a computer network”.
› A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of
sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.
› In other words, a group of computers and other devices
connected together is called computer network, and this process
is called computer networking.

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Networks- Why we need Them?
› File sharing: Networking of computers helps the network users to share
data files.
› Hardware sharing: Users can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-
ROM drives, hard drives etc. Without computer networks, device sharing is
not possible.
› User communication: Networks allow users to communicate using e-mail,
newsgroups, and video conferencing etc.

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Advantage Of Networking

1. Sharing information (or data)

2. Sharing hardware and software
3. Centralizing administration and support
4. E-mail message
5. Word-processing Software
6. Live audio and video broadcasts

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What is a network? – Sender
› It is also called “source”.
› It is the device which generates the message and responsible for
its transmission.
› It can be a
– computer
– Workstation
– telephone handset
– video camera
– or any communication device.

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What is a network? – Receiver
› It is also called “destination/sink”.
› It is the device that receives the transmitted message.
› It may be a
– computer
– Workstation
– telephone handset
– Television
– or any communication device.

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 Role of Computers in Network
› There are three roles of computer in a Local Area Network

– Clients
– Peers
– Servers.

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Role of Computers in Network (cont.)
– Clients

– A computer is called a “client” in a LAN if it contains following

characteristics:

– It uses the network resources/services.

– It must have a client operating system installed on it, e.g.
Win98/NT/2000Professional/XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10.
– It always request server for any service.

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Role of Computers in Network (cont.)
– Peers

– A computer is called a “peer” in a LAN if it contains following

characteristics:

– It provides and uses network resources.

– It must have a peer operating system installed on it, e.g.
Win98/NT/2000Professional/XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10.

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Role of Computers in Network (cont.)
– Servers

› A computer is called a “server” in a LAN if it contains following

characteristics:

– It provides the network resources/services.

– It must have server operating system installed on it, e.g. Win
NT 4 Server/2000 server/2003 Server/2008 server/2012
Server/2016 Server.
– It accepts the requests of clients.
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 Network Models

› Two main types of Network Models

› Peer to Peer Network

› Server-Based Network

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Peer to Peer Network (Workgroup)

No server No client

Every computer is a Peer
Peer is the computer, which both uses and provides network resources.
No central login process
In Peer-to-Peer network every host will act as a client and a server
Uses
Sharing disk space and resources such as printer and faxes.
Operating Systems Used
Win 98/2000 Professional/XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10
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Peer to Peer Network (Cont.)

› WORKGROUP

– Workgroup is a group name given to a set of computers that are

logically and physically connected together within a peer-to-peer
network to share resources.
– Recommended number of computers is 10.

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Peer to peer

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Peer to Peer Network (Cont.)

› ADVANTAGES:

– No extra investment in server hardware and software is required.

– Easy setup.
– No network administrator is required.
– Ability of users to control resources sharing.
– No Trust on other computer for their operation.
– Lower cost for small network.

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Peer to Peer Network (Cont.)

› DISADVANTAGES:

› Additional load on computers because of resources sharing.

› Lack of central organization.
› Weak security.
› Lack of central management.
› Extra cost on training the users in order to manage resources.

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Server-Based Network
In a client/Server network each hosts will act specifically as a server (the
provider of resources) or a client (the receiver of resources).
› Server-Based or Client-Server.
› Clients request services.
› Minimum limit of clients and servers is 1 and maximum limit
depends on different factors.
› This network is managed with respect to domain.

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Server Based Network

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Server-Based Network (Cont.)

› DOMAIN

› group name given to a set of computers that are logically and physically
connected together within a server-based network.
› Domain security and logon permissions are controlled by.
› There is one master domain controller in each domain, called Primary
Domain Controller (PDC), which may be assisted by secondary domain
controllers, called Additional Domain Controllers (ADC).

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Server-Based Network (Cont.)

› ADVANTAGES:

› Strong central security.

› Central file storage.
› Ability to share expensive equipment, such as laser printers.
› Freeing of users from the tasks of managing the sharing the resources.
› Easy manageability of a large number of users.
› Central organization, which keeps data from getting lost among
computers.

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Server-Based Network (Cont.)

› DISADVANTAGES

› Expensive dedicated hardware for servers.

› Expensive network operating system software and client licenses.
› A dedicate network administrator (usually required).

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Comparison of Peer-to-Peer Networks and Clients Server Networks

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Categories of Networks
› Today when we speak of networks, we are generally referring to
two primary categories:

Network

Local area Metropolitan area Wide area

network Network network
(LAN) (MAN) (WAN)

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Local Area Networks
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers and network
communication devices within a limited geographic area, such as an
office building.
They are characterized by the following:
› High data transfer speeds
› Generally less expensive technologies
› Limited geographic area

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Local Area Networks

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Local Area Networks
LAN A network that connects a relatively small number of machines in a
relatively close geographical area
 LAN is basically established in a
 single office,
 building,
 campus,
 or a city.
 Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of
technology used, a LAN can as simple on two PCs and printer.
 Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.

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Local Area Networks
› Share Resources between PC or Workstation.
› Resources to be shared are
– Hardware
› Printer, Scanner, CD-Rom
– Software
› an application program
› or data.

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Local Area Networks
› In general, a given LAN will use only one type of transmission
medium.
› The most common LAN topologies are
– Bus,
– Star
– Ring.
› Traditionally, LANs have data rates in the
– 4Mbps
– 16Mbps
– 100Mbps to 1000Mbps with gigabits systems in development.

