Professional Documents
Culture Documents
clauses
prof: Jennifer June Evans
Prepared by:
Brahim MEZGAZR
Contents
Introduction
1- Form
2- Meaning
B- clauses of manner
C- clauses of cause
- clauses of purpose
- clauses of reason
D- clauses of result
E- clauses of concession
Contents (continue)
II- Free adjuncts
1- Form
2- Meaning
A- Time Relationship
- Concurrent Action
- Sequential Action
B- Reason Relationship
C- Instrumental Relationship
D- Conditional Relationship
3- Use
A- In Sentence-Initial Position
Subordinators include:
These subordinators establish the relation between the events or conditions in the
subordinate clause and those in the main clause.
I- ADVERBIAL SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
WITH SUBORDINATORS
1- Form:
Adverbial subordinate clauses usually have an overt subject and a verb with
tense or a modal. Overt Verb with
subject tense
eg: - She called him after she had finished her dinner.
main clause adverbial subordinate clause
However,
In addition to these finite clauses, we find adverbial subordinate clauses that
have an infinitive or a past or present participal instead of a tensed verb, and
that luck overt subjects (it is an implied subject- the subject of the main clause).
eg 1: - Although complained about lot of assignments, master students can still manage
the situation. Past participal
2- Meaning:
Adverbial subordinate clauses are usually classified into groups
according to the relationship expressed by their subordinator.
The subordinator once marks an action that occurs prior the main
clause action. It is basically interchangeable with as soon as.
once
Eg: - The jury announced the winners the competition had finished.
As soon as
If once is followed by be and a prepositional phrase, the clause subject and
be can be deleted to produce a shortened clause.
When/ while: the subordinators when and while can both introduce a clause
that specifies a period during which the action in the main clause
occured.
Eg: - I slept when/while the teacher was explaining the poem.
However,
If the action of the verb in the adverbial clause has a very short
duration, when means „simultaneously, right after‟. While, which only
introduces clauses that have duration, cannot be used.
Eg 1: - I can still remember the day when Ahlam joined the master
program.
Adverbial clauses of time that are introduced by while or when and have
be plus a present or past participal have short forms in which the
subject and be are omitted.
NOTICE
.
Notice: although the clauses that start with after, befor, and since and have a
present participal and no overt subject seem to be short forms of
adverbial clauses, they actually have a structure that is much closer
to that of a prepositional phrase.
Eg: - After studying for 13 hours, he collapsed.
In this example ,The clause started by after does not mean that it is a
shortened form of an adverbial clause although after has a present
participal and no overt subject. In fact, it does not seem to
correspond to longer versions with subject and be omitted.
Therfore, the following example is ungrammatical.
Eg: - After he was studying for 13 hours, he callapsed.*
Therefore,
This substitution test indicates that after in the example “ After studying
for 13 hours, he collapsed.” , since, and before in such a case are
prepositions.
On/upon: the prepositions on/upon can introduce time clauses that have
essentially the same meaning as clauses introduced by when.
Eg: - On hearing of his death, she suffered a nervous breakdown.
However,
On can introduce only clauses that have a present participal and do
not have an overt subject.
The preposition like, which means “similar to” is often substituted for
the subordinator as if, especially in spoken American English.
Such this finite clause with so (that) often have a model such as can
and could.
Eg: - The teacher sent everyone an e-mail so (that) we could be sure of his absence.
They are a special class of purpose clauses, which express the idea
that an action in the main clause has the purpose of avoiding a
possible undesirable outcome in the adverbial clause.
Eg: - Step away from the machine before you get hurt.
The idiomatic expression for fear also introduces clauses that imply
avoidance. It is followed optionally by that, which often include a
modal, or is followed by of and a present participle.
Eg 1: - He never joined in their games for fear (that )he would be ridiculed as an unathletic
nerd who could not catch a football.
Eg 2: - He never joined in their games for fear of being ridiculed as an unathletic nerd who
could not catch a football.
e) seeing as/that you have already done a lot of work on this project, you might as well finish
it.
f) since they know we will have a holiday, our teachers assigned us a lot of homeworks.
Seeing may occur alone or with that or as with dialect possibly affecting the
choice.
D- Clauses of Result:
Eg: - It had rained heavily the night before, so (that) the track was covered with water.
- He has lived a very frugal life, with the result that he now has a lot of money.
NOTICE
Notice: Although, as we saw earlier, so that can also introduce purpose
clauses, the result and purpose uses can be distinguished on the
basis of syntactic tests and intonation.
A result clause with so that cannot preced the main clause because
this places the result before the cause.
Eg: - It rained last night, so (that) the track was covered with water.
- So that the track was covered with water, it rained last night.*
In contrast, purpose clauses with so that can preced the main clause.
Eg: - He got up earlier so that he would not be late for work on his first day.
- So that he would not be late for work on his first day, he got up early.
Result clauses with so (that) also have falling intonation and a small
pose before the so, but this does not occur with so that purpose clause.
Eg 1: - He has just cashed his paycheck pause , so he had more then enough money to pay the
bell. (Result)
Eg 2: - He had cashed his paycheck so that he could pay the bell. ( purpose)
E- Clauses of Concession:
Clause of concession, or concessive clauses, express a contrast with
the main clause. They are usually referred to a contrast clause in
ESL/EFL textbooks.
Eg: - Even though I had a lot of time, I could not finish preparing the presentation by the
scheduled deadline.
While and whereas differ from although and (even) though clauses in one way:
they do not suggest that the main clause might be expected to be
false; they simply express the contrast. Therefore, whereas, in
particular, cannot always replace although.
Eg: - Wheras the teacher postponed the assignments, master students still complain.*
E- Clauses of Concession (continue):
Eg: in spite of/despite having grown up in Souss, she does not speak Tassoussit.
II-free adjuncts
Free adjuncts, sometimes called suplimentive clauses, are adverbial
subordinate clauses that are loosely tied to the main clause in that
they are not introduced by a subordinator.
1- Form:
In terms of form, free adjuncts have the following characteristics:
They are not introduced by subordinators as are regular subordinate clauses.
They can precede or follow the main clause and are set off from it by falling
intonation and a pause, represented by a comma in writing.
- the train stopped suddenly, throwing some of the passengers out of their seats.
II-free adjuncts
2- Meaning:
Like regular adverbial subordinate clauses, the adjuncts answer how,
when, or why questions about the main clause.
The position of the free adjunct in relation to the main clause also
plays a role in how free adjuncts are used and understood.
II-free adjuncts
2- Meaning (continue):
A- Time Relationships:
Many free adjuncts constitute a possible answer to a when question
posed about the main clause.
That is, the action in the main clause occurs at a time relative to the
event that is in the free adjunct.
Concurrent Action:
In the above example, notice that both verbs , drive and gaze, are
activity verbs; they have inherent duration that potentially can go on
indefinitely.
The free adjunct answers the question when did Alvin gaze upon the
countless fruit trees?
Eg: - Lying between the satain sheets of her bed, Vironica reflected on the joys of being
fabulously wealthy.
In this example, the free adjunct has the stative verb lie and the main
clause has an activity verb, namely, reflect. The action of reflecting
occurs during the state denoted in the free adjunct.
Thus,
•When a free adjunct has a staive or activity verb and the main clause has an activity verb,
The free adjunct tells what the main clause activity was concurrent with.
II-free adjuncts
A- Time Relationships: -Sequential Action:
The sequential action time relationship occurs when the main clause
action closely follows the action in the free adjunct.
Since both types imply an action with an end point , the action in the
main clause is seen as the second of two actions that occur in
succession.
Eg: - He opened the drawer and then took out the manuscript.
II-free adjuncts
A- Time Relationships: -Sequential Action (continue) :
Sentences with a sequential action relationship can also be
paraphrased using as soon as, when, and (up) on in addition to and then to
express the idea of successive actions. This is because these
subordinators are appropriate with an achievement verb that involves
longer duration prior to the end point.
