TO STUDY

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19

ON TRAVEL AND TOURISM

A PROJECT REPORT

BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

SUBMITTED TO

DON BOSCO KURLA

SUBMITTED BY

CYBELE D‟SA

SUPERVISED BY

PROF TANISHIA LOBO

(MARCH 2021)

MUMBAI UNIVERSITY
 TO STUDY
THE IMPACT OF COVID-19
ON TOURISM AND TRAVEL

A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES

SUBMITTED TO

DON BOSCO COLLEGE, KURLA

SUBMITTED BY

NAME OF STUDENT UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.

CYBELE D‟SA

SUPERVISED BY

PROF TANISHIA LOBO

(Mumbai University)

ii
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the BMS Project Report entitled “To
study the

IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON TRAVEL AND TOURISM” partial fulfilment of the

requirements for

The award of the Bachelor of Management Studies is submitted to University of Mumbai is an

authentic

Record of my own work carried out during a period from November 2020 to MARCH 2021 (VI

Semester) under the supervision of PROF TANISHIA LOBO, BMS Department.

The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any
other degree elsewhere.

Signature Of Student
CYBELE D‟SA

This is to certify that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Signature Of the Guide Signature Of the External Guide

NAME: PROF TANISHIA LOBO NAME:

Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

NAME: Dr MAMATHA D‟SOUZA NAME: PARVATHI VENKATESH

SEAL OF THE COLLEGE

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so numerous and the depth is so
enormous.

I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels and fresh dimensions in
the completion of this project.

I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai for giving me a chance to do this
project.

I would like to thank my Principal, Dr. Parvathi Venkatesh for providing the necessary
facilities required for completion of this project.

I take this opportunity to thank our HOD Dr. Mamatha D’souza, for her moral support and
guidance.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide Prof Tanishia Lobo
whose guidance and care made the project successful.

I would like to thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books and
magazines related to my project.

Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped me in the
completion of the project especially my Parents and Peers who supported me throughout my
project.

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

CYBELE D‟SA

iv
 ABSTRACT
As we are very well aware of the fact that tourism is the fastest growing economic sector.

Tourists may be motivated to travel by a range of different factors, such as refreshment of body
and mind, or pursuit of excitement, entertainment or pleasure. Alternatively, travellers may be
driven by cultural curiosity, self-improvement, and business or by a desire to visit friends and
family, or to form new relationships.

People have been more into travel and exploring due to this social media and influence this has
bought the travel and industry to flourish even more. Travel and tourism has now become the
largest civilian industry in the world, according to the statistics one out of every 10 person
worldwide is part of the Travel and Tourism industry.

Tourism is a wide range of industry sector, which includes hotel, transport, and a number of other
additional industries or sectors. It is vital to understand that the tourist industry is linked to
movement to different locations, based not only for leisure, but also business and some additional
travel motivators.

Globally travel and tourism‟s direct contribution to GDP was approx. 2.9 trillion U.S dollars in
2019.

The covid-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the global economy. By the end of
the first quarter of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic had brought international travel to an abrupt,
halt and significantly impacted the tourism industry. For many developed and developing
countries, the tourism sector is a major source of employment, government revenue and foreign
exchange earnings.

Without this vital lifeline, many countries may experience a dramatic contraction in GDP and a
rise in unemployment. Using a computable general equilibrium model (GTAP), we assess the
implications of Covid-19 crisis on the tourism sector. Depending on the duration of the global
lockdown, the paper estimates the direct and indirect costs of the shutdown for 65 individual
countries and regions and 65 sectors, covering the global economy. In some countries,
unemployment could rise by more than 20% points and some sectors could nearly be wiped out if
then duration of the tourism standstill is up to one year. Further the paper puts forward policy
recommendations for governments for governments to avert the worst effects and facilitate
recovery.

As countries implemented several travel restrictions to curb the spread of the disease, national
and international tourism came to a drastic halt. It was estimated that the global revenue of the
travel and tourism industry would drop by 17% in 2020.

While looking at the regional tourism revenue breakdown, Asia was forecast to see the greatest
decrease in revenue, as well as highest employment loss.

While the long term economic damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic cannot fully be
assessed yet, the standstill of public life is already affecting not only tourism but also industries
related to tourism.
v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 01
2 CERTIFICATE 03
3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 04
4 ABSTRACT 05
5 LIST OF TABLES 01
6 LIST OF FIGURES 02

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO

1.1 INTRODUCTION 04
1.2 OBJECTIVES 05
1.3 HYPOTHESIS 06
1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM 06
1.5 GROWTH OF TOURISM AS AN 07
INDUSTRY
2.1 IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON 08
TRAVEL AND TOURISM
2.2 LITERATURE VIEW 08
2.3 PANDEMIC IMPACT ON TRAVEL 09
AND TOURSIM
2.4 SECTORS AFFECTED DUE TO 09
THE PANDEMIC
2.5 LOSS BOUGHT TO THE 11
INDUSTRY DUE TO THE
PANDEMIC
2.6 EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS 12
3.1 TOWARDS RECOVERY 13
3.2 TRAVELS DURING COVID-19 14
3.3 CONSIDERATION FOR TYPES OF 14
TRAVELS
3.4 REBUILDING TOURISM 15
4.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17
4.2 TYPE OF RESEARCH 18
4.3 HYPOTHESIS 18
4.4 RESEARCH DESIGN 19
4.8 DATA COLLECTION 20
4.9 ANALYSIS 20
5 DATA INTERPRETATION AND 21
ANALYSIS
6 CONCLUSION 30
7 REFERENCE 32
ANNEXURE (1) 33
ANNEXURE(2) 35

LIST OF TABLES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 INTRODUCTION 04
1.2 OBJECTIVES 05
1.3 HYPOTHESIS 06
2.1 IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON 08
TRAVEL AND TOURISM
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 08
3.1 TRAVELS DURING COVID 13
4.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17
4.2 TYPE OF RESEARCH 18
4.3 OBJECTIVES 18
4.4 HYPOTHESIS 19
4.8 DATA COLLECTION 20
5 DATA INTERPRETATION 21
AND ANALYSIS
6 CONCLUSION 30
7 REFERENCE 32
ANNEXURE (1) 33
ANNEXURE (2) 35

2
 LIST OF FIGURES

SR NO. FIGURE NO PAGE NO

1 1.1 4
2 5.1 22
3 5.2 23
4 5.3 24
5 5.4 25
6 5.5 26
7 5.6 27
8 5.7 28
9 5.8 29

3
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

4
 INTRODUCTION

Fig 1.1

1.1 Introduction

Tourism is an industry that works on a massively broad scale. The tourism industry is now one of
the largest sectors earning foreign exchange. Tourism embraces the cultures of different cities
and staes.in the face of such benefits, many countries have started assigning due weightage to the
tourism industry in their national development agenda. Tourism in our minds is connected with
vacation, holidays, pleasure, tours and travels, attractions, and going or arriving somewhere
different. Tourism is prevalent from the pre-industrial age .People travel for short term to other
places of residence and during these temporary visits consumes goods and services like
transportation, accommodation, etc. and this entire process is known as tourism. The tourism
industry revolves around providing enjoyment and pleasurable experience. Hence the term
“tourism” is comprised of several social practices and experiences, signifying a „departure‟ from
normal mundane life. Every day people meet family and friends whilst travelling the globe on
holidays and contracted business trips. Data from the World Tourism Organization (WTO)
shows that international tourist arrivals for business, leisure, and other purposes were estimated
at 880 million in 2009.

Earning foreign currency for destination and contribution to economic development in developed
and developing nations travel and tourism can also help the world‟s poorest countries alleviate
poverty. Much needed income can be generated from tourism that can be used towards
education, health care, and housing. Travel and tourism also plays an important social role in
promoting harmony between nations and promoting world peace.
5
Tourism is travel for pleasure also.
The theory and practice of touring the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining
tourist, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or national. The
Words Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go “beyond the
common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only” as people travelling to
and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than a couple of weeks for
leisure, business and other purposes.‟ Tourism is the act of travel for predominantly recreational
or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act.

Tourism however long its incident duration has become an extremely popular, global activity.
In 2004, there were over 763 million international tourist arrivals.

As a service industry, tourism has numerous tangible and intangible elements. Major tangible
elements include transportation, accommodation, and other components of hospitality
industry. Major intangible element relate to the purpose or motivation for becoming a tourist,
such as rest, relaxation, the opportunity to meet new people and experience other cultured or
simply to do something and have an adventure.

1.2 Objectives

1) To understand the reaction of people on the changes of vacation plans due to

covid19
People had plans for vacation before this whole pandemic and lockdown occurred.

2) To understand the loss incurred.

People and several businesses have incurred a huge loss during this pandemic.

3) To find out how the audience were compensated

People had reservations for their holidays which eventually got cancelled, so to understand if
they were compensated or refunded in anything.

6
1.3 Hypothesis
Objective 1- To understand the reaction of people on changes of vacation plans due to Covid-19

Ho- People were not very understanding regarding their cancellation.

H1-People were very understanding regarding their cancellation.

Objective 2 - To understand the loss incurred

Ho- People have not incurred heavy loss

H1-People have incurred heavy loss

Objective 3- To find out how the audience were compensated

H0- Some travellers had reservations.

H1- Some travellers did not have reservations.

1.4Characteristics of Tourism
 Tourism involves travel and stays, can also include day trips or business trips.

 Tourism can be international when travel is from one country to another.

 Domestic tourism is when travel is within the country.

 Tourism is also associated with the status symbol in modern society.

 Tourism is for a short period.

 Tourism is a leisure activity.

 Tourism is now emerging as a global phenomenon.

 Tourism is intangible as tourism is all about the experience and time spent.

1.5 Growth of Tourism as an Industry

There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades. People have a wide range of
budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. As
per the reports of the World Tourism Organization, in 2010, there were 940 million international
tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6%as compared to the year 2009. Tourism is also a great
career option and offers various avenues to peruse a fulfilling career.
7
  The travel and tourism industry‟s percentage of world gross domestic product is 9.0%.

 The world travel and tourism industry supports 266 million jobs.

 The world travel and tourism industry accounts 6% of the world‟s exports.

 By 2020 there were over a billion international tourism trips and up to 7billion domestic
trips.

 Tourism is an activity of global importance and significance and a major force in the
economy of the world.

Billion International tourist arrivals were recorded in 2019 globally. A 4% increase in on the
previous year which is also forecast for 2020, confirming tourism as a leading and resilient
economic sector, especially view of uncertainties. By the same token, this calls for such growth
to be managed responsibly so as to be seize the opportunities tourism can generate for
communities around the world.

