A RESEARCH ON THE BALANCE RATIO EFFECTS

ON WASTE TIRE IN CONCRETE MIXTURE

Adelantar, Alexis

Benedicto, Bryan Jay

Caballero, Berna Jane

Castro, Luwie

Dagami, Harly

Delabajan, Kenjie

Garay, Adelyn

Garcia, Lance Mathew

Gruta, Alleahna Gail

Liwanag, Ramon

Onanad, Jhonabelle

Pallasigue, Kevin

Ruiz, Julianna

Sanchez, Kelvin

Taguines, Sophia Erin

Yumul, Czyryll

SCHOOL: System Plus College Foundation

DATE: April 2021

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CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Around twenty-seven million waste tires are placed yearly in landfills, dumps and

reserves. This group action of satisfactory administration of end-of-life creates upbeat and

natural concerns. Scrap tires, for example, a hydrocarbon modifier, may be reused for fuel,

commercial enterprise and structural building applications. mixture surface tire elastic (GTR) in

bitumen not simply takes care of a natural issue by reusing tires, but its utilization will likewise

prompt higher asphalt execution. Black-top elastic has expanded protection from rutting, heat

and intelligent break opposition, and fatigue cacophonic obstruction. (Cochran et al, 2019)

It can take more than 50 years for waste tire rubber to decompose and the number of

discarded tires is increasing every year. This global problem can be minimized with the

implementation of waste tire rubber into self-compacting concrete. By partially substituting the

natural fine and coarse aggregate, reducing sand and gravel use and retaining these natural

materials, waste tire rubber can be integrated into self-compacting concrete. Furthermore, as one

of the big ecological concerns of the near future, recycling and reusing waste tire rubber

eliminates the need for tire landfilling. However, changing natural aggregate with waste tire

rubber can have an unwanted effect on the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete,

namely the compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength fracturing, and elasticity

modulus. Having replaced natural gravel or sand with waste tire rubber, on the other hand, will

enhance impact resistance, ductility, and resistance to fatigue. (Bušić, R., et al 2018)

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Gathering of waste could eventually increase the hazardous levels. Waste of the

abandoned tires that included it has a big impact in our environment because of the quick rising

of numerous variations in this contemporary time worldwide. So, recycling waste tires has a big

contribution as a supplementary in raw materials. It analyzes the characteristics of waste tire

rubbers and cementations composites and the resources, usage, toughness, and usefulness. This

aims to provide insights in applying rubberized concrete (RuC) complex materials to enhance the

methods in construction, including the applications in improving the sustainability of the

concrete structures in the construction industry. Including the reusing of rubber aggregate (RA) ,

also improving the strength of the concrete. The recycled rubber tire with RA has achieved

significant results and the recycled RA works well in hot and cold weather. It can be a help to

solve in improving the properties. (Siddika, A. et.al 2019)

Removal of waste tire rubber has become a significant natural issue in all pieces of the

world speaking to an intense danger to the ecology. One of the potential answers for the

utilization of scrap tire rubber is to join it into concrete, to supplant a portion of the regular total.

An expected 1000 million tires arrive at the finish of their valuable carries on with consistently

and 5000 million more are required to be disposed of in a customary premise continuously 2030.

Up to now a little part is reused and a great many tires are simply amassed, landfilled or covered.

The volume of polymeric squanders like tire elastic and polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET)

is expanding at a quick rate. This paper audits the tests performed to decide the compressive

quality, flexural rigidity, water ingestion and water entrance of utilizing elastic tire squander

solid examples. Examining Electron Microscopy (SEM) pictures were likewise introduced in this

paper. It was seen that the compressive quality, flexural rigidity and profundity of water entrance

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of the rubber treated cement were not as much as that of the control blend, while the scraped spot

opposition and water assimilation (up to 10% replacement) showed preferred outcomes over that

of the control blend concrete. This paper likewise surveys the presentation of solid blends fusing

5%, 7.5% and 10% of disposed of tire elastic as total and concrete substitutions. Various tasks

have been led on substitution of totals by piece rubbers however scant information is found on

cementitious filler expansion. Subsequently to look at attributes of the tire piece containing solid,

two arrangements of solid examples were made. In the primary set, various rates by weight of

chipped elastic were swapped for coarse totals and in the subsequent set piece tire powder was

substituted for concrete. Chosen standard sturdiness and mechanical tests were performed and

the outcomes were breaking down.

(Sofi A. 2018)

Wasted tires present huge wellbeing and ecological to reused or potentially disposed

of appropriately. Throughout the long term, reusing waste tires into structural designing

applications, particularly into black-top clearing blends and Portland concrete concerns if

noment, has been increasing an ever-increasing number of interests. This audit sums up the

ongoing advances in the utilization of waste tire elastic in black-top and Portland concrete

cement. The utilization of scrap elastic in black-top clearing blend has for quite some time been

demonstrated fruitful because of good similarity and connection between elastic particles and

asphalt cover, prompting different improved properties and execution of asphalt blends. The

rubber treated asphalt blends additionally have demonstrated great similarity with two broadly

utilized manageability innovations in black-top clearing industry – recovered asphalt paving

(RAP) and Hot-mix asphalt (WMA). In correlation with its utilization in asphalt clearing blends,

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reusing of waste elastic in Portland concrete cement has not been so fruitful because of two

elements: (1) contrariness in compound property among elastic and concrete glue and (2) the

noteworthy contrast in firmness bringing about pressure fixations. Different strategies have been

proposed to defeat the obstructions to improve the presentation of rubber treated Portland

concrete solid, some of which have demonstrated to be promising.

(Shu, Huang, 2014).

Tires are divided into two major groups which are automobile tires and truck tires.

The type of tires is very significant therefore it affects the texture and shape, and the

characteristics of the concrete. There are three wide categories of discarded tire rubber concrete

mix design:

1. Chipped rubbers measure about 25 to 30mm and it changes the course aggregates in

concrete

2. Crumb rubbers are the particles of the rubber is very irregular, measures about between 3

to 10mm and it is use to replace the fine aggregates

3. The Powdered rubber's particles are smaller than 1mm and it contains of powder formed

whilst the crunch process, that was fallen from the machine of the plant that is handling the waste

rubber. This rubber can be used as a filler in concrete because of its size.

(Garges N., Fawaz S. 2018)

The vehicle tires that are not available to use can be one of the solid waste to recycle if

the vehicle tires is disposed already. The waste tire rubber can be used to be part of the natural

aggregates as a recycle. Through the use of waste tire rubber there's an additional advantage, by

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saving the aggregates that the waste type used in concrete making. Due to the weight of the

waste tire which is not heavy, elastic, can absorb some energy, heat and the being sound proof

that's why the waste tire is one of the rising materials in the construction industry. (Khitab, A.,

et.al 2017)

Waste tires from vehicles result in negative impacts to the environment. It is also a

source of fire hazard and breeding grounds to pest. The said issues are call for the need to devise

means of recycling and reusing of tires. Small amount of scraps is recycled for other application;

break waters, fuel for energy generation, crumb rubber asphalt pavement, light weight fills for

embankments etc. but further means of recycling is needed in order to reduce the negative

environmental hazards caused by it. The increased consumption of concrete material in the

construction industry has led to the constant demand for natural resources (mineral aggregates,

sand) coupled with the setback associated with the brittle nature of concrete. The above

enumerated issues capture the attention of researchers not only to improve the performance level

of concrete but also to save guard our environment from dangers associated with waste tires and

constant demand of natural resources. Research focused on the different shapes and sizes of tires

in different proportions in concrete. Ordinary concrete and rubber particles from waste tires have

been presented in literature as “rubberized concrete” or “rubber modified concrete”. It is usually

obtained from motor vehicles and trucks. The use of tires in concrete gained worldwide

recognition in the field of engineering. In the studies, the size, surface texture and the volume of

the rubber particles affect the mechanical properties of the concrete.

(Mitoulis, S. & Benneth, A. R. 2016)

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Using rubber particles as concrete aggregates can reduce the environmental impacts of large

scrap tire accumulation. However, because of their low stiffness and surface bonding with

cement paste, the added rubber particles may decrease concrete strength. This study aims to

improve the performance of rubber concrete by using different methods of surface treatment and

coating. In particular, two methods of surface therapy (NaOH and Silane Coupling Agent) and

three techniques of coating (covered with ordinary cement, mixed cement with silica fume and

mixed cement plus sodium silicate) were used to enhance the bonding of rubber cement. (Guo et

al, 2017)

It was proven that if correctly and accurately proportioned, aggregate fines in small amounts

can enhance pervious concrete performances. First, significant growth in material mechanical

properties can occur when natural sand is added. Second, as the recycled wasted crumb tire

rubber is being added, it also benefits the mechanical properties. Not only its mechanical

properties, environmental advantages are being produced and benefited as well. (Bonicelli, A.,

et.al (2017)

Crumb rubber is a possible alternative use for concrete. It is very recommended for non-load

bear structures and structural members. Yet, using tires for concrete can be very time consuming

and difficult to process but, with the help of large-scale devices, proper cutting tools and

machines, the process will be easily done. (Khitab A., et.al 2017)

Compared to concrete with no crumb rubber or less amount of crumb rubber, concrete with

crumb rubber is more resistant to acid attacks. The crumb rubber particles that are present in the

rubberized concrete were able to grasp the constituent particles that were trying to separate hence

cracks and material separations were prevented. (Thomas, B. S. et.al (2016)

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The researcher wanted to provide ways of recycling rubber tires by effective use of

aggregates in concrete and to set up the technical viability or ability to work successfully in

building construction. It is expected to be advantageous to reduce the use of crushed stone or

gravel, sand and water in producing a concrete. The resistances of a material to breaking under

compression, the measure of tensile strength of the concrete lessen when the amount of rubber

tires increase in the mix. And the method to determine the tensile strength increases by 7% if the

amount of the tires ingredients is small. Researchers came out with increasing the tensile strength

and adhesion of cement paste and crumb rubber to improve toughness. Even though the strength

of it is still lower than conventional concrete or a dense aggregate mix that requires mechanical

vibrations, the absorption of plastic energy is still higher because it absorbs moisture from its

environment. (Grinys et al. 2012)

Recycled rubber highways are not new; there are asphalt highways in the U.S., Germany, Spain,

Brazil and China that integrate rubber "crumbs" from shredded tires. However, using tire

polymer fibers has the distinctive advantage of possibly enhancing concrete resilience and

expanding its lifespan. (Rajamanickam, 2017)

The impact of waste tires steel fiber and standard steel fiber on cement concrete using ASTM

C1018 was determined to investigate the possible implementation of waste tires steel fiber

strengthened concrete in highway engineering. The findings indicate that: the waste tires steel

fiber has a substantial improvement impact on concrete toughness and can be used as green road

material as the waste tire powder. As the steel fiber dose increases, the loading-deflection curve

becomes fuller after initial cracking, the secondary peak of the load increases, and the concrete

becomes closer to the ideal elastic-plastic material. (Gao, 2018)

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The concrete is a material that is usually utilized in construction and contends directly with

all other materials in construction. The great quality of a concrete is ought to remain maintenance

free for a long time and truly durable when it has been appropriately intended for the service

conditions. The ductile behavior will give the concrete material to have the capacity to deform

and support flexural and tensile roads, even after the first cracking. Significant risk in well-being

and enormous volume of land area, will make the collections of disposed tires. The rubber waste

tires can be recycled material by re-using it and this is a possible answer to the issue of scrap tire

disposal. To examine the ideal amount of the rubber aggregate to be substituted instead of

aggregate is specified by compromising the strength and improving any one of the properties of

the concrete which imparts low by utilizing mineral aggregate. To examine the composition of

rubber waste material through laboratory testing and develop test information that may help the

eventual objective to assess rubber solid material properties of drafting a practical amount of

rubber in concrete for low loading usage or lightweight structural. Examine improvement

toughness index and ductility of the concrete, adding rubber waste as a substitution of coarse

aggregate (Shanmugapriya, Mani 2015)

The greatest advantage of a more resilient concrete is the decreased cracking in concrete

structures, highways, or bridges. Recognizing the use of recycling tires to enhance the structure's

enduring value is also essential. Otherwise, most scrap tires would end up in a landfill. It is said

that up to three billion kilograms of tires can be recycled every year compared to the use of

nearly six billion cubic meters of concrete. If this is the case, all concrete mixes can use polymer

fibers from recycled tires. (Decicco, 2017)

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The use of rubber granulate as a replacement for natural aggregates in a concrete mix has

been discovered to have an important effect on concrete properties. Although studies have been

undertaken in separate industries and in distinct study fields on the use of rubber granulate in a

concrete mix, it is evident that we do not understand much about it yet. This is why more data on

the characteristics of concrete based on recycled rubber needs to be continued and obtained.

(Svobada et al, 2018).

The new characteristics with replaced rubber particles showed mildly decreased

flowability. Compared to the control blend, the measured compressive and dividing tensile

strength of rubber-modified SCC concrete has been decreased. Due to better bonding, surface

treated rubberized concrete has higher mechanical strength than rubberized concrete. With the

increasing rubber content in concrete, the measured ultrasonic transmission rate decreased, and

these results also indicated the reduced dynamic modulus. The transport property evaluated from

the measurement of electrical resistivity showed the reduced permeability with added rubber

content. SCC mortar samples have usually enhanced the durability performance (including

alkali-silica reaction and drying shrinkage) with rubber-modified samples. Overall research

showed that the rubber-modified SCC can retain excellent workability and mechanical

characteristics and improve sustainability with decreased effects on the environment (Si et al,

2018).

The ground rubber as a fine aggregate is a natural sand particle won from the land

through the mining process it is used to replace conventional fine aggregate. They used it to

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know the favorable result when the rubber content is less than 25% and to achieve development

in materials ability to be drawn or plastically deformed without fracture (Issa & Salem 2013)

The acoustic behavior of construction components made of waste-tire rubber-doped

concrete. With 0 percent, 10 percent, and 20 percent rubber in their composition, three different

mixtures were made. For each mixture, bricks, lattice joists, and hollow blocks were made, and

three different cells were constructed and tested against aerial and impact noise. The global

acoustic isolation values and the decrease in the degree of impact sound pressure were measured.

(Esteban Fraile-Garcia et al).