Eg: - Reaching the river, they pitched camp for the night.
when they reached the river, they pitched camp for the night.
upon reaching
- They reached the river, and then pitched camp for the night.
II-free adjuncts
A- Time Relationships: -Sequential Action (continue) :
A sequential action interpretation also occurs with a common type of
free adjunct begining with having + past participal.
Eg: - Having considered the entrances and escape routes, Kurtz decided he must rent the lower
flat too…
Because the verb in the above example is in the perfect form, free
adjunct denotes an action that occured before the main clause action.
In these cases, the adjunct answers a why question posed about the
main clause, and can be paraphrased with adverbial subordinators of
reason such as because and since.
Eg: - Believing that Susan would be late as usual, Tom took his time getting ready for their date.
- Since/Because he believed that susan would be late as usual,Tom took his time getting ready
for their date.
II-free adjuncts
C- Instrumental Relationship:
An instrumental relationship between the clauses occurs when the
free adjunct expresses the means for the action in the main clause.
The verb in the free adjunct denotes an action to bring about a result
described in the main clause.
Eg: - Collaborating with his classmates, he succeeded to improve his learning outcomes.
The free adjunct is thus the answer to a how question posed about the
main clause.
Eg: - By collaborating with his classmates, he succeded to improve his learning outcomes.
II-free adjuncts
D- Conditional Relationship:
With free adjuncts introduced by a few verbs (e.g., assume, consider, grant,
and, possibily, suppose), we can have a conditional relationship between
the clauses;
That is, the truth of the content of the main clause is expressed as
having the condiotion given in the free adjunct.
Eg: - Assuming that newspaper accounts are an accurate reflection of public opinion, Chicagoans
must have been alarmed at the rise of property-related crimes over the past year.
The effects to which writers use them are dependent in large part
upon the position of the adjunct in relation to the main clause.
A- In sentence-Initial Position:
Eg: - Rising out of the central plateau in a jumble of dusty apartment blocks and crowded roads, this
is an unremarkable city in every respect but one – the caverns beneat it house hundreds
of barrels of highly radioactive fuel rods.
In this example, the free adjunct evokes a vivid image that further
gains effectiveness by contrasting with the shocking fact that
revealed following the main clause.
II-free adjuncts
3- Use: In sentence-Initial Position (continue):
That is, the adjunct vividly and concretely conveys the
unremarkableness of the city, and this unremarkableness contrasts
with the dangerous radioactive material stored beneath, the topic of
the article, which is thereby introduced as the above example.
Eg: - Hoping to get a better handle on the hunt, agencies and hunting groups in 1999 embarked
in a cooperative program called community-based management.
This sentence begins a new paragraph linked to a previous paragraph about the
suspections that the narwhal, a species of whale, population was becoming reduced by
the annual hunt to a point where the species was becoming endangered. Thus the free
adjunct shifts the topic to a new initiative, which will hopefully provide more accurate
information about how many narwhals are killed. …
II-free adjuncts
3- Use: B- After the Main Clause:
Free adjuncts that follow main clauses have the same types of
adverbial relationships as adjuncts that preced main clauss.
That is , the free adjunct is used to add to the meaning of the main
clause or to expand it in some way.
Eg: - He answered their questions, smiling, frowning, and occasionally laughing heartily.
Eg: - Because I was not prepared when i arrived to UIUC it is why the low temperatures in october
began to make effect on me.*
2-Subordinator Choice
Students sometimes choose the wrong subordinator or even confuse
subordinators with other words. As the following sentence show, the
writer uses while instead of when.
Eg: - While you select one track in the engineering market, you are also missing the rest of the other
possibilities you may have.*
Please make sure you revise this chapter because it is included in the final exam as prof.
Jennefer mentioned in the FB page.
Also, because we will have an activity before the exam regarding this chapter.
Good luck