According to the first comprehensive report on global tourism numbers and trends of the new
decade, the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, this represents the 10th consecutive year
of growth.

Growth of 3% to 4% was predicted for 2020, an outlook reflected in the latest UNWTO
Confidence Index which shows a cautious optimism, 47% of participants believe tourism will
perform better and 43% at the same level of 2019. Major sports events, including Tokyo
Olympics, and cultural events such as Expo 2020 Dubai were expected to have a positive impact
on the sector.

8
 CHAPTER TWO
IMPACTS OF COVID AND LITERATURE
REVIEW

9
2.1 Impact of the Pandemic on travel and tourism
The tourism industry was one of the world‟s greatest markets; until the world met a pandemic in
the 21st century. The first cases of previously unknown lung disease were reported in Wuhan
region of China in December 2019, initially appeared in a market where live animals were
traded. Flights and train travel from the largest cities in this province had been cancelled until
further notice, roads were closed, and there is still a general obligation to wear a mask.

New from newspaper, radio, television rolls over every day with new figures on infections and
deaths. On January30, 2020, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared an international
health emergency. It is not possible to estimate the extent of the economic impact of the Covid19
outbreak because the course and duration of the outbreak are still unknown, and it cannot be
predicted according to experts.

However, economic deterioration is much more significant than the SARS outbreak, even its
current state. In particular, the indirect effects of Covid19 are likely to be considerably higher
than with SARS. The fear of Coved 19 led to significant uncertainty and chaotic conditions in
many industries. The tourism industry has experienced sharply falling revenues and is an
economic sector among those most severely affected by the pandemic.

2.2 Literature Review

The individual travel motives of the potential travelers represent one of the decisive elements in
the course of the travel decision. However, due to the almost endless variety of possible travel
destinations of modern tourism, potential travelers often make their choice for a destination,
primarily depending on the perception of feeling safe and secure at the preferred destination.

Tourism as an open system is characterized by its high degree of networking with the
environment. The numerous interactions with the various dimensions of the outside world not
only influence the tourism system itself but also influence the environment. The environment as a
whole can be divided into technology, socio-culture, and political, economic and ecological
dimensions. Due to the many interrelationships, tourism, with all its components, is very
susceptible to changes in all dimensions of the environment.

There are also a variety of external influences that can have a significant impact on traveller
mobility. Tourist crises are often separated according to different criteria for better UN
distending. The current crisis research is aware of an almost infinite number of possible causes of
the crisis and there are almost as many approaches to categorize them.

Due to the continually evolving travel behaviour, a steadily increasing number of people travel to
increasingly distant and exotic destinations.
The recent pandemic of Covid19, figures out a pessimistic scenario for all the industries but
especially the tourism industry in terms of very low or no mobility. Because the spread of virus is
10
increasing rapidly outside China, the economy impact will not only result from the decline in
Chinese demand but also directly in the countries concerned. In the pessimistic scenario of the
OECD, global GDP growth will decrease by 1.5%in 2020 and global trade volume will even
decrease by 3.75%.

2.3 Pandemic impact on tourism statistics

 In 2020, global revenue for the travel and tourism industry is estimated to drop by 17%.

 China has supposedly seen the biggest impact of tourism job loss, potentially losing
25.6million jobs.

 First quarter of 2020 international tourist arrival decreased by 22%, with arrival in
March down by 57%.

 The Asia pacific region has the highest potential loss of GDP at 1.04 trillion USD.

 Over 100 million tourism jobs are at risk.

2.4 Sectors affected due to the pandemic.

Airlines
Covid19 crisis has grounded the airlines and halted air travel all over the world, with economic
consequences that are rippling far beyond the sector.
Airlines are facing record losses; airlines around the world were expected to lose a record $84
billion in 2020, more than three times the loss made during in the Global Financial Crisis,
according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The global recession and
traveller‟s fear of catching the virus are likely to continue to weigh on passenger numbers, even
as travel restrictions are starting to ease. Business travel is also expected to remain sluggish, with
companies noticing the cost-saving impact of video meeting and online conference. Airlines are
therefore still expected to lose $16billion in 2021, and that‟s assuming there won‟t be a second
wave of corona virus in autumn and winter.

11
Casino industry

The impact of Covid19 has been felt by almost every industry around the globe. Some have faced
major issues while others have seen a small, but manageable impact on their business. The
impact was felt by face to face operated casino. When it comes to gambling, one of the main
areas where this happens is casino halls, and they were affected in a bad way.

Closures forced companies to go for weeks and months without profit, and even when they did
open, restrictions were in place which prevented them from being as full as they normally would
be.

While this will still take time to get out in population, and more harm is on the way for casino
halls. This is something that the industry can work towards and plan for how they are going to
recover some of the money they have lost during 2020.

Cruise industry

As of February 2020, the largest Covid 19 outbreak outside mainland China was on a cruise ship,
which has resulted in reputational damage to the cruise industry and failing share values. Cruise
lines have also paid a substantial amount of money in refunds for cancellations, incurred costs
associated with docking ships at port where ships are quarantined. Most ships around the world
are temporarily withdrawn from services.

Many small island nations heavily rely on cruise lines, which in turn have a positive effect on
their economy. There will likely be a significant financial impact on revenue for all cruise
operators, which could make it difficult for many cruise liners to attract customers and results in
closures.