Abandoned vehicle tires are major contributors to solid waste that has been disposed of in

landfills previously. This rubber pollution is perceived to be one of the biggest environmental

issues facing towns around the world.

And, even after a prolonged period of landfill treatment, waste rubber does not easily

decompose. Even if concrete is the most common construction material, it has some

shortcomings such as low flexural strength, low compressive strength,

Toughening and curing-related cracking, low energy absorption, and shrinkage. (Wang et al.,

2000)

As a sub-product within the treatment strategy for finish of Life Tires (ELTs), Waste Tire

Textile Fibers (WTTFs) are hazardous waste materials that are truly covered or consumed as

against the worldwide laws. on account of the taking off interest for tires partner degreed

vehicles, taking out WTTFs forces a noteworthy weight on the setting essentially inferable from

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2 reasons: I) they involve huge significant house in landfills, related ii) consuming them closes in

perilous gas outflow. during this exploration, the practicability of reusing WTTFs as support

specialists in a far-reaching soil was examined through an exhaustive arrangement of research

center examinations, for example ordinary compaction, Split lastingness (STS), expanding union,

volumetrically shrinkage, and parching breaking tests. steady with the outcomes, WTTFs will

improve the entirety of the explored geotechnical attributes of the extensive soil. Additionally, it

completely was proven that WTTF-broad soil blends will be utilized as a suitable material for

impermeable liners and spreads in landfills. (S.S.NaraniM,et al. 2019)

Integrating the waste tire rubber into cement-based materials is one of the available

alternatives solutions to make use of it, to reinstate some of the natural aggregates. This could be

environmentally friendly as it helps to get rid of waste tires and prevent environmental pollution

and economically feasible since some of the expensive natural aggregates can be saved (Flores-

Medina et al., 2014; Thomas et al., 2015)

The utilization of reusable waste tires into civil engineering practices, to be specific,

cement-based materials and asphalt paving mixtures has been gaining ground across the globe.

This review compares and sums up the previous accomplishment in the field of plain rubberized

concrete (PRC), in better details. A variety of treatment methods have been stated to develop the

performance of rubberized Portland cement concrete. In addition, the review involves the effects

of the amount and size of tire rubbers on durability and mechanical properties of the PRC and the

behavior of the microstructure of the rubberized concrete were clearly stated. (M. A. Yazdi, J.,

et.al 2015)

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The effect on the properties of concrete made of various forms of cement (Portland cement

without additives, CEM I, Portland cement with limestone additive, CEM II) of waste tire cord

yarn with attached rubber particles. Water absorbing textile fiber additive with rubber particles is

the filament waste (added at 0 percent, 2 percent, 4 percent, 6 percent, 8 percent and 10 percent

of the amount of fine aggregate), so a greater amount of water is needed to prepare the concrete

mixture.The density and compressive strength of concrete decreases with waste additives, but the

absorption of water increases. As cement type CEM II is used, the estimated freeze-thaw

resistance of concrete with cement type CEM I and recycled tire cord increases and decreases

significantly, but maintains comparable resistance in around 1000 freeze-thaw cycles. The

thermal conductivity coefficient drops by approx. 35%, when 10% of the recycled textile tire

cord is applied to the concrete mixture. (Jurgita Malaiškienė, Et al (2015)

Numerous recent findings have shown that the application of recycled tire rubber may

develop these fragile concrete characteristics. On roadways, rubberized asphalt was used for

decades. As evidence, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), enacted in

1991, required the use of at least 5% of asphalt recycled rubber by weight, and the percentage of

rubber used steadily increased by up to 20% by 1997. The directive, however, was repealed in

1996 (Khatib et al. 1999), leaving a newborn of technology with rubberized concrete. Several

experiments have also been undertaken to examine the viability of the use of rubber in concrete.

Although it is necessary to use recycled rubber in concrete structures in a variety of ways and

since there are still many variables and characteristics that need to be studied, it may be difficult

to assume that mass manufacturing of rubberized concrete will soon be available on the market

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today or in the near future. The mechanical and environmental benefits of using recycled tires as

an alternative to concrete mixtures have been shown by several studies, however. The use of

crumb rubber particles as substitutes in cement-based materials is one of the options proposed.

Rubber has physical characteristics that make a significant contribution to preserving our world,

such as low density and moisture absorption, as well as strong thermal and acoustic

Insulators. (Topacio, A. J. et al. 2015)

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Conceptual Framework

PROCESS
Prepare the Gather data with the Analyze and
equipments for the use of prototype interpret the
prototype gathered data
Finalize the Conclude the analyze
prototype data
Search for any
related literature
OUTPUT
INPUT

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Statement of the Problem

The growing number of vehicles also means the higher consumption of tires. This will also

have a negative effect such as it can trap methane gases causing them to bubble to the surface, if

not properly disposed. Researches in the Engineering sector have found a new innovation by

recycling waste tires and making it part of a concrete material, this is one of the most effective

method to reduce its number. With that said, this research aims to answer the following

questions:

1. How may the tires prove its efficiency as a concrete material in terms of:

1.1) strength;

1.2) stability; and

1.3) durability?

