Review Article

Energy Exploration & Exploitation

0(0) 1–21
Current status and ! The Author(s) 2018
DOI: 10.1177/0144598718787294
development trend of journals.sagepub.com/home/eea

wind power generation-

based hydrogen
production technology

Zheng Li , Peng Guo, Ruihua Han and

Hexu Sun

Abstract
The hydrogen production technology by wind power is an effective mean to improve the utili-
zation of wind energy and alleviate the problem of wind power curtailment. First, the basic
principles and technical characteristics of the hydrogen production technology by wind power
are briefly introduced. Then the history of the hydrogen production technology is reviewed, and
on this basis, the hydrogen production system by wind power is elaborated in detail. In addition,
the prospect of the application of the hydrogen production technology by wind power is analyzed
and discussed. In the end, the key technology of the hydrogen production by wind power and the
problems to be solved are comprehensively reviewed. The development of hydrogen production
technology by wind power is analyzed from many aspects, which provides reference for future
development of hydrogen production technology by wind power.

Keywords
Hydrogen production, wind power generation, non-grid-connected, technology status, prospect

Introduction
In 1760s, the industrial revolution began in Europe. Fossil fuel has become the main source
of energy for human beings. As human consumption of fossil fuels increases year by year,

School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
Corresponding author:
Zheng Li, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.
Email: Lzhfgd@163.com

Creative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
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distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and
Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
2 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

environmental problems and global warming are getting worse. With the development of
energy, clean energy is gradually replacing fossil energy. In the past three energy revolutions,
there is a regularity: the content of carbon is reduced and the content of hydrogen is
increased, the number ratio of atoms of carbon to hydrogen is becoming smaller from
coal (1:1) to oil (1:2) and natural gas (1:4), decarburization is accelerating and hydrogen
content is getting larger. It has become a natural law and the trend of energy development
and utilization. As a new energy of zero carbon, hydrogen energy has the characteristics of
environmental safety, high energy density, high conversion efficiency, abundant reserves,
and wide application. The hydrogen is zero discharge and zero pollution, and it is the most
promising alternative energy source. Hydrogen energy era is an era when hydrogen was the
main energy source, and it is an ideal energy time. Natural gas is used as a transitional
energy in the era of hydrogen energy, and hydrogen will become the main and absolute clean
energy in the future of human society.
All countries in the world regard the development of hydrogen energy as a national
strategy. They make plans, depict road maps, and explore the way of industrialization.
Wind power is developing rapidly as clean energy, but a large number of wind curtailment
(Duan, 2015; Huang, 2016; Zhang et al., 2012b) caused the waste of wind energy. It is still a
topic for scholars all over the world to study. In recent years, although the issue of wind
curtailment has been greatly eased (D
ıaz-González et al., 2012; Song et al., 2009; Zhang
et al., 2012b), the healthy and sustainable development of renewable energy has not yet
fully realized.
How to solve the problem of wind curtailment has become hot spots for researchers. It is
also one of the bottlenecks that restrict the sound development of the wind power industry.
The technology of hydrogen production by wind power provides a new idea to solve the
problem of the wind curtailment (Liu et al., 2014; Qolipour et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2015; Zeng
et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2017), and it is important to solve the problem of wind power
consumption on the spot. It is also propitious to the development of decentralized wind
power generation technology and the efficient utilization of renewable energy (Rahmouni
et al., 2016). Hydrogen is made by electrolysis of water and stored in hydrogen storage
device (Ali et al., 2017; Fujii et al., 2015; Wang, 2016). On the one hand, hydrogen can be
injected into the existing gas supply network as a clean and high-energy fuel to achieve
complementary conversion of electricity to gas. On the other hand, it can be used directly
and efficiently in high efficiency cleaning technology such as fuel cells. Hydrogen can be
transformed to electric energy by fuel cell, and the electricity is transported to the power grid
to improve the power quality. At the same time, hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier
into the industrial and commercial fields by vehicle or pipeline, such as metallurgy, chemical
industry, and other industries (Yuan et al., 2016). And the hydrogen production system by
wind power will also greatly promote the rapid development of the vehicle by hydrogen fuel
cell (Cao and Zhang, 2017).

Basic principle and technical characteristics of hydrogen production

by wind power
The hydrogen production technology by wind power is a new environmental protection
technology, which is directly applied to electrolysis water to produce hydrogen by generat-
ing electricity through wind turbines.
Li et al. 3

The basic principle of hydrogen production technology by wind power

The hydrogen production technology by wind power is considered as a “clean and efficient
mode of energy use.” This mode is used to generate hydrogen by electrolysis which cannot
be absorbed by the power grid or to generate hydrogen directly by using the electricity
generated by non-grid-connected wind power. Hydrogen is stored and transported after
pressurization and is applied to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and so on. Hydrogen production
technology by wind power system is mainly composed of wind turbine, water electrolysis
device, hydrogen storage device, fuel cell, power grid, and so on (Valverdeisorna et al.,
2016). The ratio of wind power into power grid and hydrogen production is adjusted by
the control system, and the wind curtailment power can be absorbed maximally, the wind
power integration problem is relieved. The excess electric power of wind power generation is
used to electrolyze water for hydrogen production. The storage density of hydrogen is
increased by pressure hydrogen storage technology, solid-state hydrogen storage technolo-
gy, and so on. The basic structure of the hydrogen production system is shown in Figure 1.

