TAMAYO, Noria Krishadel P.

October 2, 2021
BSEE 3D
EEAC 110
Summative Test 2

1. Describe the operation of timing and control block.

The basics of any computer system are timing and control units. The control unit's
principal function is to deliver control signals to system components. Computer programs are
made up of a series of consecutive instructions. These instructions are delivered to the CPU.
Instructions are made up of two components: opcode and address. The operation to be executed
is defined by the opcode, and the operands are stored in memory by the address. The CPU
requires a specific amount of time to complete each instruction, which is known as the clock.
The operands residing in memory must be retrieved and delivered to the CPU through the bus.
Similarly, the processor must keep track of the next instruction that will be executed. All of this
is managed by a regulated unit. The control unit also controls the logical operations performed
on gates such as AND gates and OR gates. All computations are performed by the ALU unit,
while the administration is performed by the control unit.
A master clock generator controls the time for all registers in the basic computer. Clock
pulses are applied to all flip-flops and registers in the system, including those in the control unit.
Clock pulses do not change the state of a register unless the register is activated by a control
signal. The control signals are created in the control unit and serve as control inputs for the
multiplexers on the common bus, control inputs in processor registers, and micro-operations for
the accumulator.
The control logic of a hardwired organization is implemented using gates, flip-flops,
decoders, and other digital circuits. It has the benefit of being able to be tuned to generate a quick
mode of operation. Control information is stored in a control memory in a micro-programmed
structure. The control memory is set up to start the appropriate series of micro-operations. If the
design needs to be amended or changed, a hardwired control, as the name indicates, necessitates
modifications in the wiring among the different components. On the other hand, any necessary
adjustments or updates to the micro-programmed control can be made by changing the micro-
program in the control memory.
In 8085, we employ the Timing and Controlling unit to generate timing signals and
control signals. This unit controls all of the activities and functions of a microprocessor, both
inside and outside. Output pins X2 and CLK: We have a clock generator in the CU of 8085 to
execute or rather perform timing operations in the microcomputer system. Aside from the quartz
crystal, the whole oscillator circuit is contained within the chip. The two pins X1 and X2 are
removed from the chip to provide an external connection to the crystal. To see if the crystal is
starting, we attach a 20pF capacitor between terminal X2 and the ground. The frequency of the
crystal is split by two, which divides the unit of control's counter by two. Internally, the 8085A
operates at a frequency of 3 MHz with a clock frequency. As a result, a crystal with a frequency
of 6-MHz is linked between X1 and X2. Every operation in the whole 8085 system occurs using
the provided clock synchronization mechanism. There are peripheral chips, such as the 8251
USART, that do not activate until a small clock signal is required.
TAMAYO, Noria Krishadel P. October 2, 2021
BSEE 3D
EEAC 110
Summative Test 2