2. How may the ratio of waste tire in concrete mixture in terms of the following:

How may the effectiveness of the product be described in terms of:

2.1) No waste tire and 100% of cements;

2.2) 25% of waste tires and 75% of cements;

2.3) 50% of waste tires and 50% of cements; and

2.4) 75% of waste tires and 25% cements?

3. Are the tires really helping the concrete material to be more efficient and stable?

4. What waste tire to concrete ratio could be most effective in the mixed material?

By discovering a new construction material which has a right amount of balance when it

comes to mixture, construction companies will be able to have an alternative and stable material

unlike before.

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Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis

The concrete is not durable when it was added with tire mixture.

Alternative Hypothesis

The concrete is durable at all when it was added with tire mixture.

Significance of the Study

By getting the right amount of balance on the concrete mixture ratio, the following are the

beneficiaries to the study:

First, construction companies such as road and building companies will be able to discover a

new material to use during constructions. They not only acquire better quality material but also

contribute to saving the environment which in return will help them gain far better reviews from

the public.

Secondly, waste tire companies are also favored by this study for they will be able to sell

more waste tires which will be used in formulating the material in the long run. They not only

gain more profit but also help another sector of the industry.

Lastly, motorists of all kinds will benefit from the study by getting a better driving

experience and having less road mishaps that could last for ages.

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Scope and Delimitation

This research aims to experiment and correlate the relationship between the ratio of waste

tire to concrete mixture in a newly discovered construction material. Every year, the number of

waste tire materials increase as the number of vehicles overpopulate the environment. What the

people may not know, these materials could affect the environment badly by emitting hazardous

chemicals if not properly disposed. Researches from the Engineering sector suggest to mix up

these waste tires to construction concrete as it provides better support to the main foundation.

The researches then thought if the ratio between the two materials will affect greatly when it

comes to stability and durability which can help supply better support to the material. The

researchers will test out this combined material by controlling the ratio between the waste tire

and concrete mixture. Through mechanical examinations, the researchers will test out the

stability and durability of every ratioed material. The said examinations will be done inside and

outside of the school campus and is to be performed by the researches themselves and some

professionals.

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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Quantitative research design is used in this study. According to Alfieri (2015), this method

of research that relies on measuring variables using a numerical system, analyzing these

measurements using any of a variety of statistical models, and reporting relationships and

associations and associations among the studied variables. For example, these variables may be

test scores for measurements of reaction time. The goal of gathering this quantitative data is to

understand, describe, and predict the nature of a phenomenon, particularly through the

development of models and theories. Quantitative research techniques include experiments and

surveys.

Experimental research will be used in this study as stated by Harland (2017) This study

strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be

manipulated by the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared.

Most importantly, experimental research is completed in a controlled environment. The ultimate

goal of this research is to know if there is an effect in the durability of a concrete when the ratio

of materials involve will be change. That is why the researchers will use Correlational research

design in the study.

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Subjects

The subjects of the research are four concrete hollow blocks with same net are of 25700 mm^2.

The four test subjects differ from the amount of waste tire mixed in the concrete mixture. The

first sample contains no waste tire, second sample has 25% of waste tire, third sample contains

50% waste tire and fourth sample contains 75% of waste tire.

Procedure

The researchers will have the same procedures with all of the samples that we have. The

only difference is that the amount of waste tires and cement that we use.

Waste Tires Collection

Prepare paper and calculations for needed number of samples. Look for potential waste

tire businesses that offer cheap and affordable resource. Communicate with sellers for

purchasing of materials. Purchase and collect waste tire materials in preparation for shredding.

Waste Tires Breakdown

After gathering all the waste tires that the researchers had collected. They will now do the

shredding of the waste tires in the shredder. The smaller the cuts are, the better it is for the

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mixture. Finally, after the breakdown of materials, all waste tires will be put on a container for

the proper measurements and quantities that is needed.

Hollow Block making

The process of production of concrete hollow blocks involves the following 5 stages;

proportioning, mixing, compacting, curing, and drying. First is the proportioning, this step will

determine the suitable amounts of raw materials needed to produce concrete of desired quality

under given conditions of mixing, placing and curing is known as proportioning. Secondly,

mixing the objective of the thorough mixing of aggregates, cement, and water is to ensure that

the cement -water paste completely covers the surface of the aggregates. All the raw materials

including water are collected in a concrete mixer, which is rotated for about 1 ½ minute. Next is

compacting, the purpose of compacting is to fill all air pockets with concrete as a whole Without

the movement of free water through the concrete. Excessive compaction would result in the

formation of water pockets or layers with higher water content and poor quality of the product.

