CHAPTER II

This chapter presents the review of related literature and related studies proving that
the current study we are undertaking has yet to be investigated by other researchers. This
chapter also provides the essential information of the study such as the definition of terms,
conceptual framework, and gap bridged by the study.

Related Studies
To the core, pencils still use graphite that is called lead by the common people. It is
combined with wax or clay depending on the type of pencil that is being manufactured. Special
wood called the cedar wood is used to make the outer part of the pencil so that it can easily
withstand the sharpening of the pencil. (How Pencils Are Made | Raw Material, Manufacturing
Process, And Types)’

Because they travel along a conveyor belt during the manufacturing process, pencils are
thoroughly scrutinized before they are distributed to the public. Workers are trained to discard
pencils that appear dysfunctional, and a select number are sharpened and tested when the
process is complete. A common problem is that the glue of the sandwiches sometimes doesn't
adhere, but this nuisance is usually caught when the sandwiches are being cut (How Products
are made).

As we already know, pencils are used for writing and drawing. It has a solid pigment
core encased in sleeved, barrel, or shaft that prevents breaking the core or marking the user’s
hand (Wikipedia). It is distinct from pens for it does not dispense liquid or get ink onto the
marked surface. What most people know is that the pencil’s “lead” isn’t actually made of lead,
but of a form of carbon called graphite (K. W. Scheele).

Graphite was first synthesized accidentally by Edward G. Acheson while he was

performing high-temperature experiments on carborundum. He found that at about 4,150 °C
(7,500 °F) the silicon in the carborundum vaporized, leaving the carbon behind in graphitic
form. Abraham Gottlob Werner coined the name graphite ("writing stone") in 1789. He
attempted to clear up the confusion between molybdena, plumbago and black lead after Carl
Wilhelm Scheele in 1778 proved that there are at least three different minerals (Britannica).
Related Literature
According to an article entitled “Eight Wonderful Pencil Facts” the contents of a pencil is
referred to as ‘lead’, pencils do not actually contain any. Most pencils contain a mixture of
graphite and clay. Graphite was discovered in large and pure quantities near Cumbria in the
early-mid 1500s. As well as its use in pencils, it was also found to be very useful for marking
sheep.

According to an article entitled “What Is Pencil Lead Really Made Of?” another reason
we call it a lead is that when graphite was discovered in Cumbria, England during the 1500s,
people thought that graphite was a form of lead. Chemistry was early in its days back then, so it
was eventually determined that there was no correlation between the two.

Nowadays other materials used in pencil lead can vary from charcoal to carbon.
According to the article entitled “Graphite vs Charcoal: A Brief Guide for Artists” graphite and
charcoal are two of the most popular mediums for drawing. It was also stated that like graphite,
charcoal is a form of carbon. Charcoal, however, is made from burning wood until the resulting
substance is the correct consistency for drawing. Charcoal comes in soft, medium, or hard
consistencies.
 Reference
graphite | carbon. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from

https://www.britannica.com/science/graphite-carbon

Graphite vs Charcoal: A Brief Guide For Artists. (2019, April 29). Concept Art Empire.

Retrieved January 14, 2022, from https://conceptartempire.com/graphite-vs-charcoal/

How pencil is made - material, manufacture, making, history, used, processing, steps, product,

machine. (n.d.). How Products Are Made. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Pencil.html

How Pencils Are Made | Raw Material, Manufacturing Process, And Types. (2019, August 16).

Artisticaly - Inspect the Artist Inside You! Retrieved January 14, 2022, from

https://www.artisticaly.com/how-pencils-are-made-raw-material-manufacturing-process-

and-types/

Marketing. (2014, June 17). Eight Wonderful Pencil Facts. OfficeXpress. Retrieved January 14,

2022, from https://www.officexpress.co.uk/pencil-facts/

O., C. (2021, August 1). What Is Pencil Lead Really Made Of? National Pen. Retrieved January

14, 2022, from https://www.pens.com/blog/what-is-pencil-lead-made-of/

Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 7). Pencil. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil