Plasmonics

J. Bellessa
Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et
Nanostructures
 Properties of surface plasmons

Surface plasmon
• Surface wave at the interface metal / dielectric material

Dielectric
100nm
20nm Metal

0D nanoparticules
2D 1D plasmon guide

•Damping in the metal

•Confined electric field
W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux , T. W. Ebbesen, Nature, 418, 306 (2002)
 Properties of surface plasmons

Plasmonics
Plasmonic bandgap

S.C. Kitson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2670 (1996). S. I. Bozhevolnyi, Nature, Vol 440, 23 , p508 (2006)

• Waveguides
• Low attenuation
• « Complex » plasmon devices
 Properties of surface plasmons

Plasmon in weak coupling regime

• Quantum well near a metal interface
InGaN/GaN-Ag

Spontaneous emission rate X100

A.Neogi, et al., Phys. Rev. B, 66,153305(2002)

Okamoto K et al. Nature Mat. 3 (9): 601 (2004)

Emission X2.5
Coupling efficiency 60%
A Akimov et al., Nature. 450, 402 (2007)
 Introduction

SPASER
Stimulated emission of surface plasmons

Dye in ATR geometry

Plasmon nanolaser
D. J. Bergman and M. I. Stockman Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 027402 (2003)
M.A. Noginov et al. PRL 101, 226806 (2008)
Gold nanoparticle

M.A. Noginov et al. Nature Vo 460, 11102 (2009)

 Outline
• Some properties of metals

• Delocalised surface plasmons

• Dispersion relation of surface plasmon
• Coupling of radiative light to surface plasmons

• Application of delocalised surface plasmons

• Sensor and imaging
• Enhancement of light extraction
• Plasmonics waveguides

• Localised surafce plasmons

• General properties of localised plasmons
• Example of spectroscopy of localised plasmons
• Purcell effect with surface plasmons
• Strong coupling

• Conclusion
Optical properties of metals
 Drude model
• Classical particles m, -e ,

• Interaction with electric field

• 𝑚 = −𝑒𝐸 𝑒 − 𝑣

• 𝑋=−
» 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟
• Polarisability
• 𝑃 = 𝑛 𝑑 = −𝑛𝑒𝑥 = − 𝐸 𝑒

• If the losses are neglected

• Concl𝜀 =1− =with 𝜔 = n
Influence of the interband transitions
Some properties of metals
Gold
wp=5.51eV
wib=2.4eV
Delocalized surface plasmons
Surface plasmon dispersion
 Properties of surface plasmons

Surface plasmons
• Interface metal/dielectric material
Electromagnetic wave
Oscillation of the density of charge
ħwsp=2.66eV

100nm Dielectric
20nm
Metal

Lp=30nm GaN on Al

• No interaction plasmon/radiative modes

• Damping in the metal
Polarisation of a surface palsmon
 Properties of surface plasmons

Plasmon excitation or detection

ATR or Kretchman

E. Kretschmann and A. Raether,

Z. Naturforsch. A 23a,2135 (1968).
Plasmon spectroscopy
 Properties of surface plasmons

Plasmon excitation or detection

Coupling with a prism Coupling with a grating

ATR or Kretchman
E. Kretschmann and A. Raether,
krad
Z. Naturforsch. A 23a,2135 (1968).
2p/a a

krad kplasmon
kplasmon
kplasmon= w/c - p 2p/a
 Coupling with a grating

krad
2p/a a

kplasmon

kplasmon= w/c sin q - p 2p/a

 Fluorescence imaging

Emitters
Quantum dots
Fluorescent dyes
Applications of surface plasmons
Application of surface plamons
Concentration measurement
Reaction kinetics
Ready to use systems

SpreetaTM Evaluation Module

Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor
Principe des puces à ADN
Plasmon imaging
Localized plasmons
 Quasistatic approximation

Polarisability

Equivalent dipole
Extinction of nanoparticle
 Ellipsoidal nanoparticles
polarisability

Resonances of single particles

Nanoshells and nanovoid
Emitter near a nanoparticle
 Properties of surface plasmons

Emission modifications near metallic

surfaces

• Radiative rate related to the d

distance metal/emitter
K. H. Drexhage Progress in Optics 1974

• Emission through surface

plasmons increases when
the emitters are close to the
surface
P.T. Worthing, R.M. Amos, W.L. Barnes
Phys. Rev. A 50, 865 (1999)
 Properties of surface plasmons

Application to InGaN/GaN diodes

• Emission enhancement
• Surface plasmon
• Rough metal surface

• Minimum thickness of the P-layer

Ag nanoparticule layer
M. K. Kwon et al., Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1253–1257