Fourthly is curing in this part the hollow blocks removed from the mold are protected until they

are sufficiently hardened to permit handling without damage. This may take about 24 hours in a

shelter away from the sun and winds. The hollow blocks thus hardened are cured in a curing yard

to permit complete miniaturization for at least 3 days. Lastly drying, a concrete will shrink

slightly with loss of moisture. It is therefore essential that after curing is done, the blocks should

be allowed to dry out gradually in the shade so that the initial drying shrinkage of the blocks is

completed before they are used in the construction work.

Compressive Strength Test

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The first thing to do is to measure the physical attributes of the Hollow Block, especially

the width and height. Proper and accurate recording of data should be observed in the laboratory.

With that the prepared sample is now ready for testing. Then setup it on the collaborated

compressing machine. Secured that the sample is at the center, top and bottom of the equipment.

The cracking sounds indicates its limit. Finally, data recording and formal documentation will

follow for the results.

Locale

This study was conducted at Terms Concrete Testing Incorporation, this place was

selected for testing the efficiency of the study of utilization of using Polymer blend as a concrete

mixture. This study was been implemented on the students of SPCF from Grade 12 ST. Benedict.

This study has tested the effectiveness of using Polymer blend as its main component for

concrete mixture. The research study was implemented inside the premises of their every house

through the use of online platforms and video chat without facing any disturbance or problem of

every researchers who conducted the research.

Statistical Treatment of Data

A descriptive method of statistical treatment will be used in the experiment because only the

information analyzed will be identified by researchers. The Researchers used ANOVA Single

Factor Analysis to compute and analyze the data. Rational method is the form of statistical

descriptive treatment to be used. Using the rational method, researchers could describe which

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kind of ratio among cement mixture and waste tire material would be more efficient to provide a

better stability mixture.

Data Instrument

The instrument that the researchers used in this study is observation. An observation is a

data collection process in which you gather information about the studied phenomenon by

making observations of it as it happens. You should try to keep your observations focused on

human behavior, the phenomenon's use, and human experiences with the phenomenon.

(Koppa,2012). The researchers gathered the data from the results of the test conducted to the four

types of prototype that have three sample each. Twelve prototype undergo the compressive

strength test to measure the durability, stability, and strength of the concrete hollow block with

waste tires.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers promise that they will follow all protocols and procedure. All of the

information and data will be all classified and will only be release if given the permission by the

proper authorities. The researchers will ask proper permission to the proper authorities for safety

in conducting research that is needed in the study.

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CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

The researchers have conducted an experiment and mixed four different mixture samples

with different amounts of ratio. With the help of professionals, the researchers were able to shred

waste tires and had them mixed with ordinary hollow block concrete. After preparing the

materials for examinations, the researchers then brought the materials to TERMS Concrete

Testing, an accredited laboratory in San Fernando, Pampanga. This is to test if there is a

significant difference between the effect of each ratio when it comes to the material’s

compressive strength and durability. The researchers’ test focused on the PSI level or the pound-

force per square inch to find out about the material’s capabilities in delivering more quality into

each ratio.

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NET MACHINE COMPRESSIVE

SAMPLE DIMENSION
AREA READING STRENGTH
IDENTIFICATION
(KN)
WIDTH LENGTH mm^2 PSI MPA
SAMPLE 1 (NO WASTE 116 400 25700 28 158 1
TIRES)
 CHB 4” W/ 3KG 116 400 25700 26 147 1
CEMENT
 16 GAL SAND 116 400 25700 28 158 1
 1.5 GAL WATER

Table 1: Compressive Strength of Hollow Block Mixture with no Waste Tires (Sample 1)

Average for Compressive Strength:  Average for Machine Reading:

158 + 147 +158 = 463 28+ 26+ 28 = 82

463 82
=  154.33 PSI = 27.33 KN
3 3

The table above shows that a mixture consisting of no waste tires and just purely hollow

blocks has an average PSI of 154.33. It also shows the average machine reading of 27.33 Kilo

Newtons.

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NET MACHI COMPRESSIVE

DIMENSION
SAMPLE AREA NE STRENGTH

IDENTIFICATION WIDT LENGT READIN

mm^2 PSI MPA
H H G (KN)

SAMPLE 2 (W/ 25% WASTE 116 400 25700 50 282 2

TIRES) 116 400 25700 54 305 2

 CHB 4” W/ 10 KG
CEMENT
 16 GAL SAND
 3 GAL WATER
116 400 25700 59 333 2
 1 GAL OF RUBBER
 8 GAL OF SAND
 5KG CEMENT
 1.5 GAL WATER

Table 2: Compressive Strength of Mixture w/ 25% Waste Tires and Hollow

Block Concrete (Sample 2)

Average for Comprehensive Strength:  Average for Machine Reading:

282 + 305 +333 = 920 50+ 54+ 59 = 163

920 163
= 306.67 PSI = 54.33 KN
3 3

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The table above shows that a mixture consisting of 25% waste tires and hollow block

mixture has an average PSI level of 306.67. It also shows the average machine reading of 54.33

Kilo Newtons.