Hotel industry

Covid19 has affected every sector of the globe, and the hotel industry is amongst the hardest hit.
Research suggests that recovery to pre Covid 19 levels could take until 2023or later. Since
December 2019, the outbreak of the Corona virus has had a devastating impact on the world
economy. Hotel and Venues were particularly concerned, with 98% being worried about the
financial impact on their business.

Most planned events had to be postponed or cancelled. On top of paying the suppliers, venues,
etc. they are facing refund request from attendees for cancelled events. That‟s having a knock-off
effect on the hotels.

Most hotels are offering alternative dates over the next 12 months, but the big worry is all the
uncertainty. Some hotels have decided to shut down; some which are part of larger groups are
looking at merging their operations.

12
Restaurant industry

“This one industry that‟ll never see a recession-people will always eat and drink!” But the
industry veteran was wrong. A few months down the line Government began closing down Bars
and restricting restaurants to only takeout service, to stem the spread of coronavirus. Hotel and
Restaurants in India have been among the most affected due to corona virus and nationwide
lockdown. As per story published by The Sunday Guardian on 4th July, the Covid 19 pandemic
has left the restaurant industry in India bleeding with an estimated loss of about Rs 1trn ($13bn)
in the less than 100 days. By now the losses might have doubled.

2.5 Loss bought to the industry due to pandemic

While on the culture ministry front, the focus so far has been to maintain safety norms, with the
ministry restricting the number of tourist visiting such sites, slowly footfalls, are expected to
grow.

The year 2020 was exposed the vulnerability of our cultural heritage which is dependent on
tourism for its survival and forced the government to look at alternatives, to keep not just the sites
and monuments alive, but also to position India as the choice of destination, when the
coronavirus pandemic ends.
While acknowledging that 2021, both approaches towards policy making and implementing
them would be vastly different from what has been done so far, Union Minister of Tourism and
Culture Prahlad Patel said he wants to be cautious about the way forward.

“We are still dealing with the pandemic and alternatives that work now, like our activities on the
digital platforms, they might not work when things are normal. We have to still analyse if people
would still prefer online platforms at a time when they can visit an actually see sites”. We have to
be cautious and not take any drastic steps.
In the past nine months, the ministry conducted more than 65 webinars depicting the culture,
tradition, museums, monuments, and artistes of the country under the Dekhao Apna Desh
initiative.

The tourism sector is one of the largest industries and accounts for 6.23% of the country‟s gross
domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 8.87% of the population.

It managed to generate around 275.5 billion dollars in revenue in fiscal 2018 with an annual
growth rate of 9.4 %.

The tourism sector experienced a crippling effect with the nationwide lockdown announced in
late March coinciding with the peak tourism season kick starting in April.

13
2.6 Employments impacts
The pandemic is characterised by an almost unprecedented increase in unemployment, disguised
somewhat by government support measures in some countries. For this reason, the labour market
is modelled assuming fixed wages for unskilled workers with all the adjustments occurring in the
quantity of labour employed. For skilled workers, it is assumed that the adjustments occur in
wage rates, the standard closure. Further, there is a net loss to the economy due to unemployed
labour and capital.

Due to the dramatic contraction in the tourism industry, many workers may become unemployed
or displaced. Displaced worked can move to other sectors within countries, but it may be difficult
to find employment in other sectors or industries during the economic downturn. Employment
can increase in sectors not closely linked to tourism, absorbing some of the displaced workers
from tourism industry.

In many developing and least-developed countries tourism provides an opportunity to enter the
job market, though often with precarious working conditions. Tourism often serves as a first
entry point into work especially for women, youth, migrant workers, and rural population. A
majority of tourism workers are under 35 years.

A report by the UNWTO states that “Women‟s work in tourism is dominated by informality,
through high staff turnover, long working hours, subcontracting, flexible working conditions, the
prevalence of casual workers and seasonal variations in employment.” Low skilled, casual and
temporary workers are likely to be first to lose their jobs and may find it difficult in seeking
employment in other sectors of the economy.

GTAP data are not disaggregated by gender or age but it can be assumed from this discussion that
unskilled women, as well as youth, are disproportionately affected by layoffs in the tourism
sector resulting from Covid-19 crisis.

14
 CHAPTER THREE
RECOVERY AND RESTRICTIONS

15
3.1 Towards recovery
Some governments have been providing financial support, either directly or through soft loans
and guarantees to the industry. Thailand allocated $700 million to spur domestic tourism, while
Vanuatu offered grants to small size medium size enterprises.

Countries have also been assisting firms to adapt their business models and refrain the staff.
Jamaica, the government gave free online training certificate classes to 10,000 tourism workers
to help improve their skills.

However, many tourism-dependent economies are hampered by limited fiscal spaces. New
initiatives to reignite the sector could perhaps help. In Costa Rica, for example, national holidays
have been temporarily been moved to Mondays to boost domestic tourism by extending
weekends. Barbados introduced a „Welcome Stamp‟ visa –a one year residency permit that
allows remote employees to live and work from the country. Similarly, Fiji launched a Blue
Lanes initiative that allows yacht to berth in its marinas after meeting strict quarantines and
testing requirements.

Post-pandemic, a continuing shift toward ecotourism, a fast growing industry focused on

conservation and local job creation, could give an additional boost to the industry. This is already
a key element of Costa Rica‟s tourism strategy. Thailand too is trying to shift to niche markets,
including adventure travel and health and wellness tours.