Main technical characteristics of hydrogen production by wind power

1. High adaptability of wind turbines

Wind turbines not only send electrical energy by a converter device to the power grid, but
also provide power for the hydrogen electrolytic cell (Takahashi et al., 2008). Therefore, the
high adaptability of the wind turbine is required. That is, the wind turbine must have
resistance to wind energy fluctuation.

2. High efficiency, high adaptability, environmental protection, and safety of electrolytic cell

The electrolytic cell of hydrogen production provides high purity hydrogen by the elec-
trolysis of water, and the process needs to ensure the efficiency of energy conversion.

Figure 1. Basic structure of the wind power hydrogen production system.

4 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

And the fluctuation of power will have great influence on the life and hydrogen purity of
electrolyzer. Therefore, the demand of the electrolyzer is higher. By optimizing the electrode,
catalyst, and other materials, the electrolysis cost and hydrogen production efficiency can be
reduced. The performance can be improved by optimizing the isolation membrane, and the
power fluctuation of the electrolyzer can be improved by adjusting the process parameters,
so as to ensure the safe operation of the system (Chang et al., 2016; Nishimura et al., 2017).

3. The flexibility, efficiency, and safety of the wind power hydrogen production con-
trol system

Integrated control system of hydrogen production technology by wind power includes the
control system of hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell. The main technical
characteristics include the flexible distribution of the ratio of hydrogen production power
and safe operation of hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen system by
control system.

Research status of hydrogen production technology by wind power

Traditional hydrogen production by electrolysis in the generation of electricity will make a
lot of pollutant emissions. However, the hydrogen production technology by wind power is
the use of “green” power and it is a clean technology. In recent years, many scholars have
analyzed and verified the economy and feasibility of hydrogen production from wind power.
Dutton et al. (2000) predicted the practical problems of the hydrogen production system by
wind power and the possible problems of the development of the hydrogen production by
wind power by summarizing the EU-funded hydrogen production projects. The influence of
wind power fluctuation on the operation of electrolyzer was pointed out, and the method of
improving the output power of the wind turbine is put forward. Kassem (2003) assessed the
economics and feasibility of hydrogen production technology by wind power based on the
intermittency of wind energy. Sherif et al. (2005) reviewed hydrogen production technology
and pointed out that using wind energy to generate hydrogen can improve the competitive-
ness of wind power generation. Honnery and Moriarty (2009) of Monash University in
Australia evaluated the technical potential of hydrogen production technology by wind
power; it is estimated that the annual potential of hydrogen production technology by
wind power is 116 EJ (1 EJ ¼ 1018 J). Bartels et al. (2010) analyzed hydrogen production
from an economic point of view and concluded that hydrogen production is feasible. Genç
et al. (2012) reviewed the world’s research on the cost of hydrogen production from wind
energy, and the economy of hydrogen production in Turkey was analyzed and the hydrogen
production cost was calculated according to the cost of wind energy, and the annual yield of
hydrogen energy in Pinarbasi, etc. was obtained. Bhandari et al. (2014) analyzed the hydro-
gen production technology by wind power from the perspective of life cycle assessment and
concluded that hydrogen production from wind power is a well technology. Qolipour et al.
(2017) evaluated the technicality and economy of hydrogen production technology by wind
and solar power. The results show that it is feasible to make hydrogen from the wind power
and it provides a new way to solve the problem of the wind curtailment.
In recent years, foreign scholars began to study the technology and theory of hydrogen
production technology by wind power. Takahashi et al. (2008) proposed a coordinated
control method for hydrogen production technology by wind power, the variable speed
Li et al. 5