NET MACHI COMPRESSIVE

DIMENSION
SAMPLE AREA NE STRENGTH

IDENTIFICATION WIDT LENGT READIN

mm^2 PSI MPA
H H G (KN)

SAMPLE 3 (W/ 50% WASTE 120 400 23976 65 393 3

TIRES) 120 400 23976 62 375 3

 CHB 5” W/ 10 KG
CEMENT
 16 GAL SAND
 3 GAL WATER
120 400 23976 69 417 3
 3 GAL OF RUBBER
 3 GAL OF SAND
 3KG CEMENT
 1.5 GAL WATER

Table 3: Compressive Strength of Mixture w/ 50% Waste Tires and Hollow

Block Concrete (Sample 3)

Average for Comprehensive Strength:  Average for Machine Reading:

393 + 375 + 417 = 1 185 65 + 62 + 69 = 196

1185 196
= 395 PSI = 65.33 KN
3 3

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The table above shows that a mixture consisting of 50% waste tires and hollow block

mixture has an average PSI level of 395. It also shows the average machine reading of 65.33

Kilo Newtons.

NET MACHI COMPRESSIVE

DIMENSION
SAMPLE AREA NE STRENGTH

IDENTIFICATION WIDT LENGT READIN

mm^2 PSI MPA
H H G (KN)

SAMPLE 4 (W/ 75% WASTE 120 400 23976 70 423 3

TIRES) 120 400 23976 69 417 3

 CHB 5” W/ 10 KG
CEMENT
 16 GAL SAND
 3 GAL WATER
120 400 23976 74 448 3
 4 GAL OF RUBBER
 3 GAL OF SAND
 3 KG CEMENT
 1.5 GAL WATER

Table 4: Compressive Strength of Mixture w/ 75% Waste Tires and Hollow

Block Concrete (Sample 4)

Average for Comprehensive Strength: Average for Machine Reading:

423 + 417 + 448 = 1 288 70 + 69 + 74 = 213

1288 213
= 429.33 PSI = 71 KN
3 3

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The table above shows that a mixture consisting of 75% waste tires and hollow block

mixture has an average PSI level of 429.44. It also shows the average machine reading of 71

Kilo Newtons.
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
W/o Waste Tires 3 463 154.3333333 40.33333333
25% Waste Tires 3 920 306.6666667 652.3333333
50% Waste Tires 3 1185 395 444
75% Waste Tires 3 1288 429.3333333 270.3333333

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 135584.6667 3 45194.88889 128.4858248 4.17165E-07 4.066180551
Within Groups 2814 8 351.75

Total 138398.6667 11

Table 5: Results of the Analysis of Variance based on the Average PSI of each Hollow

Block Material (ANOVA Single Factor)

It can be gleaned from the table the ANOVA Single Factor Analysis of the given data. The

analysis focuses on the computed P-value which will determine the outcome of the study with

the given hypotheses. In this case, since the computed P-value of 4.17165E-07 or 0.000000417 is

less than 0.05 which is our significant level, the researchers reject the Ho or the Null Hypothesis.

This means that there is a significant difference between the effects of each ratio. The more

amount of waste tire material added, there is a significant increase in the material’s compressive

strength and durability.

Discussion

In the experiment, the researchers have compared and analyzed the compressive strength of

hollow blocks with different ratios of waste tires and cement in TERMS and Concrete Testing

Laboratory in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga which is a DPWH- accredited laboratory. A

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significant increase of PSI level and average Machine Reading in KN with different samples of

the ratio of waste tires indicates that it is durable than the ordinary hollow blocks and vice versa.

The researchers divided the whole experiment into four setups, having which has different ratios

of concrete mixtures from 0% added waste tires up to 75%. For every setup, three trials were

done to get the average PSI level and the average machine reading in Kilo Newtons of the said

mixture.

The different ratios gave a significant amount of difference with the compressive strength

and durability within the samples. This is proven true with the Null Hypothesis being rejected by

the overall P-value of 0.000000417 which is less than the significant level of 0.05. The

researchers also observed the increase of numbers for the average PSI level and average Machine

Reading in KN in each sample. The first sample with just a pure hollow block mixture has an

average PSI level of 154.33 and an average machine reading of 27.33 Kilo Newtons. This sample

is considered the standard PSI level and machine reading for basis. The second sample with 25%

waste tires and hollow block mixture gave out an average PSI level of 306.67 and an average

machine reading of 54.33 Kilo Newtons. The third sample with 50% added waste tires gave out

an average PSI level of 395 and an average machine reading of 65.33 Kilo Newtons. The fourth

and final sample with 75% added waste tire material gave out an average PSI level of 429.33 and

an average machine reading of 71 Kilo Newtons.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

This study aims to compare different amounts of ratios between waste tires to ordinary

hollow block material; this is to know if there is a difference between these ratios when it comes

to material’s durability and compressive strength. In today’s time, there is a rising amount of

waste tire materials that are not properly disposed, this in return has a bad effect on the situation

of the environment. In observance of this situation, the researchers found a material that is trying

to help aid this situation by reusing waste tire materials and mixing it to concrete.