Technology can also play an important role. With social distancing and health and hygiene
protocols likely to remain in place for the fore sable future, touch less service delivery and
investments in digital technology could be a bridge to recovery.

Finally, should the reduction in travel be longer lasting, owning to changes in tourist preference
or economic scarring, some tourism dependent countries may need to embrace on a long term
goal but could be aided by strengthening links between tourism and locally produced agriculture
,manufacturing, and entertainment. In Jamaica for instance an online platform was launched that
allows buyers in the hotel industry to directly purchase goods from local farmers. Exports
including services could also be expanded, using regional agreements to address the constraints
imposed by limited economies of scale.

Solutions will differ from country to country, and the pace and scope of recovery will of course
depend on global developments. Beyond the immediate priority of mitigation the impact of the
pandemic, countries will need to create a “new normal” for the tourism industry.

Boost Tourism‟s Recovery

Investment networks: Promote investment that boosts economic growth, job creation and
sustainability in tourism to public and private capital sources.

Innovation: Harnessing innovation and digital advances provides tourism with opportunities to
improve inclusiveness, local community empowerment and efficient resource management.
16
Education; As the COVID-19 situation evolves, the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
observes that full or partial travel restrictions have been – and continue to be- introduced across
the world.

3.2 Travels during Covid-19

Travel increases your chance of spreading Covid-19. Delay travel and stay home to protect
yourself and others from the virus, even if you are vaccinated.

If you must travel, take steps to protect yourself and others;

 If you are eligible, get fully vaccinated for Covid-19.

 Before you travel get tested with a viral test 1-3 days before your trip.

 Wear your mask throughout your journey.

 Avoid crowds and stay at least 6 ft. /2m.

 Get tested 3/5 days before your trip.

3.3 Considerations for Types of Travel

The type of transportation you use, type of accommodation you stay in, and the activities you do
during travel, can increase your risk of getting and spreading Covid-19. Your chances of getting
or spreading Covid-19 while travelling also depend on whether you and those around you take
steps to protect yourself and others by wearing masks.

Masks are required on planes, buses, trains, and other forms of public transportation travelling.

Airports, buses, and trains stations and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to the
virus in the air and on the surfaces. These are also the places where social-distancing is not so
easy.

AIRLINES: Air travel requires spending time in security lines and airport terminals; which can
bring you in close contact with other people and frequently touch unknown surfaces.

Most viruses and other germs do not spread easily on flights because of how air is circulated and
filtered on airplanes. However, social distancing is difficult in crowded flights and sitting within
6 feet of others, sometimes for hours, may increase your risk of getting COVID-19.

BUS OR TRAIN TRAVEL : Traveling on buses and trains for a long journey can involve being
in crowded terminals and sitting or standing within 6 feet of others passengers which may
increase your risk of getting COVID-19. If you choose to travel by bus or train, learn what you
can do to protect yourself. And avoid and take all the safety precautions.
17
CAR TRAVEL: Making stops along the way for gas, food, or bathroom breaks, can put you and
your traveling companions in close contact with other people and frequently touched surfaces.

3.4 Rebuilding Tourism

 Restart Tourism: After partnering back in May for a campaign asking the world to be
patient, responsible, and „travel tomorrow‟, the UNWTO and CNN have teamed up again
to celebrate the transformative power being unleashed as the restart of tourism.

 International Tourism: The unprecedented situation created by the COVID-19 is not the
only recent disruptive situation in which the lack of an international frame work
regarding the assistance to tourist in emergency situation has created confusion and a loss
of the necessary confidence to travel abroad.

 Sustainability as the new Normal: To mark World Environment Day, the One Planet
Sustainable Tourism Programme led by UNWTO announces its new vision for global
tourism, growing better, stronger, and balancing the needs of people, planet and
prosperity.

 Transforming one planet vision into action: This repository of initiatives, tools, and
strategic thinking aims to inspire further action for the responsible and suitable recovery
of tourism.

 Global ethnics of tourism: The World Committee on Tourism Ethics (WCTE) met
remotely on 5 June 2020 for a special session on Covid-19 and Tourism with attendance
of all Members and Alternates.

 Accessible tourism: Accessibility for all to tourism facilities, products, and services
should be a central part of any responsible and sustainable tourism policy. Accessibility is
not only about human rights. It is a business opportunity for destination and companies to
embrace all visitors and enhance their revenues.

18
 Plastics and Covid-19: A new set of Recommendations published today online how the
global tourism sector can continue in its fight against plastic pollutions while effectively
facing the public health and hygiene challenges of Covid-19 pandemic.

 Covid-19 and Vulnerable groups: Just as the tourism sector is affected more than others
by the current Covid-19 pandemic, vulnerable groups within the sector are among the
hardest hit.

 Healing solution for Tourism: This challenge is a global call you reach the most
disruptive start-ups, entrepreneurs and drive solution to mitigate Covid-19 impacts.

 Knowledge: Improve your skills and knowledge by joining the webinars delivered by
UNWTO and those created and delivered directly by our partner Institutions and experts.
You can join Live Webinars or come back to them in our Recorded Webinars section.

 Cultural Tourism and Covid-19: With Covid-19 bringing global tourism to a standstill,
millions of people in quarantine has been seeking out cultural and travel experiences from
their homes. Despite all the challenges, tourism and culture sectors are facing an
opportunity to create new partnership and collaborations. They are bound to jointly
reinvent and diversify the offer, attract new audiences, develop new skills and support the
world‟s transition to the new conditions.