wind generator and hydrogen preparation device are installed together. The impact of wind
energy fluctuation on power system and hydrogen generation plant was reduced by smooth
power curve, and this system was introduced and simulated in detail in 2010, and its per-
formance was evaluated. Hydrogen production control system assisted by power grid was
proposed by Cl
ua et al. (2010) in the University of La Plata, a control strategy for regulating
the current value of electrolyzer was also proposed, and the hydrogen production efficiency
was optimized. Pino et al. (2011) analyzed the influence of the electrolyzer operating tem-
perature on the hydrogen production system from the wind power generation. The produc-
tion efficiency in actual operating temperature was compared with the efficiency in rated
temperature. The conclusion showed that hydrogen production efficiency is overestimated at
actual temperature. The wind power plant producing hydrogen by electrolysis was simulated
by Valdés et al. (2013), and two methods for optimizing the power of hydrogen production
by wind power were put forward and simulated. Belmokhtar et al. (2014) put forward a
control strategy based on fuzzy logic for optimal management of hydrogen production
technology by wind power. Sarrias-Mena et al. (2015) studied the coupling operation of
the electrolyzer and the wind turbine for the hydrogen production, and the working char-
acteristics of the four different electrolyzers were compared.
The hydrogen production project by wind power was first proposed by the United States,
the project makes hydrogen by an array of generators connected to an electrolytic reactor.
Europe is the leader in the field of storing energy by converting wind energy into hydrogen.
The EU plans to achieve sustainable development without reliance on fossil fuels by the end
of 2060, and the important part of achieving this goal is to store and apply renewable energy
in the way of hydrogen. The EU has implemented a demonstration project on hydrogen
production technology in Greece and Spain, and the project combined wind energy with
hydrogen production technology. It involves hydrogen storage, fuel cells, and desalination
technology, and it provides “green” hydrogen energy for energy storage, power supply, and
supply of fresh water (He, 2015; Luo, 2017). In 2008, the Chinese Urban Planning and
Design Institute proposed the construction pattern of the hydrogen production base of
seawater desalination. North China Electric Power University, Shanghai University of
Finance, and Economics and Beijing Green Source Technology Co., Ltd, and so on dis-
cussed the feasibility and economy of wind power generation hydrogen production, and the
problems faced by hydrogen production by wind power. In 2011, the state of Brandenburg,
Germany, built and operated the world’s first wind–hydrogen hybrid power station. In 2013,
China National Electricity Co., Ltd proposed a new way of large-scale wind power storage–
wind power hydrogen production and fuel cell power generation system, and pointed out
that the effective storage of hydrogen and fuel cell technology are the key technical problems
of the system. In 2014, Germany proposed the idea of using the hydrogen gas generated by
wind power to inject gas net and set up demonstration plan. This is an important beginning
of wind power production. The national renewable energy laboratory in U.S. and Xcel
energy have launched a demonstration Wind2H2 project, the project uses wind power
and photovoltaic to produce and store hydrogen, and it maximizes the use of renewable
energy and optimizes energy transfer. Subsequently, Japan also proposed a series of plans
and applications for the hydrogen production of wind power. In September 2016, the
70 MPa hydrogenation station (Tongji-Xinyuan hydrogenation station) in China was com-
pleted in Dalian, and the independent innovation of key equipment was realized in China. In
2017, the first hydrogen production industry application project in China: the hydrogen
production station of Hebei Guyuan hydrogen production project was successfully started,
6 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

it is the world’s largest hydrogen production project, and it provides experience and foun-
dation for the realization of hydrogen production scale and industrialization of wind power.
The hydrogen production technology by wind power has developed rapidly, but there is still
a problem of low hydrogen production efficiency and high energy consumption for hydro-
gen production. However, the use of wind power to produce hydrogen is an effective way to
promote the application of hydrogen energy (He, 2015; Li et al., 2008; Yin et al., 2016;
Zhou, 2017a; Zhou, 2017b; Zhou and Wang, 2015).
Generally speaking, the hydrogen production technology by wind power is still at the
stage of theoretical research. There are still a lot of problems to be solved, such as highly
adaptable wind turbine, power control and adjustment method for wide power fluctuation,
high power hydrogen production equipment suitable for wide power fluctuation, more effi-
cient energy saving technology for hydrogen production, integrated control and safety of
hydrogen production, and so on. More efficient and safe hydrogen storage technology and
fuel cell also play a crucial role in the long-term development of hydrogen.
In general, Europe, represented by Germany, has developed relatively fast in hydrogen
production, and there are demonstration projects in hydrogen production, hydrogen stor-
age, and hydrogen use. At present, hydrogen is mainly used in hydrogen fuel generation and
hydrogen fuel cell. The development of hydrogen cars in new energy vehicles is slow because
of the need for huge infrastructure (such as hydrogen station, hydrogen transport network,
etc.). Hydrogen energy is being paid more and more attention as a clean energy. It is an
important strategic direction for the development of renewable energy.

The development prospect of hydrogen production technology

The development of hydrogen production will lead to the development of all walks of life,
such as wind power equipment, hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, operation and
hydrogen application, etc. First of all, in the process of generating electricity, a large
number of wind turbines, gearboxes, blades, electric control systems, and infrastructure
such as tower and bearing are used, and related machinery manufacturing and motor indus-
try will develop rapidly. It will be helpful to the research of wind turbines and the upgrading
of manufacturing industry. The technology of hydrogen production by electrolyzing water is
reliable and efficient, and it has good application prospect. Hydrogen energy utilization
mainly includes hydrogen production, safe and efficient storage, and scale application. It
also contributes to our research on electrolysis and hydrogen storage technology, and it
promotes the development of related equipment manufacturing industry. Hydrogen pro-
duction technology will also play a significant role in the development of fuel cells. Fuel cells
have high power generation efficiency and avoid serious environmental pollution. In recent
years, fuel cell has achieved rapid development, the relevant technologies have been grad-
ually mature, and different types of fuel cell buses and small cars have already conducted
extensive demonstration operation.

Off-grid wind power generation technology

The off-grid electrolysis water system by wind power combines wind power directly with the
new electrolytic water system. Wind power is not connected to the grid, which eliminates the
impact of wind power on the grid, and achieves 100% efficiency and low-cost utilization of
wind power. The process diagram of non-grid-connected hydrogen production is shown in
Li et al. 7

S1 S3 S7 S5
Vin TR Hydrogen Comprehensive
C0 L C production utilization of
load hydrogen energy
Wind turbine S2 S4 S8 S6

AC/DC Converter

Figure 2. Process diagram of non-grid-connected wind power hydrogen production.