The researchers compared different ratios of mixtures with waste tires and ordinary hollow

blocks to determine if there would be a difference with its compressive strength and durability.

This is to know if what ratio would be able to deliver a better quality with rubber and concrete

colliding. The researchers conducted an experiment and had different ratio amounts of mixture

tested. The experiment was divided into four different setups with three trials for each. The ratios

were determined by adding 25, 50, and 75 percent waste tires to an ordinary hollow block

mixture. There is also one setup with purely the hollow block as the only agent in the sample

which served as the basis of the whole experiment. The mixtures were tested inside a DPWH

accredited laboratory in San Fernando, Pampanga.

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After conducting the experiment, the data collected shows that there is a significant

difference when it comes to structural integrity when there is a higher amount of mixed waste

tires material to an ordinary hollow block mixture. This means that the ratio does give a

significant difference when it comes to durability and compressive strength.

Conclusion

After experimenting on the waste tires and concrete mixture, the researchers conclude

that there is a difference between the quality and durability within each ratio. The material shows

a development for every added amount of waste tire material. This means that the more we add

waste tire products in the mixture, the better compressive strength and durability comes within

the material. This result shows a positive outcome with what product the engineering field can

acquire and use. This remark also helps with the growing number of waste tires that are being

unused over the years.

Recommendations

The researchers are satisfied with what the outcome came to be for the study. This is

good news to both the engineering field and the community. As recommendations, the

researchers would want to see this material in use for both roads and building structures. The

researchers believe that with the right use of ratio, the better reception from the community will

be. Although there are only several countries who uses this mixture, there is still hope for a better

future when this material is put into use. Here in the Philippines, this is a highly recommendable

material to help reduce the rising amount of waste tire materials that may contribute to the

growing problem in waste management.

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The researchers think that future researches about the topic is highly necessary to help

improve the weaknesses and lapses found in this study. Fire safety of the material is a topic

suggested by the researchers to the future researchers, since the material contains rubber. The

researchers also suggest to do a practical examination of the product for more in-depth results

with its effects. With continuous support from future researchers, this could turn into a

revolutionary product.

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Definition of Terms

1. Waste Tire Material - any tire material that doesn’t have primary use at all.
2. Recycling - this means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed
into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes.
3. Concrete Material - a mixture of gravel, sand, cement, and water that is use for
construction.
4. Disposal - process of throwing away something.

5. Landfill - a place to dispose something.

6. Bitumen - used to surface and roof the road, it is a black viscous mixture of hydrocarbons.

7. Polymer Blend - two or more mixture of polymers to create a new material.

8. Aggregate - it is used to make paving substances like concrete and asphalt

9. Coarse Aggregate - particles greater than 0.19 inch, but ranges between 3/8 and 1.5 inches
in diameter.

10. Crumb Rubber - waste tires that have been shredded, or a piece that has a same large grain
of sand.

11. Elastic - it is capable to resume its normal shape after deformation.

12. Polyethylene Terephthalate - a artificial resin made by copolymerizing ethylene glycol and
terephthalic acid, widely used to make polyester fibers.

13. Embankment - used to hold back the water in the low ground area.

14. Electron Microscopy (EM)- used in biomedical research to investigate the structure of
tissues, cells and etc.

15. Recovered Asphalt Paving - used to removed or recycled pavement materials that contains
asphalt and aggregates.

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16. Hot Mix Asphalt - combination of 95% stone, sand, or gravel that is bound together by
asphalt cement, a product of crude oil.

17. ASTM C1018 - is a common test method for fiber-reinforced concrete flexural durability
and first crack strength.
18. Silane Coupling Agent- In the interphase region, the area between an inorganic substrate
and an organic substrate, the silane coupling agents act as a bonding or bridging agent to
improve the adhesion of the two dissimilar materials.

19. ELT (end-of-life tire) - a tire which, for its original reason, can no longer be used all tires.
Passenger car, bus, helicopter, agricultural, 2-wheel and off-road.

20. STS - Using a cylinder that splits around the vertical diameter, a way of assessing the tensile
strength of concrete.

21. ISTEA - ISTEA's 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (Public Law 102-
240; ISTEA, pronounced Ice-Tea) is a U.S. federal law that, as the first U.S. federal
legislation on the subject in the post-Interstate Highway System era, initiated a significant
shift in transport planning and policy.

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Appendices

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