 Travel tomorrow: We will travel again. And when we do, we will do so more
consciously, more sustainably and with a greater feeling of solidarity than ever before.

 Health advice for tourist: As the Covid-19 situation evolves; many people around the
world continue to travel, for leisure, for business and for vital humanitarian reason.
Anyone travelling has the duty of care to themselves and to others. There are no excuse
and exceptions.

19
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

20
4.1 ABOUT THE REASEARCH:

Asian countries were prepared to react quickly, compared to the countries in other regions. This
was mainly because a regular epidemic and pandemic outbreaks in the region.

After several months of lockdowns and the implementations of social distancing measures, world
leaders started implementing step-wise relaxation of these restrictions. The main reason of
relaxing the restrictions was to “flatten” the plummeting economic curves.

This was inevitable by the end of March and during April 2020, the main noise in global
economic systems was to focus on “flattening” both the corona virus and economic curves. Both
these curves were of interest of the tourism industry.

With the Covid-19 pandemic it emerged that global international tourist arrivals were likely to
drop between 20% and 30% compared to 2019. In South Africa, which had one of the toughest
lockdowns in the world, the CEO of the Tourism Business Council highlighted that there was
likely nothing to be left if the industry was left to reopen only in December 2020.

From a survey on the impact of CORONA VIRUS by the Cape Town Tourism Department, it
emerged that 56% of companies had no recovery plans, 36% partially paid staff, while 31% put
staff on unpaid leave and 18% retrenched employees. About 83% of businesses sampled
revealed that they were not likely to survive beyond 6 months under prevailing lockdown
situation.

The first line of defence by governments to the Corona virus was to prepare for and prevent the
spread of Covid-19 after (WHO) declared a global pandemic on 11TH MARCH 2020.

The precautionary measures included closure of ports (land, sea, air) and screening and testing
of the infected person.

Precautionary measures also included the promotion of some measures learnt from the 1918,
influenza pandemic, as improved upon over time through experience of other outbreaks such as
EBOLA and MERS.

The measures included hand washing, good sneezing etiquette and social distancing.

As the COVID-19 pandemic, spiralled globally, many countries moved into response mode.
This phase also involved the continuation of awareness-raising, although the main activities
were testing, contact tracing, self-isolation, quarantining of infected people or suspected
individuals and treatment.

This meant huge investment in procuring COVID-19 special quarantines centres, hospital beds,
ventilator‟s, testing kits, gloves, face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE).
Since many governments had not prepared for this huge expenditure, there was a need to set up
national platforms to mobilise financial, technical and other resources.
21
 In countries such as South Africa, a COVID-19 Solidarity Fund was established. Earlier, the
WHO had also established its own Solidarity Response Fund to assist in building COVID-19
response capacity in developing countries. Many donations came in from individuals,
companies, nations and philanthropists. Governments and central banks came in with a variety
of economic stimulus packages and repo rate cuts. From the preliminary findings, economic
stimulus packages were generally much higher than the 2008/2009 global financial crisis
economic stimulus packages. In certain instances, some central banks cut repo rates three times
in less than 2 months as the gravity of the pandemic kept growing bigger and clearer.

These countries include Canada, Pakistan and the Philippines. The tourism industry was
among the priority sectors to receive the economic stimulus packages. However, the cruise ship
industry was having challenges to access these packages as many companies were registered
outside their countries of origin to avoid strict labour laws and taxes such as those from the
USA. Debates were also on-going as to whether airlines should benefit from economic stimulus
packages as these should have been prepared financially for such pandemics.

Although such economic stimulus packages are a good gesture, governments the world over
were left in a dilemma regarding which sectors to prioritise and which planned programmes to
put on a standstill or cancel altogether. As budgets were being shifted and repo rates cut,
economics were also shirking, and some countries projected huge shortfalls in tax revenues.

The worst affected country was China, which experienced an almost 10% GDP decline. This
decline was likely to have ripple effects on other countries that have close trade links with
China. In particular, the tourism industry was likely to suffer the most given that outbound
Chinese visitors have the highest presence in destination worldwide.

4.2 TYPE OF RESEARCH:

This research is an empirical research where conclusion is strictly drawn from the concretely
empirical evidence.

4.3 OBJECTIVE:
To understand the reaction of people on the change of vacation plans due to COVID-19

To understand the loss incurred

To find out how the audience were compensated.

22
 4.4 HYPOTHESIS:

H0 – People did not very understand regarding their cancellations of vacation.

H1- People were very considerate about the situation and were understanding.

H0- People have not incurred heavy loss.

H1- People have incurred huge losses.

H0- A few people had prior reservations made.

H1- A few people did not have reservations made.

4.5 RESEARCH DESIGN:

The Research Design carried out was

 FRAMING OBJECTIVES
 TESTING HYPOTHESIS
 DATA COLLECTION THHROUGH WELL FRAMED QUESTIONNAIRE
 DATA ANALYSED AND INTERPRETED USING STATISCAL METHODS.

4.6 SAMPLE SIZE:

The sample chose by the researcher is 22 respondents.

General public who had plans and a few who dint have any plans.

4.7 TYPES OF SAMPLING:

Type of sampling used is probability method selecting random sampling testing by using
online interview method.