Figure 2. Wind power generated by the wind turbine in the non-grid-connected wind power
generation can be used by simple variation voltage and rectification. The voltage is adjusted
from the transformer to the required voltage, and the alternating current is rectified to direct
current. In the larger wind speed fluctuation, the electricity generated by the wind turbine
can be used (Yan and Gu, 2010). The cost of the hydrogen production system is less than
30% or more than the cost of the grid-connected unit. The off-grid wind power generation
technology is very efficient to solve the energy consumption problem, and the hydrogen
produced is clean, renewable, and so on.

Hydrogen fuel cell motor vehicle

As one of the main uses of hydrogen energy, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have been
developed rapidly in recent years. As early as in 1993, Canada Ballard developed the first
zero-emission fuel cell bus with a top speed of 72 km/h, powered by proton exchange
membrane. It triggered a global research and development of fuel cell vehicles. Many devel-
oped countries have invested a lot of manpower and financial resources to carry out research
of electric vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cell, and they have made great progress.
Toyota launched the first hydrogen fuel cell car “Mirai” in 2015. Then, Hyundai also
launched a fuel cell vehicle “Tusheng” (Fu, 2015; Zhang, 2017). In March 2017, Honda
launched a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (Clarity) in Japan. At the Frankfurt motor show,
Mercedes unveiled the first mass-produced hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. China’s hydrogen
fuel cell vehicles are in the commercial stage; Foshan (Yunfu) industrial transfer industrial
park launched hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in 2017. The vehicle had entered the small-scale
commercial promotion stage. The world’s first hydrogen fuel cell tramcar was carried out in
Tangshan, Hebei, in 26 October 2017, the pollution free and zero discharge has been real-
ized. The infrastructure for developing fuel cell vehicles is not yet complete, and the infra-
structure development needs to be further strengthened. The driving mileage and life
technology of the fuel cell are needed to be broken through. The development of the hydro-
gen production technology by wind power will greatly promote the development of fuel cell
vehicles and improve the environment.

New type of hydrogen production equipment

The rapid development of the hydrogen production technology by wind power will lead to
the further upgrading of the hydrogen production equipment by wind power. The high
efficiency electrolytic hydrogen production system with wide power fluctuation will develop
rapidly, such as electrolysis system based on alkaline electrolysis and electrolytic hydrogen
8 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

production equipment based on proton exchange membrane technology, energy security,

and so on. High efficiency and low-cost conversion are realized by the upgrading of its
materials (Jin, 2017). The problem of low capacity of the electrolysis hydrogen production
system also needs to be solved. The current scale of the wind power hydrogen production
system is generally within a few megawatts, given that the large centralized wind
power system has reached a few hundred megawatts or more; the deficiency of the capacity
of the electrolysis hydrogen system will be a major obstacle to the practical application of
the joint system and it is very important to study the more large-scale and higher capacity
electrolysis hydrogen production system. At the same time, the technology of the hydrogen
production by wind power will also drive the hydrogen fuel cell to develop at a higher power
density, and it will drive the hydrogen storage equipment to complete the further upgrade.
And the technology will make the hydrogen storage equipment have larger capacity
and lower cost.

Future development trend

The 21st century is an era of efficient, clean, safe, and sustainable energy use. All countries in
the world have taken the use of energy as the key in the field of scientific research. In recent
years, wind energy plays a key role in the development of new energy. The production of
hydrogen by the wind power not only provides a large amount of hydrogen energy, but also
provides and produces a variety of products with direct economic benefits. It combines
mature technologies such as power generation, electrolysis, and hydrogen energy applica-
tions. The continuous expansion of hydrogen production technology has gradually replaced
conventional carbon energy, and the conversion efficiency can be further improved by large-
scale application of hydrogen production technology by wind power. The hydrogen pro-
duction technology by wind power is one of the ways of sustainable energy development in
the future. Hydrogen production is of great significance to the development of future related
industries, such as wind power industry, smart grid, fuel cell power generation system, new
energy vehicles, and so on.
The development of hydrogen production by wind power will greatly enhance the pro-
duction of hydrogen energy and realize the free use of hydrogen in various fields. The
hydrogen energy industry, which is based on fuel cells, will develop greatly, such as hydro-
gen fuel cell car, distributed generation, emergency power supply, etc. The use of hydrogen
fuel cells for distributed generation can meet the needs of different generation sizes and
provide solutions for the power supply problems of industry, commerce, and housing. In the
emergency power supply based on hydrogen fuel cell, it is applied directly to information
technology department, bank, hospital, and other important enterprises and institutions.
The development of hydrogen energy will lead to the clean utilization of fossil energy, which
can realize the upgrading of oil quality and improve product quality for oil refining
enterprises.
At present, the wind power hydrogen industry is developing toward the trend of intelli-
gence and informationization, which will greatly promote the high quality development of
wind power hydrogen industry. As a kind of clean energy, hydrogen can greatly promote the
development of global environmental protection industry and alleviate the problem of
global warming.
Li et al. 9

Key theory and technical problems for further study of hydrogen

production by wind power
The difference between the hydrogen production technology by wind power and the tradi-
tional electrolysis hydrogen production is that the energy of the wind power is intermittent
and fluctuant, and it presents a huge challenge to wind power and electrolytic hydrogen
production. At present, the development of hydrogen production technology by wind power
is not mature. There are still a lot of problems in many aspects of the hydrogen production
technology, and the following is a list of some problems that needs to be solved in the
development of hydrogen production technology.

