Concurrent Guiding of Light and Heat by

transformation Optics and Transformation

Thermodynamics Via Soft Matter

(Synthesis Paper)

Submitted by:

Aprillen B. Caminse

Submitted to:

Mr. Alfie V. Ando

 Concurrent Guiding of Light and Heat by transformation Optics and
Transformation Thermodynamics Via Soft Matter

Recently, there has been developing enthusiasm i regards to in the measure

of light and heat by controlling with the association between transformation optics
(TO) and transformation thermodynamics(TT). Transformation Optics is a method to
disentangle the displaying of optical device through to change the ease framework
and twist the space in controlling the directions of light beams defined by Fei, S.
(2017). Notwithstanding, transformation thermodynamics is a procedure from the
thermodynamic framework in which it passes a condition of thermodynamic balance
to another. Thusly, transformation optics (TO) and transformation thermodynamics
(TT) has displayed a ton of mechanical potential outcomes and applications because
of control the light and heat through metamaterials, for example, black hole
analogues, perfect lenses, and cloaking devices characterized by Tsang, M. (2008).
In any case, the different gadgets are called mono-physics and mono-purpose since
it utilized by the metamaterials which was planned through one kind of physical
systems. In some such a way, these are finished by inventing successful contortions
of the plane space (spoken to by directions changes and a compelling metric tensor)
to carry out the properties of intrigue. Along these lines, this work is meant by the
delicate issue nematic fluid crystal as framework which had ordinary association
between transformation optics (TO) and transformation thermodynamics (TT).
However, before getting the main results, there are some characteristics that must to
include in this paper which are: (1) the connection between transformation optics
(TO) and transformation thermodynamics (TT), (2) simulations, (3) the thermal case,
and (4) the electromagnetic case.

Accordingly, Zheludev,A. (2017) explicit that metamaterials nowadays are

positively recognized as associate degree enabling technology and one in all the
foremost buoyant further as within the crossroads between photonics and
nanoscience by exciting analysis disciples. Additionally, mistreatment metamaterials
are often made bioser platform, enhancers of pressure sound waves and acoustic
circulators (Popa, B. I. 2017). But during this half, there are some issues become
older recognized the metamaterials are in solid state, and also the material
properties are prevented to vary through the external dominant. On the opposite
hand, metamaterials used through the conclusion of the effective distortions as a
result of the designed materials fashioned by periodic structures of standard
materials whereby the scale of such structures are little wavelength that manipulate.
So, at now, metamaterial is one in all the technique to use in addressing one
reasonably propagation of energy whether or not the diffusion (thermal and electric)
or wave (electromagnetic radiation and sound) equations. Since through this
equation could be knowing and finding the main results by searching and using the
formula.

Connection between Transformation optics (TO) and transformation

thermodynamics (TT)
According to Barros W. (2018), transformation optics (TO) and transformation
physics (TT) are connecting one another because of management the light and heat
that produces energy and to adapt the fabric properties. By presenting it, there are
varied technological applications that found. Otherwise of solid metamaterials, that
are designed to figure for a such form of energy, nematic liquid crystals are
aeolotropic materials for coincidental styles of energy. However, there are things
required to grasp on a way to notice the most results. These are the following that
includes: (a) demonstrating the association between transformation optics (TO) and
transformation physics (TT), (b) Illustrating the Multiphysics (c) coordinating the
transformation properties of transformation optics (TO) and transformation physics
(TT), (d) presenting the most properties of rematic liquids crystals, and (e)
demonstrate the unequivocal abstraction molecular.

Initially, the association between transformation optics (TO) and

transformation physics (TT) via are incontestable along with the liquid – 4-Cyano -4’
pentylbiphenyl (5CB). However, liquid crystals are materials composed by
aeolotropic molecules that has stable phases between the isotropous liquid and also
the solid crystal --- the results of its molecules being in constant random motion,
mentioned by Slr Leslie Stephen L. (2017). In addition, they need smart application
for show and non-display usages of those phases is that the nematic one, wherever
the molecules (rod-like, during this work) are every which way placed within the area
yet they need a median molecular orientation on a neighborhood molecular field n^
known as director. These director is in distinction to molecules within the liquid
introduce having no intrinsic order. In fact, disconcerting such molecular field is given
by the topological that defects of the nematic introduce handling completely different
physical systems. However, the property of various megascopic properties like
thermal, optics, and acoustics are relying the direction so as to reinforce and
improve.

According to Elvio Bonisoli et,al. (2014), using Multiphysics in setting along

with mechanized optimisation technique has been tested for 1st time on the
magnetic attraction structures. By illustrating the Multiphysics is second step to
search out that such link presents a Multiphysics and therefore the multi-purpose
device that controls light-weight and warmth in victimisation such material. By
perceptive that, the 0equation is delineate by the various nematic liquid which will
compose devices having natural Multiphysics ones. Hence, the anisotropic
Multiphysics properties of 5CB bond TO and TT were increasing the usage of those
theories.

Immediately, coordinative the transformation properties of transformation

optics (TO) and transformation physical science (TT) are highlighted on how the
effective metric tensor has been manufacturing the thermal conduction tensor and
aiming permittivity. later on, the most properties of nematic liquid crystals and its
algebraical expression to get the permittivity and therefore the thermal conduction
tensors from a spatial configuration of the liquid-crystalline molecules are already
conferred by showing equation. Conferring the equation is utilized by Cartesian so as
to coordinates the parallel and perpendicular molecular thermal conductivities with
regards to the temperature. After that, it substitutes the metric (10) in (9) to get the
elements of the fabric tensors or the elements of the molecular field n^, wherever the
thermal conduction tensor is expressly as long as thermal conductivities are,
correspondingly those of the radial and polar directions. However, on the magnetic
attraction phenomena and no matter absorption, whether or not such absorption is
weak for the deflection of sunshine, the elements of the permittivity tensor for the
nematic part of liquid crystals (Williams, D. & Halperin, A. 2015).

Formerly, connecting each theory could be a methodology on how an

unequivocal spatial molecular field of the liquid crystals is associated to the identical
effective metric tensor through getting the transformation properties of transformation
optics (TO) and transformation physical science (TT). Based on the comparison, it
obtains the results showing the subsequent section and therefore the main results by
victimization ray optics five yet because the elements of the porosity tensor.
However, betting on continuous coordinate transformations from Associate in
Nursing isotropous material with a flat metric tensor of elements, it is crooked one
with the elements of the new metric (Chiccoli, C. et, al.2015). Hence, it is achieved
by a singular molecular director configuration n^(r→) of nematic liquid crystals.

However, the liquid 5CB, the temperature dependences of the permittivity

tensor are associated with those of the molecular refractive indexes by the fabric
constants, (Δn)0 is that the refraction once in crystal part and TC is that the clearing-
point temperature of the regarded liquid. because of the refraction, the ratio of the
extraordinary ray of the cluster speed of Associate in Nursing nonparticulate
radiation within the nematic part is given by the Poyting vector (Li, J. et,al. 2004).

Lastly, presenting the device is an omnidirectionally way to controls the

propagation of light and magnetic attraction waves victimization the nematic liquid
crystal 5CB. To better understand, it absolutely was at the same time accomplished
concerning within the simulations from a finite element software.

Simulations
Pereira, E., (2013) proposed that the astronomer and Fourier equations for
the propagation of warmth and also the Maxwell equations for the propagation of
magnetic force waves are solved employing a finite part software system (COMSOL
Multiphysics). Composing the concentric cylinders with artifacts had 5CB liquid by
filling the region whether or not the inner and outer cylinder in addition like the
identical material that is that the water --- it disregards absorption. Interestingly,
keeping liquid has been through an experiment identified for a protracted time and
studied thoroughly by the structure of concentric cylinders. However, the molecular
director has two completely different directions so as to analyzed and known the
devices wherever within the radial direction n^=ρ^ and within the angle direction
n^=θ^ (Porter, R. S. & Johnson, J. F. 2011).

Based on the figure illustrates that the scheme of the bi-objective

multiphysics switchable controller in this paper. The liquid crystal (LC) 5CB was
keeping between two concentric cylinders together with water in the other regions
(Erms Pereira, 2018). There are nearby in the region between the circles is
instantly filled by the 5CB liquid crystal as long as the region in the inner and outer
cylinder and also the rectangle is stowed by the water. Though the researcher
defined that insulating walls into the others has promptly fixed the temperature at
296 K and 306 K with the opposite μm sides. Thus, betting on the temperatures are
often accessed by using finite part software system so as to simulate the
propagation of warmth and radio-frequency (RF) nonparticulate radiation in such
device having with each molecular thermal and nonconductor properties proven by
Pendry, J. B., S (2006).

The thermal case

This process recognized the motion of the device on the thermal phenomena
is acquired figuring out the isothermal surfaces (solving the Laplace equation) and
the warmth flux vectors (solving the Fourier equation) for the two work modes of our
controller. By presenting reference case with water in all places in the Figure 2 which
illustrates that the Axial transversal view of the temperature field (a) and the
isothermal surfaces (b) created by the water everywhere for reference purposes.
Colors represent temperatures in kelvins (Yang, Y. 2016).

However, the results in the Figure 3 (a), it has molecular director n^=θ^ and
the isothermal surfaces between the cylinders deforms to expand the temperature
gradient inner the internal cylinder. Another essential issue from that, is regarding
the temperature subject outside of the device is no longer deformed, which means
that a backyard observer measuring solely its local temperature field is unable to
discover the presence of the device, characterizing a cloaked thermal concentrator.

Moreover, in the Fig. 3(b), it has the director n^=ρ^ and the isothermal
surfaces between the cylinders and outside of the controller deforms to reduce the
temperature gradient interior the inner cylinder with representing a thermal repeller.
Thus, in order to know about the thermal concentration and repelling of the controller
are came from the thoughts of transformation thermodynamics due to requiring the
prerequisites which that the conductivity tensor must satisfy to produce a cloaked
concentrator and a cloaked repeller, for examples, except demanding the exterior
temperature field.

On the other hand, based on the equations, it shows that the condition for the
concentrator is met in our machine when n^=θ^, whilst the circumstance for the
repeller is no longer met in the device when n^=ρ^ --- the thermal conductivities had
been viewing constants (Guenneau, S., 2012). However, in the Figure 4 is illustrated
that the Axial transversal view of the temperature field created by the liquid-
crystalline controller. In (a), the molecular director n^ between the cylinders is in the
azimuthal direction θ^. One notices a high gradient of temperature is observed inside
the inner cylinder, not disturbing the external thermal field. In (b), with the molecular
director n^=ρ^ between the cylinders, we have a low gradient of temperature inside
the inner cylinder, disturbing the external thermal field. Colors represent
temperatures in kelvins. Simultaneously, using the temperature nonlinear equations
for the molecular thermal conductivities are practically located comparable qualitative
results. Subsequently, the equations are approximately prerequisites for the cloaked
effects by modifying the distortions in figure 3 and 4.

At this part, it has capable to concentrates or repels the heat flux even when
the thermal conductivities depend on the temperature. By showing in Figure 4, the
motion of the controller on the temperature area was once calculated. But bestowing
in the Figure 4(a), it could be examined the attention of warmness via the inner
cylinder through barring annoying the external temperature field. While in the Figure
4(b), it can be examined by repelling of warmth from the internal cylinder, perturbing
the external temperature. Hence, the results have been getting for 3,27,50. Having
the value of the temperature for each spatial position, they link the action of this
system on the thermal propagation to the propagation of RF wave via temperature
structured refractive indexes (Guenneau, S. 2012).

The electromagnetic case

These second process regulates the propagation of the RF waves due to the
temperature dependence of the material properties is an integral matter on the
designing of the device. By viewing from it, the molecular director n^ determines the
refractive index Ng just like glasses emoticon. Consequently, the dielectric tensor ε is
one of the more trade at will the propagation of the RF waves by means of altering
the orientation of n^ applying an electric and/or magnetic field. However, Li, J.,
(2004) instituted that finding the depth of the electric powered field had a solution by
using the electromagnetic wave equation for n^=ρ^ and n^=θ. Subsequently, in the
Figure 5, 6 and 7 shows that intensity of the electric field for an incoming left-to-right
RF wave with wavelength of 4.48 μm, electric field amplitude of 1 V/m and molecular
director between the cylinders n^=θ^. The upper and lower walls are perfect
absorbers and perfect conductors, respectively, in the pictures (a) and (b). Colors
represent the intensity of the electric field in volts per meter. In short, it has
electromagnetic plane waves with wavelength of 4.48 μm and electric area amplitude
of 1 V/m shifting from the left vertical face to the right vertical face (a perfect
absorber boundary) of the device. For figures (a), the top and decrease partitions are
perfect absorbers, while, for figures (b), such walls are ideal conductors. As a
reference case of the simulation, the Fig. 5 has water in everywhere. Since the
planar wave comes from all the left boundary, it must be observed a scattering of the
wave and an attenuation of the electric powered discipline intensity along the
propagation of the wave as well as the place in having the electromagnetic
absorption from the water.

However, in the Fig. 6 was seen by the concentration of RF waves after its
passage by the device. Otherwise, in the Fig. 6(a), the best absorbers horizontal wall
creates two symmetrical “paths” of high intensity light, while in Fig. 6(b) such two
areas show up after the passage of the mild through the device. Furthermore, the
creation of these regions of excessive intensity of light has two equivalent
interpretation: with the aid of Fermat principle or with the aid of the nice curved
space the place the liquid crystal lies. On the latter geometrical approach, the mild
path represents a geodesic of such high-quality space, with a distorted trajectory in
the region through the liquid crystal verified by Leonhardt, U. (2009). Thus, the mild
in the liquid crystal describes paths between two spatial points A and B are
congruently minimized the crucial wherein it is a parameter along the path and the
elements of the metric tensor.

Although this description is extra suitable for ray optics, our wave optics
simulations, with the simplification produced results comparable and the place the
ray optics used to used–being the approximation and the temperature dependence
for the molecular refractive indexes have been now not considered. Therefore, this
suggests the device sustains its reason even beneath such thermal link. The
absence of the two regions of high intensity light earlier than the system for the ideal
conductor horizontal wall in Fig. 6(b) is an sign of adverse interference phenomena
due to the reflection of the waves. Thus, when the molecular director is n^=ρ^, the
system behaves like a converging lens, concentrating light that emerges from it.
 Indeed, in the last figure which is the figure 7 demonstrates that the director is
n^=θ^ and we cited a relevant lowering of the emerging RF waves from the system
for each kinds of horizontal walls, when comparing to Fig. 5. Over this tournament
comes from the deflection of mild by the liquid crystal between the cylinders with
molecular director n^=θ^. Such deflections can be interpreted, once more, by means
of the fantastic curvature felt via light. The reducing on the intensity of the wave is in
accordance to consequences and opposite direction. As a last examination, the
annular regions around the boundaries of the concentric cylinders are final result of
the spatial meshing of the finite thing simulation.

Thus, based on the observation and investigation that when n^=ρ^, heat is
repelled from the inner cylinder and the RF waves, that is concentrated after
emerging from the device. The contrary situation takes place when n^=θ^, where
heat is focused on the internal cylinder, without perturbing the exterior temperature
field, and RF waves is dispersed after rising from the device. Such opposite images
come from the one of kinds physics equations that had been solved: diffusion
equation for warmth and wave equation for light.

In this article, it is studied on how coexisting warmth flux and electromagnetic

waves are controlled by way of liquid crystal in its nematic phase, constrained
between concentric cylinders. Such thermal coupling with the propagation of the
electromagnetic wave was made thru the temperature dependence of the liquid
crystal refractive indexes. For the molecular subject where n^=ρ^, the controller
repels heat from the internal cylinder and it focuses the electromagnetic radiation to
two strips of very excessive depth emerging from the device. Although we regarded
the temperature dependence on the refractive indexes and on the molecular thermal
conductivities, suggesting the consequences are comparable to the ones barring
such considerations. This shows a type of thermal robustness of the proposed
multiphysics controller and it can be a manifestation of the topological invariance of
the physical residences of the liquid crystal phase. It could say “topological
invariance” because the temperature dependencies do not alternate the topological
charge of the director n^=ρ^ and n^=θ^, preserving the working modes of our
proposed controller unchanged.