23
 4.8 DATA COLLECTION:

A) PRIMARY DATA: Keeping the objective in mind the researcher had framed the
questionnaire, to interview the respondent and to serve the purpose of the survey and the
researcher has used open end questions to test the hypothesis.

B) SECONDARY DATA: The secondary data was collected from online blogs, books
news articles, and websites mainly serving the purpose of study.

4.9 ANALYSIS:
The analysis was done based on the data collected after the survey using statistical methods to
test the significance level of each hypothesis. The conclusion was drawn calculating percentage
to test the variables used to justify the hypothesis.

24
 CHAPTER FIVE
DATA INTERPREATION AND ANALYSIS

25
The Analysis and interpretations given for the data collected are based on the objectives of the
study. Collected data is classified in suitable pie charts, formed to analyze the data with the help
of 22 respondents.

The statistical tool used analyse the questionnaire and arrive at conclusion, for the research
project percentage and graphical representation is used with the help of the pie chart.

The questionnaire are also analysed and interpreted for the testing of the hypothesis.

The primary data is collected from 22 respondents and it is analyzed and

interpreted as follows

Q1.DID YOU HAVE ANY TRAVEL PLANS BEFORE LOCKDOWN WAS

IMPLEMENTED?

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

YES 15 71.4
NO 5 23.8
MAYBE 1 1

Chart Title

9%

14%
yes
no
maybe

77%

Fig 5.1

CONCLUSION: As we can see in the above diagram the number of people who had plans for

26
travelling is high in percentage, than the percentage of the people without any plans. This states
that there were quite a few people who were going to travel for vacation, and due to this global
pandemic their vacation plans were affected.

Q2.WHERE WAS YOUR TRAVEL DESTINATION?

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

INTERNATIONAL 14 66.7
NATIONAL 6 28.6
NA 1 4.8

Chart Title

5%

28% international
national
n/a
67%

FIG 5.2

CONCLUSION: In the above diagram people were asked about their travel plans
whether they were international or domestic.

77% being international travel destination and 14% being domestic, out of which
9% did not plan on anything.

27
Q3.HOW LONG WAS YOUR VACATION PLANNED FOR?

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

0-5 5 23.8
6-10 7 33.3
11-15 2 9.5
MORE THAN 15 2 9.5
NA 5 23.8

Chart Title

5%

28% international
national
n/a
67%

FIG 5.3

CONCLUSION: From the above given diagram we can state that the answer vary a lot there
were small groups as well a huge group trips planned .Some were within 5-10 whereas the others
were more than 10 people for a vacation trip. The category of more than 15 is not as great as the
range of 6-10 people.

28
Q4.NO OF PEOPLE YOU WERE SUPPOSES TO TRAVEL WITH?

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

0-5 8 36.4
6-10 5 22.7
MORE THAN 10 4 18.2
NA 5 22.7

Chart Title

23%
36% 0-5
6;-10
more than 10
18%
n/a

23%

Fig5.4

CONCLUSION: In the above given diagram we analyze the no of people travelling along, the
range of less than 10 is greater than that of more than 10 people, so we can understand that there
were not a huge group of people travelling but a smaller group .That is 8 people were going to
travel with less than 10 people.

While the others 5 were in the category of 6-10 and the rest were travelling with more than 10.

29
Q5.WITH WHOM WERE YOU PLANNING TO TRAVEL?

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

FAMILY 8 36.4
FRIENDS 6 27.3
SOLO 3 13.6
NA 5 22.7

Chart Title

23%
36% FRIENDS
FAMILY
SOLO
14%
NA

27%

Fig5.5

CONCLUSION: As we can tell looking at diagram above 36% had friend group trip planned
while 27% had a family vacation planned as it was nearly heading to the month of April which is
a summer time for school kids.

14% being solo travellers and the rest being without any plans an s such.

30
Q6.WERE ALL YOUR RESERVATIONS MADE? (HOTEL, TRAVEL)

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

YES 5 22.7
NO 15 68.2
MAYBE 2 9.1

Chart Title

9%

14%
yes
no
maybe

77%

FIG 5.6

CONCLUSION: As we can see in the above diagram the survey was to analysis whether
reservations or bookings were made and we get to the conclusions that 5/22 people had
reservations done while the rest yet hadn‟t done any reservations.

31
Q7.WERE YOU REFUNDED OR COMPENSATED FOT THE
RESERVATIONS YOU MADE?

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

YES 5 22.7
NO 5 22.7
NA 12 54.5

Chart Title

9%

14%
yes
no
maybe

77%

Fig 5.7

CONCLUSION: In the above question we find out if the books were refunded or cancelled.
The answer is 50%, 5 were refunded whereas the other 5 were not. And 12 out of 22 dints have
any reservations.

32
Q8.HOW DID THE CANCELLATION OF YOUR VACATION IMPACT YOU?
People had mental break down, for a few people it dint affect at all, a few of them were excited
about their vacation so it was quiet upsetting when the lockdown was announced. Some had a
close family wedding planned which eventually had to get postponed that was really a sad thing
.It affected a few peoples financial situation as hotels and travel reservations were made and not
all were refunded or compensated.

Q9.ARE YOU PLANNING TO TRAVEL AGAIN POST COVID?

RESPONSE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

YES 17 77.3
NO 3 13.6
MAYBE 2 9.1

Chart Title

9%

14%
yes
no
maybe

77%

Fig 5.8

CONCLUSION: People despite the pandemic seem to have plans on travelling post
pandemic.17 out of 22 are assertive about their travel after pandemic while 3 aren‟t assertive. The
ratio is 70 to 30.