Off-grid/grid-connected wind turbine technology

The wind power generator in off-grid/grid-connected hydrogen production not only supplies
the power to the power grid, but also supplies power for the hydrogen production, and it is
also necessary to adapt to the instability of the power grid. The electricity ratio of grid-
connected and hydrogen production needs to be adjusted by control system. The innovation
and development of high adaptability wind turbine is very important for the technology of
hydrogen production (Jin, 2017; Valdés et al., 2013; Yoshida et al., 2015). At present, the
most widely used wind turbines are double-fed wind turbine and permanent magnet direct
drive wind turbine. At present, the structure, principle, working characteristics, and the
adaptability for hydrogen production of the permanent magnet direct drive synchronous
wind turbine and the double-fed induction wind turbine still need to be further studied. At
the same time, the new switched reluctance generator and the generator of double salient
pole structure for hydrogen production are also in the development and testing stage.

Double-fed asynchronous wind turbine and permanent magnet synchronous direct drive wind turbine.
There are not many differences between the double-fed asynchronous wind turbine and
permanent magnet synchronous direct drive wind turbine in the speed range and energy
transfer. The reactive power regulation range of double-fed wind turbine is larger and the
power quality is higher, but its control mode is more complex (Deng, 2014); the schematic
diagram of double-fed generator is shown in Figure 3. The direct drive permanent magnet
generator mainly reduces the rated speed of the motor by increasing the number of the
magnetic pole, it reduces the speed increase gearbox components, and its performance and
reliability are higher than double-fed wind turbine (Gao, 2017). Var compensator is not
needed for permanent magnet direct drive synchronous wind generator. Although the uti-
lization of wind energy is relatively high, the cost is high and the loss is large. The schematic
diagram of direct drive permanent magnet wind turbine is shown in Figure 4. The above two
kinds of generators are widely used in wind turbine, but there are still problems in the lack
of adaptive capacity for hydrogen production system. Therefore, it is very urgent to design
economic and adaptive wind turbines for the application of hydrogen production.

Switched reluctance generator. The application of switched reluctance generator in the wind
power generation system was proposed after 1990s. The research of switched reluctance
motor started late and it is currently in the stage of theoretical experiment. The high power
supporting equipment is not complete and it is the current problem. The stator and rotor of
switched reluctance generator are convex structures, and there is self-excitation function in
10 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

Main circuit
breaker

Gear box

Brake Asynchronous Generator

motor side converter
Grid-side Transformer
converter Medium
voltage switch

Rotor Variable Converter

bearing propeller Converter control
drive

Wind turbine
control

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of double-fed generator.

Permanent
magnet generator

Variable- DC AC
Yaw
pitch AC DC
drive
Electric
Voltage

current

drive
Electric
Rotational
Pitch angle current
speed
Wind speed Main control Converter control
Control
system system
Wind direction instruction

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of direct drive permanent magnet wind turbine.

switch reluctance motor; in the self-excited mode, the voltage can be automatically estab-
lished with small DC excited power supply (Li, 2015), and direct current energy can be used
directly. If it forms a complementary system with hydrogen production and fuel cell storage,
it can reflect the advantages of time-sharing excitation and power generation. When the
Li et al. 11

wind energy is enough, on the one hand, the switched reluctance generator can get excitation
from the fuel pool, on the other hand, it will supply power for the load, and at the same
time, it can supply electricity to the electrolytic cell, and transform the remaining electric
energy into hydrogen energy to store up. When the wind is insufficient, the hydrogen energy
stored will be released for use in the load. The generator has high efficiency, adaptability,
and low cost, which is more suitable for the hydrogen production. For non-grid-connected
hydrogen production, the wind generator will focus on the development direction of simple
structure, easy maintenance, strong wind energy, high reliability, and low cost.

Doubly salient generator. The double salient DC generator is a dual salient structure, which is
similar to the switched reluctance switch motor. The dual salient DC generator is simple in
structure and low in cost. It is a motor suitable for the non-grid-connected wind power
hydrogen production system. The operating principle and structure of a double salient pole
generator are analyzed in detail by Qin (2006), and so on. In order to be widely used in direct
drive power generation system, the theory and its operating mechanism of this kind of
generator need to be studied more deeply. At present, the development of the generator is
still in the stage of theoretical research and verification.

High efficiency electrolysis hydrogen production system with wide power fluctuation
The method of hydrogen production by electrolysis. The development of electrolysis hydrogen
technology is quite mature. The key technology of the electrolysis water system is the
electrolyzer. At present, according to the different electrolytes in the electrolyzer, it can
be divided into three types: alkaline, proton exchange membrane, and solid oxide.