At the result, the device composed by 5CB confined between two right circular
concentric cylinders, concentrates light (as a converging lens) and simultaneously
repels heat from the inner cylinder when the molecules are along the direction ρ^
and it disperses light (as a diverging lens) and concurrently concentrates heat to the
inner cylinder, without disturbing the external temperature field, when the molecules
are along the direction θ^, contributing for saving materials and designing
miniaturized multiphysics systems. Thus, this discovery is more effective and
successive in physics subjects.

In conclusion, controlling the quantity of mild and heat in a given place gives
top chances for technological applications, such as, the power saving with the aid of
reuse of the warmth produced secondarily by means of major physical systems, for
use in other structures of interest. Another gain of the proposed multiphysics
controller is the spatial miniaturization on the development of energy manipulation
projects, considering a single artifact will act as a driver for exceptional types of
strength (light and heat).
 References

Barros B. (2018). Connection between Transformation optics (TO) and

transformation thermodynamics (TT). Retrieved from:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29866-w?
fbclid=IwAR3F5pOjw3m0Ixiawg2aHCac_jvsyowyjhORnZZr58w
AEEdl8MuMW6PBoQ03/PhysRevE.48.R2366
Chiccoli, C., Pasini, P., Teixeira-Souza, R., Evangelista, L. & Zannoni, C. 2015).
Molecular organization of nematic liquid crystals between concentric
cylinders:
Role of the elastic anisotropy. Physical Review E 91, 022501. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.022501 (2015).
Elvio Bonisoli et,al. (2014). Multi-physics optisation of an energy harvester device for
automotive application (COMPEL). Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10/108/COMPEL/
Erms Pereira, (2018). Scheme of the bi-objective multiphysics switchable controller
in
this paper. The liquid crystal (LC) 5CB is kept between two concentric
cylinders,
with water in the other regions. Retrived from:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-14gfh567jka
Fei, S. (2017). PhysicsTransformation Optics. Retrieved from:
htttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lpor.201700034
Guenneau, S., et,al (2012). Transformation thermodynamics: cloaking and
concentrating heat flux. Opt. Exp. 20, 8207 (2012). Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev(2012)
Pereira, E., (2013). Metric approach for sound propagation in nematic liquid crystals.
Physical Review E 87, 22506. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.48.R2366.
Porter, R. S. & Johnson, J. F. (2011). Order and flow of liquid crystals: The nematic
mesophase. Journal of Applied Physics 34, 51. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1729089.
Pendry, J. B., S (2006). Controlling Electromagnetic Fields. Science 312, 1780
1782. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/
Stephen L. (2017). Physics Liquid crystals. Retrieved from: htttps:
//libretexts.org.com
Williams, D. & Halperin, A. (2015). Nematic liquid crystal in a tube: The Fréedericksz
transition. Physical Review E 48, R2366. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.11
Leonhardt, U. (2009). Transformation optics and the geometry of light. Progress in
Optics 53, 69–152. Retrieved from:
https://osa.publishing,org/AsTH64Msa&umcGTa3
Li, J., Gauza, S. & Wu, S.-T (2004). Temperature effect on liquid crystal refractive
indices. Journal of applied physics 96, 19–24. Retrieved from:
https://www.nature.com/articles /s41598-018-29866-w?fbclid=IwAR3F5p
Ojw3m0Ixiawg2aHCac_jvsyowyjhORnZZr58wAEEdl8MuMW6PBoQ
Popa, B. I. Pressure enhancement in water-based passive acoustic metamaterials.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Retieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.022501 (2017).
Tsang, M. (2008). Magnifying perfect lens and superlens design by coordinate
transformation. Physical Review B 77, 35122. Retrieved from:
https://www.nature.com/articles
Yang, Y. (2016). Metasurface carpet cloak for electromagnetic, acoustic and water
waves. Scientific reports 6, 20219 (2016). Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.022501 (2016).
Zheludev,A. (2017). Physics Thermodynamics. Retrieved from: https://en.demotor
.net/thermodynamics/thermodynamics transformation.com