The no of people having plans is clearly greater than of those without any plans.

33
Q10.THINGS YOU WILL TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION WHILE
TRAVELLING NOW?
Safety is the top most prior thing now, all safety measures must be followed rightly, and mask
must be worn all the time during a travel. Social distancing should be maintained. And never
leave the house without a sanitizer.

34
 CONCLUSION
Overall the key findings show that the Covid-19 pandemic slowed down and in some case
reversed the gains already, made in the implementations of universal development agendas,
particularly the 2020 agenda for Sustainable Development, and the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs).

A near total shutdown of all international passengers travelling at some point due to the
pandemic leading to some tourism operations completely shutting down in many places.

Universally, there were national regulations put in place to subdue the rapid spread of Corona
Virus. The measures include social distancing, self-isolation, quarantines, lockdowns and
curfews, among others. All these accelerated towards the rate at which the tourism and related
industries were collapsing.

Broadly, the following key impacts were witnessed; 1) Death, illness and Covid-19- included
fear to potential tourist

2) Loss of revenue and income

3) Loss of employment and reduced working hours

4) Postponed sporting and religious tourism events

5) Elements of unpreparedness by stakeholders across the globe, tourism value chain

6) A historical global financial and other resources mobilisation movement

7) Blame and Covid-19 witch-hunting

8) Institution of economic stimulus packages, mostly at a national level and

9) Concerted efforts by key tourism stakeholders to accelerate the relaxation of lockdowns

through lobbying and the development of appropriate voluntary global start-up protocols.

Asian countries were prepared to react quickly compared to other countries in other regions.
This was mainly due to a regular epidemic and pandemic outbreaks in the regions.

After quite a few months of lockdowns and the implementation of social distancing measures,
world leaders (under pressure from citizens and residents) started implementing step-wise
relaxations of these restrictions in the region.

The main reason of relaxing the restrictions was to “flatten” the plummeting economic curve.
This was inevitable since, by the end of March, and during April 2020, the main noise in global
economic systems was to focus on “flattening” both the CORONA VIRUS and economic
curves. Both these curves were of interest to the tourism industry.

The tourism industry was amongst the most priority sectors to receive the economic stimulus

35
packages.

The worst affected country was China which experienced an almost 10% GDP decline. This
decline was likely to have ripple effects on other countries that have close trading links with
China. In particular, the tourism industry was likely to suffer the most loss, given that outbound
Chinese visitors have the highest presence in destinations worldwide.

Given that about 49% of the airlines‟ expenses are fixed, their grounding meant that they were
incurring costs even when they were not generating any revenue. Under normal circumstances,
airlines require a cash reserve equivalent to 3 months of usual costs for them to be considered
sound.

However, as the pandemic hit, most airlines across the world had a median cash flow ranging
between 1 and 2 months. The airlines in Europe and Pacific Asia were under severe strain, and
this meant that their survival had to rely on an external cash injection. As such, jobs in the
global aviation and supporting sectors were under threat.

Airlines and airports also faced the unusual problems of parking space, exerting additional
storage and parking costs to the already strained airlines. Most affected airlines were in North
America, Europe and other regions that have a large number of flights, and the parking problem
led to some companies retiring their old fleets earlier than originally planned.

Besides acting as an important transport modal links, airports are also important economic hubs
offering additional services including shopping malls, food stalls, car rentals facilities, ride and
share services, conference facilities, lodging and logistics for exports and imports.

Initial assessment showed that the global airports were set to lose over $76 billion in the first
few months of the pandemic outbreak, and this spilled over to loss of income for related air
navigation companies and others in the airport related firm.

36
 REFERENCE

https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/impact-of...

Impact of COVID-19 on travel and tourism industry and ways of recovery - The Financial Express

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic n tourism - Wikipedia

How COVID-19 Impacted Travel & Tourism Industry Globally (infomineo.com)

COVID-19 impact and survival strategy in business tourism market: the example of the UAE MICE
industry | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (nature.com)

Impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on international tourism | UNWTO

Introductory Tourism - Workbooks, open books for an open world

Tourism and COVID-19: Leading Tourism Recovery | UNWTO

37
 ANNEXURE (1)

QUESTIONNAIRE
Q1. Did you have any travel plans before lockdown was implemented?

 YES

 NO

 MAYBE

Q2. Where was your travel destination?

 INTERNATION

 DOMESTIC

 NA

Q3. How long was your vacation planned for? (DAYS)

 0-5

 6-10

 11-15

 More than 15

 Na

Q4. Number to people travelling along with you?

 0-5

 6-10

 More than 10

 Na

Q5.With whom were you planning to travel?

 FAMILY

 FRIENDS
38
  SOLO

 NA

Q6. Were all your reservations made?

 YES

 NO

 MAYBE

Q7. Were you refunded or compensated for the reservations made?

 YES

 NO

 NA

Q8. How did the cancellation of your vacation impact you?

Q9. Are you planning to travel post covid ?

 YES

 NO

 MAYBE

Q10. Things you will take into consideration while planning a trip now?

Safety is the top most prior thing now, all safety measures must be followed rightly, and mask
must be worn all the time during a travel. Social distancing should be maintained. And never
leave the house without a sanitizer.

39
ANNEXURE (2)

40