1. Alkaline electrolysis hydrogen production: it is one of the simplest and most mature
hydrogen production methods. The flow chart of electrolytic water hydrogen production
equipment is shown in Figure 5. The basic water electrolysis device is mostly bipolar
pressure filter structure with high reliability and can run under normal temperature and
atmospheric pressure. However, there are problems of environmental pollution caused by
alkali infiltration and low efficiency of hydrogen production. The key technology of
hydrogen production by alkaline electrolysis is to solve these two problems.
2. Proton exchange electrolysis for hydrogen production: the PEM cell is mainly composed
of two electrodes and polymer thin films. The proton exchange membrane is
usually integrated with the electrode catalyst. The PEM electrolyzer needs no electrolyte,
only pure water, which is safer and more reliable than alkaline electrolyzer. The efficiency
of the hydrogen production method can reach more than 90% (Zhou, 2017), but it is
difficult to use the precious metal platinum for its large-scale application, which
is expensive.
3. Solid oxide hydrogen production: solid oxide hydrogen can save 20–30%, and no pre-
cious metals are needed as electrodes, which greatly reduces the cost of hydro-
gen production.

The key technology of hydrogen production method is to develop the material to improve
the hydrogen production efficiency. The improvement of safety in hydrogen production is
still the key technology for the development of this technology (Long, 2016; Luo, 2017;
12 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

Hydrogen Oxygen
Drop Cooler separator separator Cooler Drop
catcher catcher

Electrolyzer
Alkali
liquor
Cooler Cooler

Filter Lye pump Lye pump Filter

Deionized Deionized
water water

Figure 5. Flow chart of electrolytic water hydrogen production equipment.

Water Alkali
tank tank
Tap Synthetic
water Natural
Deionized
Gas
water
Device
equipment

Wind
turbine Oxygen
Stor
-age
tank
Rectifying Electrolyzer Subsidiary
device frame
Hydrogen
Stor
-age
tank
Control
cabinet

Figure 6. Flow chart of hydrogen production.

Ning, 2017; Wei, 2016; Yuan et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016). The flow chart of hydrogen
production is shown in Figure 6.

Adaptability of hydrogen production unit under the condition of wide power fluctuation of wind power.
The power output fluctuation range of the wind power hydrogen production system has a
certain influence on the hydrogen production device (Dob
o and Palotás, 2016). There are
two main aspects: the effect of large fluctuation on the life of equipment; the effect on the
Li et al. 13

purity of the product gas. In order to prevent the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in the
hydrogen production system, the film cloth with the function of permeable gas isolation is
placed between the cathode and the anode. But there is still a small amount of hydrogen and
oxygen permeating the diaphragm. In order to prevent the explosion in the electrolysis
device, the hydrogen oxygen concentration analyzer is installed. At the same time, in the
experimental study, in the wide power fluctuation, the low power of hydrogen production
will lead to the production of impure gas. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the other
process parameters to ensure the safe operation of hydrogen production under low power
and to adjust the electrolyte circulation and power of the system on the same period. This
method can greatly improve the purity of the gas. So for the hydrogen plant adaptability
problem in condition of wind power fluctuation, by adjusting the process parameters to
improve the purity of hydrogen is a key technology to ensure system safety operation, such
as the use of methods and an electrolyte circulation system power regulation of hydrogen
production system safe operation.

Hydroelectric hydrogen production technology of inorganic ion membrane. In the water electrolysis
hydrogen production equipment of inorganic ion membrane, a series of problems caused by
the use of the raw asbestos diaphragm have been fundamentally solved. It has the following
advantages: the first is the advanced inorganic basic ionic membrane. The film thickness is
only 0.2 mm, and it has strong ionic permeability, high hydrogen and oxygen gas separation,
and the resistance value of cathode and anode two electrodes is small. The film voltage is
very low and the electrode spacing is almost zero, so the cell voltage is not increased when
the electrolysis current density is increased. Therefore, the heat of hair is small, the efficiency
of electrolysis is high, and the energy consumption is greatly reduced. The second is that the
inorganic basic ionic membrane is not easy to break up and is not soluble in the alkaline
solution, and its operation safety is higher than that of the traditional electrolyzer. The third
is the design of the electrolyte natural circulation, no longer using the circulating pump,
which not only saves the energy consumption of the pump, but also eliminates a lot of
troublesome maintenance and maintenance work.

Energy saving technology of water electrolysis system. The key of hydrogen production by water
electrolysis is to reduce energy consumption in the process of electrolysis and improve the
efficiency of energy conversion. The water electrolysis system consists of two systems, for
hydrogen production by electrolyzer and hydrogen purification (Li and Zhou, 2010). In the
process of water electrolysis, hydrogen consumption is reduced by adding additives in the
electrolyte or using a low current density operation. The power consumption is reduced and
hydrogen production efficiency is improved by improving the electrolyte materials and
improving the control technology of the hydrogen purification system (Sakurai et al.,
2015). At present, the energy consumption level is about 4.5–5.5 kWh/m3 H2 (standard),
and the energy efficiency is from 72 to 82%.
At present, the key technologies of the wide power fluctuation and high efficiency elec-
trolytic hydrogen production system are as follows: (1) the optimization of the cell structure,
(2) the influence of the power input power fluctuation on the performance of the electro-
lyzer, and (3) the optimization of the control system. At present, the research on the adapt-
ability of the wide power fluctuation of the water electrolysis plant is carried out. The
adaptability experiment of the wide power fluctuation of the water electrolysis plant was
completed by Ning Nan in 718 Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Heavy Industry
14 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

