Week 9

DENT 1005
BIOPHYSICS
Dr. Ayşe Sena Sarp

Bahçeşehir University Dentistry Faculty

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LAST WEEK…
DENT1005
BIOPHYSICS

FLUID DYNAMICS
AND
ITS BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
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Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
 Flow rate 𝑄 is defined to be the volume of fluid
passing by some location through an area during
a period of time,

𝑉 is the volume



𝑡 is the elapsed time.
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𝑄=𝐴𝑣 𝑣 is the average velocity

Vs.

𝐴 is the cross-sectional area

𝑄1=𝑄2
𝐴1𝑣1=𝐴2𝑣2
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In the cardiovascular system, branching of the flow occurs. The
blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that subdivide into
smaller arteries (arterioles) which branch into very fine vessels
called capillaries.




𝑛1𝐴1𝑣1=𝑛2𝐴2𝑣2



where 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are the number of branches in each of the
sections along the tube.
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The work-energy theorem,

 blood in the circulatory system.
DENT1005
BIOPHYSICS
Bernoulli’s Equation
1 Bernoulli’s Equation
The relationship between pressure and velocity in fluids is described quantitatively by
frictional losses are neglected, the flow of an incompressible fluid is gov-
Bernoulli’s equation
ned by Bernoulli’s equation, which gives the relationship between velocity,
essure, and elevation in a line of flow. Bernoulli’s equation states that at any
oint in the channel of a flowing fluid the following relationship holds:
𝑃 is the absolute pressure,
1 2 𝜌 is the fluid density,
P + ρgh + ρv ! Constant (8.1)
𝑣 is the velocity of the fluid,
2 ! is the height above some reference point,
𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity.
ere P is the pressure in the fluid, h is the height, ρ is the density, and v is
e velocity at any point in the flow channel. The first term in the equation
the potential energy per unit volume of the fluid due to the pressure in the
2 3
uid. (Note that the unit for pressure, which is dyn/cm , is identical to erg/cm ,
hich is energy per unit volume.) The second term is the gravitational potential
ergy per unit volume, and the third is the kinetic energy per unit volume.
Bernoulli’s equation follows from the law of energy conservation. Because
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Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle

(a)  A Bunsen burner uses an adjustable gas nozzle, entraining air for proper combustion.
(b) An atomizer uses a squeeze bulb to create a jet of air that entrains drops of perfume. Paint sprayers and carburetors use very
similar techniques to move their respective liquids.
(c) A common aspirator uses a high-speed stream of water to create a region of lower pressure. Aspirators may be used as
suction pumps in dental and surgical situations or for draining a flooded basement or producing a reduced pressure in a vessel.
(d) The chimney of a water heater is designed to entrain air into the pipe leading through the ceiling.
8.3 DENT1005
Turbulent
BIOPHYSICS
Flow
Turbulent Flow

If the velocityThe
offlow
a fluid isturbulent
becomes increased past
with eddies
Section 8.4 Circulation of the Blood
and a critical
whirls point,
disrupting theflowsmooth
the laminar
105
laminar
flow shown in Fig. 8.2 is disrupted. The flow becomes turbulent with eddies

and whirls disrupting the laminar flow (see Fig. 8.3). In a cylindrical pipe the
critical flow velocity vc above which the flow is turbulent, is given by
•  D is the diameter of the cylinder,
ℜη •  ρ is the density of the fluid,
vc # •  η is the viscosity.
(8.8)
•  The symbol R is the Reynold’s number,
ρD which for most fluids has a value between
FIGURE 8.3 ! Turbulent fluid flow. 2000 and 3000.

Here
8.4 D is theofdiameter
Circulation the Blood of the cylinder, ρ is the density of the fluid, and η
is the The
viscosity. The
circulation of blood throughsymbol ℜ
the body is often is the
compared toReynold’s
a plumbing
system with the heart as the pump and the veins, arteries, and capillaries as
number, which for most fluids
has a the
value between
pipes through which the blood 2000 and
flows. This 3000.
analogy The
is not entirely frictional
correct.
Blood is not a simple fluid; it contains cells that complicate the flow, especially
forces in turbulent flow are
The frictional forces in turbulent flow are greater than in laminar flow. Therefore, as the flow turns turbulent, it
greater than in laminar flow. Therefore,
when the passages become narrow. Furthermore, the veins and arteries are
becomes more difficult to as
force
not rigid pipes but are elastic and alter their shape in response to the forces
the
a flow
fluid turns
through a pipe turbulent,
it becomes
applied by the fluid. Still, it is possible to analyze the circulatory system with
more reasonable
difficult to force a fluid through a
accuracy using the concepts developed for simple fluids flowing in
pipe.
rigid pipes.
 Week 9
DENT 1005
BIOPHYSICS
Dr. Ayşe Sena Sarp

Bahçeşehir University Dentistry Faculty

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BIOPHYSICS

Laminar Flow and Turbulence

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Laminar Flow and Turbulence

The flow in a very smooth

tube will be laminar at low
velocity

At high velocity, even

flow in a smooth tube will
experience turbulence.

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https://opentextbc.ca/openstaxcollegephysics/chapter/the-onset-of-turbulence/#import-auto-id3342274

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BIOPHYSICS

Korotkoff sounds
Arterial sounds heard through a stethoscope applied to the
brachial artery distal to the cuff of a sphygmomanometer
that change with varying cuff pressure and that are used to
determine systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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Flow is laminar in the large part of this blood

vessel and turbulent in the part narrowed by
plaque, where velocity is high.

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Reynolds number can reveal whether flow is laminar or turbulent.

The Reynolds number is a unitless quantity!

Re< 2000 Flow is Laminar

2000< Re < 3000 Unstable
Re > 3000 Flow is Turbulent

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The blood flow through most of the body is a quiet, laminar flow.

The exception is in the aorta, where the speed of the blood flow
rises above a critical value of 35 m/s and becomes turbulent.

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BIOPHYSICS

Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid

Less than about 1 Flow around the object can be laminar Particularly if the object has a smooth shape

Between 1 and about 10 The transition to turbulent flow occurs Depending on surface roughness

Between 10 and about 106 The flow may be either laminar or turbulent and may oscillate between the two.

For greater than 106 The flow is entirely turbulent. Even at the surface of the object

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Laminar flow the objects in the fluid are small: as blood cells

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(a)  Motion of this sphere to the right is equivalent to fluid flow to the left. Here the flow is laminar with N’R less than 1. There
is a force, called viscous drag FV to the left on the ball due to the fluid’s viscosity.

(b) At a higher speed, the flow becomes partially turbulent, creating a wake starting where the flow lines separate from the
surface. Pressure in the wake is less than in front of the sphere, because fluid speed is less, creating a net force to the left
F’Vthat is significantly greater than for laminar flow. Here N’R is greater than 10.

(c) At much higher speeds, where N’R is greater than 106, flow becomes turbulent everywhere on the surface and behind
the sphere.

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BIOPHYSICS

There are three forces acting on an object falling through a viscous fluid: its
w, the viscous drag FV, and the buoyant force FB

The increase in FV with speed is that an object falling through a

fluid will not continue to accelerate indefinitely

Instead, viscous drag increases, slowing acceleration, until a
critical speed, called the terminal speed, is reached and the
acceleration of the object becomes zero.

Once this happens, the object continues to fall at constant speed
(the terminal speed).

There is a viscous drag on the object that depends on the
viscosity of the fluid and the size of the object. But there is also a
buoyant force that depends on the density of the object relative to
the fluid.

Terminal speed will be greatest for low-viscosity fluids and
objects with high densities and small sizes.

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Molecular Transport
Diffusion & Osmosis

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Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of substances due to

random thermal molecular motion.

Diffusion is a slow process over macroscopic

distances. The densities of common materials are
great enough that molecules cannot travel very far
before having a collision that can scatter them in
any direction, including straight backward.

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Diffusion
The average distance that a molecule travels is
proportional to the square root of time

It is the statistical average for the process.

This type of
motion is
called a
random walk.

The random
thermal motion of
a molecule in a
The diffusion constant for fluid in time
the particular molecule in
a specific medium

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Diffusion

D gets progressively smaller for more massive molecules. This

decrease is because the average molecular speed at a given
temperature is inversely proportional to molecular mass. Thus the
more massive molecules diffuse more slowly.

D for oxygen in air is much greater than D for oxygen in water. In

water, an oxygen molecule makes many more collisions in its
random walk and is slowed considerably.

Diffusion constants increase with temperature, because average

molecular speed increases with temperature.

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The Rate and Direction of Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of anything from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

In free diffusion through a membrane, the solute particles move about by random.

There are no barriers inhibiting it

Diffusion proceeds from a region of higher concentration to a

lower one.

The net rate of movement is proportional to the difference in
concentration.

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The Rate and Direction of Diffusion

•  The net rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration

difference and to the diffusion constant D.

•  Many of the factors that affect the rate related with D. For
example, temperature and cohesive and adhesive forces all
affect values of D.

•  C1= C2 NO NET MOVEMENT

•  The farther a molecule can diffuse in a given time, the more

likely it is to leave the region of high concentration.

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Diffusion is the dominant mechanism by which the exchange of nutrients and waste products occur between the blood
and tissue, and between air and blood in the lungs.

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Osmosis and Dialysis—Diffusion across Membranes

Diffusion through membranes is an important method of transport. Membranes are thin

structures so  diffusion rates through them can be high.

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Osmosis and Dialysis—Diffusion across Membranes

Membranes are generally selectively permeable, or semipermeable.

(a) A semipermeable membrane (b) Certain molecules dissolve in this

with small pores that allow only membrane and diffuse across it.
small molecules to pass through.

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Osmosis
Osmosis is the transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration.

Osmosis is driven by the imbalance in water concentration. For

example:

•  When you soak a swollen ankle in Epsom salt, the water moves
out of your body into the lower-concentration region in the salt.

•  Dialysis is the transport of any other molecule through a

semipermeable membrane due to its concentration difference.
Both osmosis and dialysis are used by the kidneys to cleanse
the blood.

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Osmosis can create a substantial pressure.

This movement will continue until the pressure ρgh created by the extra height of fluid on the right is large enough to stop
further osmosis. This pressure is called a BACK PRESSURE.

The back pressure ρgh that stops osmosis is also called the relative osmotic pressure if neither solution is pure water, and it is
called the osmotic pressure if one solution is pure water.

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Osmotic pressure can be large, depending on the size of the concentration difference.

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(a) Two sugar-water solutions of

different concentrations, separated
by a semipermeable membrane
that passes water but not sugar.
Osmosis will be to the right, since
water is less concentrated there.
(b) The fluid level rises until the
back pressure  equals the relative
osmotic pressure; then, the net
transfer of water is zero.

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Active Transport

Active transport is the process of transferring substances into, out of, and between cells, using energy. In some
cases, the movement of substances can be accomplished by passive transport, which uses no energy. However,
the cell often needs to transport materials against their concentration gradient.

This is not reverse osmosis, because there is no back pressure to

cause it.

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Active Transport

Many living membranes move water and other substances by active transport.

The kidneys, not only use osmosis and dialysis they also employ
significant active transport to move substances into and out of
blood.

At least 25% of the body’s energy is expended on active transport

of substances at the cellular level.

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