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Metropolitan Area Networks

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Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
› A MAN is designed to extend over an entire city or state.
› It may be a single network such as a cable television network.
 For example, a company can use a MAN to connect the LANs in
all of its offices throughout a city.
› A MAN may be wholly owned and operated by a private company.

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Wide Area Networks
› Wide Area Network.
› Networking implemented on far away or long geographical
distances.
 For Example, networking implemented between two continents or
countries.
› For Example, network between campuses of a university in
different states of a country.

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Wide Area Networks

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Wide Area Networks

“WAN provides large distance transmission of data, voice, image

and video information over large geographical areas that may
comprise a country, a continent or even the whole world.”

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Topology

“Physical layout of a network is called network

topology”
OR
“Topology defines physical or logical arrangement of
links in a Network”

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Topology (Cont.)
 The ways in which the wires can be run in the
network to link with the computer.
 The ways in which the connections are made in the
network.
 Simply The physical layout of the network.

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Categories of Topology

Topology

Mesh Star Bus Ring

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Bus Topology

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Bus Topology (Cont.)
 STRUCTURE
 A bus topology, is multipoint.
 One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the
devices in a network.
 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop
lines and taps.
 A drop line is a connection running between the
device and the main cable.
 A tap is a connector that either splices into the
main cable or punctures the sheathing of a cable
to create a contact with the metallic core.

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Bus Topology (Cont.)
 In a bus network every workstation needs
 BNC Barrel Connectors
 T-Connectors
 Terminators
 NIC.
 T-Connectors are used to provide connection from the bus link to a
workstation.
 NIC (Network Interface Card) is used to link a workstation with the
network.
 Barrel Connectors are used to connect two parts of a cable either broken
or when additional wire is required.
 Terminators are used for Termination purpose.
 Basically Thin Coaxial Cable is used in this topology.

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 NIC Card

T-Connector

Barrel Connectors Terminators

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Bus Topology (Cont.)
 ADVANTAGES
› It is cost effective.
› Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
› Used in small networks.
› It is easy to understand.
› Easy to expand joining two cables together.
› Easy to use and understand.
› It is reliable in small networks.

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Bus Topology (Cont.)
 DISADVANTAGES
 Not a good choice for large organizations, because of slow data traffic.
 Cables fails then whole network fails.
 If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the
network decreases.
 Cable has a limited length.
 It is slower than the ring topology.

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Mesh Topology

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Mesh Topology (Cont.)
 In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every
other device.
 Made up of multiple point to point connections.
 Mesh topology have Increases links between devices.
 Each workstation is connected with a multi-port device like HUB that
broadcasts the data.

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Mesh Topology (Cont.)
 ADVANTAGES
› Each connection can carry its own data load.
› It is Strong.
› Fault is Identify easily.
› Provides security and privacy.

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Mesh Topology (Cont.)
 DISADVANTAGES
 The hardware required to connect each link (I/O ports and cable) can be
prohibitively expensive.
 Installation and configuration is difficult.
 Cabling cost is more.
 Lighten wiring is required.

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Star Topology

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Star Topology (Cont.)
 In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a
single Switch through a cable. This Switch is the central node
and all others nodes are connected to the central node.
 Most commonly used network topology
 STRUCTURE
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub or switch.
 The devices are not directly linked to one another.

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Star Topology (Cont.)
 ADVANTAGES:
 Most flexible of the three topologies and easiest to diagnose.
 It is less expensive than a mesh topology.
 Each device needs only one link and one I/O port .
 This factor also makes it easy to install and reconfigure.
 Far less cabling needed as compare to mesh topology.
 Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
 Switch can be upgraded easily.
 Easy to troubleshoot.
 Easy to setup and modify.
 Only that node is affected which has failed rest of the nodes can work
smoothly.

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Star Topology (Cont.)
 DISADVANTAGES:

 Cost of installation is high.

 Expensive to use.
 If the hub is affected then the whole network is stopped because all the
nodes depend on the hub.
 Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

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RING TOPOLOGY

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RING TOPOLOGY
 It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as
each computer is connected to another computer,
with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two
neighbors for each device.
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only the two devices on either side
of it.
 Cable may be Coaxial with connectors or may be
twisted pair with a HUB. Commonly Twisted Pair
cable is used.

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RING TOPOLOGY
Advantage of Ring Topology
› In a Ring topology, every computer has an equal access to the network.
› Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load
› Additional components do not affect the performance of network.
› Each computer has equal access to resources.

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RING TOPOLOGY
› DISADVANTAGES:
– Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole network.
– Adding or removing nodes disturb the network.
– Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
– Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
– Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
– Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source
and destination. This makes it slower than

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What is a protocol?
› A protocol is a set of rules that control data communications.
› A protocol defines
– what is communicated,
– how it is communicated,
– and when it is communicated.

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Introduction to addressing
› All hosts on a network must be identified with an address on that
network
› Addressing in computer networks is similar to how addressing
works with the postal network or telephone network
› The most typical types of addresses used in computer networking
are MAC addresses and IP addresses
› There are both private and public forms of addressing
– Private addressing.
– Public addressing.

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Summary
› What is a network?
› What are some of the different types of networks?
› What does topology mean?
› Physical Network Topologies
› How do we make connections?
› What is a protocol?
› Introduction to addressing

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Thank You
For your patience
Shoaib@jahan.edu.af

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