Group, which changed the working temperature and the electrolyte circulation.The exper-
imental data showed that the water electrolysis system is operated under the condition of
wide power fluctuation under the load of 20–100%. The hydrogen content in oxygen is
stable between 1.04 and 1.10%, which can meet the safe operation of the water electrolysis
system (Ning, 2017). The wide power electrolyzer not only improves the efficiency of the
wind power generation system, but also helps the safe operation of the electrolysis hydrogen
system. Therefore, it is very important for the development of high efficiency and high
efficiency electrolysis hydrogen production equipment.

Technology of fuel cell power generation

Fuel cell is an efficient and environment-friendly energy conversion device, which is a prom-
ising power source (Liu et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2012a). Hydrogen fuel cell technology is a
new power supply technology. In this technology, pure hydrogen is used as fuel and air as an
oxidant. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell is used to generate electricity. It has the
characteristics of simple structure, reliable, good adaptability, and quick start speed. The
fuel cell power system is an independent power generation system, which ensures uninter-
rupted power supply. The power system of fuel cell is not only an independent power supply,
but also as a standby power supply. And it can be used as a vehicle power system to replace
the traditional engine, to provide power for the electric vehicle. At present, through the
independent research and development of research institutions and enterprises, the techno-
logical breakthrough of the membrane electrode and metal plate of the core components of
the hydrogen fuel cell has been realized and the production of hydrogen fuel cells has
gradually matured (Nie et al., 2015). The uniformity of platinum catalyst coating was great-
ly improved, the use of platinum catalyst was greatly reduced, and carbon nanotube tech-
nology was used in the preparation of membrane electrode. Through this technology, the
cost of the battery is reduced and the life of the fuel cell is improved. Through this tech-
nology, the power density of the membrane electrode is 2 W/cm2, the service life is 15,000 h,
and the cost of the membrane electrode is reduced to the original 1/4.
In order to supply the hydrogen energy to the load or grid power, the quality of the
energy released from the hydrogen fuel cell must reach the standard (Wei, 2016). Hydrogen
fuel cell has poor output curve volt–ampere characteristics, low stability, and high power
fluctuation, so the voltage is transferred by DC–DC transformation to power supply.
Therefore, it is of great significance to study the efficient and stable transformation
system for the utilization of hydrogen energy. At present, the bidirectional DC–DC con-
verter is the main power conversion device. It is an important research direction to optimize
the DC–DC conversion topology of hydrogen fuel cell, improve the fuel cell output char-
acteristic, and realize stable pressure and boost pressure.

Integrated control and safety of electric hydrogen production

As a new industry, wind power hydrogen production has not formed a fixed form because of
its own development and characteristics of production. Its operation and management
includes the work of safe service in the process of hydrogen preparation, transmission,
and application. It is very important to ensure the quality standard of hydrogen, reduce
all kinds of loss, improve economic efficiency, and ensure the safety of economic operation
and the safety of personnel. The wind power generation hydrogen fuel cell system consists of
Li et al. 15

wind power generation system, electrolytic hydrogen production system, compression

hydrogen storage system, fuel cell system, and other related coordination control
(Belmokhtar et al., 2014). In the wind power generation system and the electrolysis hydro-
gen system, it is determined whether the hydrogen can be prepared by judging the size of the
discarded air volume. The process cooperation between fuel cell system and other systems is
guaranteed, which is coordinated control according to the capacity and quality of wind
power integration, the actual demand of local load and the operation of hydrogen storage
system. In the industrial chain of wind power hydrogen production, hydrogen preparation,
hydrogen energy transmission and application, all links of hydrogenation stations have been
put forward very high requirements in terms of fire control, safety, and management. In the
distillation, storage, and injection technology of hydrogen and its system, it is necessary to
meet the pressure characteristics and accurate requirements for flow and flow information.
It also needs to meet the requirements of the metering and charging.

Control of electrolysis hydrogen system. The control system of electrolytic hydrogen production
includes output voltage control, pressure control, liquid level control, temperature control
of electrolyzer, circulation control of electrolyzer, purity control of hydrogen, purity control
of oxygen, and so on. The input through the transformer and the rectifying cabinet set the
DC power for the power supply grooves. The output voltage of the rectifier cabinet is
required to control the output voltage, which ensures that the operating power of the
hydrogen production system can be adjusted from 0 to 100%. The pressure can be adjusted
within the range of the rated working pressure of the 50–100% after the operating pressure
is set in the electrolytic hydrogen production equipment. Hydrogen and oxygen can be
isolated through the liquid level control of the electrolyte to avoid the danger of explosion.
The key to ensure that the diaphragm is not damaged is the temperature control of the
electrolyzer. The drying process of the electrolyzer can be avoided through the continuous
circulation of the electrolyte through the system to bring out the gas and heat produced by
the equipment. The analysis and testing system of hydrogen and oxygen concentration is
added to the electrolytic hydrogen production equipment to realize the monitoring and
control of the purity of hydrogen. If the purity of hydrogen is not required to control the
operation of the electrolysis system, this can prevent the explosion and ensure the safety of
hydrogen production.

