Dr.

Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro Power Plant Hydro Power Plant

Contents

Introduction

Types of hydro plants

Major components

Performance

Summary
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Introduction (1) Hydro Power Plant

1. Hydro power plant => electricity from water power Hydro plants in
Peninsular Malaysia
2. Constitutes 15% of power generation in Malaysia
3. Other functions of hydro plants:
Irrigation Flood mitigation Clean water supply
Reservoir

Penstock
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Introduction (2) Hydro Power Plant

Advantages:

 Water => cheapest source of energy

 Low operation & maintenance cost
 Quick in starting up
 Quick respond to load variation
 Plant has longer life
 Less labour requirement
 No emission Disadvantages:
 Has other useful functions
 Reliable=> less trippings  High initial construction cost
 Located far from load centres
 Dependent on water availability
 Long construction time
 Environmental issue e.g. deforestration
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Types of hydro plants (1) Hydro Power Plant

1. Hydro plants can be classified according to water flow/storage

characteristics
Run of river plants (mini hydro)
2. Types: Storage/reservoir plants
Pump storage plants

3. Type 1: Run of river plants:

a. Utilize the water flow as it runs through the year
b. No significant storage/dam for power generation
c. Typical for mini-hydro scheme => suitable for low
consumption at remote areas
How a hydro plant works
d. Typical size : 10 - 1600 kW
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Types of hydro plants (2) Hydro Power Plant

3. Type 2: Storage/reservoir plants:

a. Large size reservoirs (dams) => large generation capacity
b. Most common type for commercial power generation
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Types of hydro plants (3) Hydro Power Plant

4. Pump storage plants:

a. Used only for short duration=> to meet peak load
b. Water storage obtained by pumping back from tail race
=> utilize low value, off-peak power (usually surplus)
c. Improves overall efficiency & reliablity of system grid
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Major components (1) Hydro Power Plant

Reservoir Dam Inlet water ways Power house Tailrace

 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Major components (2) Hydro Power Plant

1. Reservoir:
a. Includes catchment area and water reservoir
b. Purpose: to store water Hydro plant: Reservoir

c. Head race => water surface level of the reservoir

d. Reservoir can be natural or artificial (i.e. with dam)

2. Dam:
a. A structure of masonry and/or rock fill built across a river
b. Purpose: i) to provide head of water Hydro plant: Dam

ii) to create storage or pondage

 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Major components (3) Hydro Power Plant

3. Inlet water ways:

a. Passages through which is conveyed from dam to power house
b. Includes: Penstock/tunnel, spillways
c. Penstock => closed pressure pipes made Hydro plant: Tunnel

of reinforced concrete or steel

Hydro plant: Spillways

d. Tunnel => made by cutting mountains

e. Spillways => provide discharge of surplus water from
storage reservoir into river
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Major components (4) Hydro Power Plant

4. Power House:
a. Building that houses turbines, generators and other auxiliaries
Hydro plant: Turbine-generator
b. Typical hydro plant turbines:
* Pelton turbine => Impulse Hydro plant: Pelton turbine

* Francis turbine => Mainly reaction Hydro plant: Francis turbine

Hydro plant: Kaplan turbine

* Kaplan turbine => Reaction

5. Tail race:
a. Passage for discharging
water leaving the turbine

Bersia
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Performance (1) Hydro Power Plant

1. Important hydro turbine parameters:

Power Head Efficiency Specific speed Discharge

2. Power generated from hydro plant is given by:

P = Power
P  Q H Q = Rate of water flow
H = head
 = efficiency

3. Specific speed:
a. Speed of turbine when delivers 1 N P N = Turbine speed
horsepower under 1 metre head Ns  5/ 4
H
b. Independent of shape and size of turbine

c. Helps in selecting suitable type of turbine

 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Performance (2) Hydro Power Plant

4. Typical problems:
a. Sedimentation:
* Deposition of silt in the reservoir
* Cause reduction of water storage capacity
* Minimised by reclaimation/dredging

b. Cavitation:
* Formation of water vapour & air bubbles
due to reduction of pressure
* Occurs mainly at discharge end of blades
* Causes erosion of blade
* Prevention: material selection, selection of specific speed,
polishing surfaces, optimum dimension of runner
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Summary Hydro Power Plant

1. Types of hydro plants: run of river, reservoir, & pump storage

2. Main components: reservoir, dam, inlet water ways, power
house, tail race
3. Types of hydro turbine : Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan
4. Major hydro plant parameters: power, head, discharge,
effciency and specific speed
5. Typical problems: sedimentation and cavitation

Thank
You
Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: reservoir Hydro Power Plant

Kenyir Bersia
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: Dams Hydro Power Plant

Kenyir

Bersia
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: Tunnel Hydro Power Plant

Pergau
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: Spillways Hydro Power Plant

Pergau Temengor

Kenyir
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: Turbine-generator Hydro Power Plant

Woh :
Generator

Pergau :
turbine pit
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: Pelton turbine Hydro Power Plant

Sg. Piah
 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: Francis turbine Hydro Power Plant

 Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh

Hydro plant: Kaplan turbine Hydro Power Plant