Control strategy of hydrogen storage system. At present, the main forms of hydrogen storage and
transportation are metal hydride, high pressure gas, and low temperature liquid. The study
of hydrogen mass transport pipeline is still in progress (Col
on et al., 2016; Thornton et al.,
2017). The control strategy of the compressed hydrogen storage system is mainly composed
of the control strategy of the hydrogen charging process and the control strategy of the
hydrogen supply process. The compression hydrogen storage system is composed of pres-
sure sensor of buffer bottle, high pressure sensor of high pressure storage bottle, tempera-
ture sensor, and hydrogen leak sensor for storage system. The control of hydrogen supply
process is mainly by sending signals to the high pressure hydrogen storage device to com-
plete the gas supply. The high pressure hydrogen storage device releases hydrogen through
the decompressor. Low pressure sensor can monitor the failure of the pressure reducer. It is
installed on the pressure reducer to ensure the safe operation of the hydrogen storage and
gas supply system (Cai et al., 2017).
16 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

Flow of control
Coordinated control system
Flow of electric
Flow of hydrogen

Wind Transfor External

Booster
turbine -mer power grid

AC AC
Rectifier Load system
DC DC
Inverter

Hydrogen
production system Fuel cell

Hydrogen Gas storage Hydrogen

buffer tank compressor storage tank

Figure 7. Control frame diagram of hydrogen production generation.

Power Three phase AC busbar

Grid
Micronetwork AC AC
Central Controller DC DC
AC load
DC-Bus

DC ... DC DC DC DC
AC AC DC DC DC

Wind ... Wind DC DC energy

distributed DC load
turbine 1 turbine n generation storage

Figure 8. Micro DC-grid structure.

Control strategy of fuel cell and micro DC-grid system. The fuel cell power generation system is
composed of auxiliary system, heat dissipation system, host system, and so on (Zhang et al.,
2017a). When the fuel cell receives the switch command of the system, the auxiliary system is
started and self-checked. The maximum output capacity and maximum loading capacity of
the fuel cell system are fed back to the successful self-inspection. The control system controls
the power of the target of the converter to control the output power of the fuel cell system
(Jayasankar and Vinatha, 2016). The basic control framework for the hydrogen production
and micro DC-grid parts of the wind power is shown in Figure 7.
In view of the characteristics of the main application of DC in hydrogen production by
wind power, it is one of the most important research points to carry out the corresponding
micro DC-grid. The micro DC-grid structure is shown in Figure 8.
Micro DC-grid is a network consisting of distributed generation unit, energy storage
device, and load according to a certain topology (Zhang et al., 2017b). The electric
Li et al. 17

energy of the wind power can be incorporated into the micro DC-grid by the way of hydro-
gen production after a simple variable flow technique. The storage conversion of the electric
energy is accomplished by the hydrogen storage system and the fuel cell. A power source
that is boosted by a variable voltage flow, providing power to a user’s load or grid when the
user or grid needs it. The micro grid is flexible in control and high energy utilization rate. It
is suitable for the flexible adjustment and combination of wind power in wind power hydro-
gen production. It has great advantages in solving the wind power fluctuation in wide power
range, high adaptive energy conversion, off/grid switching, and load power supply reliability
(Haghi et al., 2017). The introduction of micro DC-grid in the technology of wind power
hydrogen production provides a new direction for the development of distributed energy
and the application and research of multienergy coupling storage system. This technology
not only meets local users’ requirements for power quality and safety, but also greatly
reduces the impact of wind power fluctuations on power systems or distributed energy
sources (Yan and Kong, 2015). The synergistic operation of wind power grid and off net-
work can not only improve the utilization of wind energy, but also reduce the impact on the
power grid. It can also be flexible, reliable, and environmentally friendly.

Conclusion
In this paper, the development of hydrogen production technology by wind power is deeply
analyzed and summarized. On the one hand, the hydrogen production technology can
alleviate the “wind curtailment” problem of wind power generation. On the other hand,
hydrogen energy, as a clean and efficient energy, has a great potential for application at
present. Hydrogen is an important industrial gas and special gas, and it is widely used in
many industries. In the era of green development, hydrogen energy, as a kind of clean
energy, is expected to be greatly developed. The development of hydrogen production is
still facing many key problems, such as mature wind turbine structure, optimization of
electrolyzer for wind power fluctuation, high life fuel cell, and large capacity hydrogen
storage equipment.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or
publication of this article.

Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or
publication of this article: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 51577048, 51637001, 51107031), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of
China (No. E2018208155), the Overseas Students Science and Technology Activities Funding Project
of Hebei Province (No. C2015003044), the Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Additive
Manufacturing (Hebei University of Science and Technology) open projects funding, the National
Engineering Laboratory of Energy-saving Motor & Control Technique, Anhui University
(No. KFKT201804), Key project of science and technology research in Hebei provincial colleges
and universities (ZD2018228).
18 Energy Exploration & Exploitation 0(0)

ORCID iD
Zheng Li http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-7607

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