Technical Seminar

STRATELLITE
TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted By
M UDAY KUMAR REDDY
(18891A0494)
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, TS-504584
DESHMUKHI (V), POCHAMPALLY (M), YADADRI BHUVANAGIRI (D).
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that M Uday Kumar Reddy, 18891A0494. Submitted the Technical
Seminar Report titled “ STRATELLITE ” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering to Vignan Institute of Technology and Science.
Dr.P.A.Harsha Vardhini Dr.N.Dinesh Kumar

Tech. Sem Coordinator Head of the Department
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I study in B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering)

from Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, Deshmukhi that I have completed my
seminar with full dedication & devotion. I have completed my work without using any unfair
means and collect the information from the trusted and legal source. It was a real learning
experience gaining partial knowledge.
M U day Kumar Reddy,

ROLL.NO: 18891A0494,
Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without acknowledging the people whose constant guidance and encouragement
has crowned all the efforts with success. I express my deep gratitude to Dr.N.Dinesh Kumar,
Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his support and
inspiration and to my Technical Seminar Co-Ordinator Dr.P.A.Harsha Vardhini, Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering for permitting me to present the seminar on
“PLASMA ANTENNA”. I would also like to extend my deep regards to the lecturers of
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their guidance and help. I am
also very grateful to my family and friends without whose support and help this would not
have been a success.
STUDENT NAME: M Uday Kumar Reddy

ROLL.NO: 18891A0494
Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering
iii
ABSTRACT
Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of landlines. This
may involve cellular telephone, two-way radio, fixed wireless (broadband wireless), laser
(free space optics) or satellite communication systems. Mobile wireless technologies are
going to act as glue towards bringing together the wired and wireless to share and distribute
information seamlessly across each other's areas of reference.
Since from the beginning of wireless communications, there have been a number of
developments in each generation. Considering the future generation of wireless
communication i. e; 4G.
Stratellite is a brand name trademark of Sanswire for a future emissions-free, high-altitude

stratospheric airship that provides a stationary communications platform for various types of
wireless signals usually carried by communications towers or satellites. The stratellite is a
concept that has undergone several years of research and development, and is not yet
commercially available; Sanswire, with its partner TAO Technologies, anticipates its current
testing sequence to include the launch of a stratellite into the stratosphere.
iv
CONTENTS
TOPICS PAGE NO
CERTIFICATE i
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLE vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2: HISTORY 3
CHAPTER 3: 4 GENERATION 6-13
: 4G Mobile Communication Systems 7
: Broadband Wireless systems 7
: Intelligent Transport system 9
: High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station Systems 12
CHAPTER 4: STRATELLITE 14-25
: Construction of Stratellite 17
: Stratellite consist of 20
: Working 24
: Specifications 25
v
CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES 26
CHAPTER 6: DISADVANTAGES 27
CHAPTER 7: APPLICATIONS 28
CHAPTER 8: STRATELLITES AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 29
CHAPTER 9: STRATELLITE ADVANTAGE OVER SATELLITE 31

CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION 36
CHAPTER 11: REFERENCES 37
vi
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure
Name Page No
No
3.1.1 Broad Band Wireless System 9
3.1.2 Intelligent Transport System 11
3.1.3 HAPS 13
4.a Stratellite 16
4.b Area Covered by Stratellite 17
4.1.a Stratellite in Prototype stage 18
4.1.b Final Structure Of Srtatellite 19
4.2.a Internal Structure Of Stratellite 22
4.2.b Parts Of Stratellite 24
LIST OF FIGURE
Table No Name Page No
9.1 Differences Between Stratellite And Satellite 35
vii
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of landlines. This
may involve cellular telephone, two-way radio, fixed wireless (broadband wireless), laser
(free space optics) or satellite communication systems. Mobile wireless technologies are
going to act as glue towards bringing together the wired and wireless to share and distribute
information seamlessly across each other area of reference.
Wireless communication (or just wireless, when the context allows) is the transfer of
information between two or more points that do not use an electrical conductor as a medium
by which to perform the transfer. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves.
With radio waves, intended distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as
far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various
types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular
telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of
applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless
computer mouse, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television,
broadcast television and cordless telephones. Somewhat common methods of achieving
wireless communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies, such
as light, magnetic, or electric fields or the use of sound.

wireless signals usually carried by communications towers or satellites. The Stratellite is a
testing sequence to include the launch of a Stratellite into the stratosphere. Since from the
beginning of wireless communications, there have been a number of developments in each
generation. Considering the future generation of wireless communication.
Wireless operations permit services, such as mobile and interplanetary communications, that
are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used
in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (radio transmitters
and receivers, remote controls, etc.) which use some form of energy radio waves, acoustic
1
energy,) to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this
manner over both short and long distances.
2
Chapter2
HISTORY
Sans wire Inc were the first to come up with the Stratellite. As the name suggests,
it is a satellite, in the stratosphere. Positioned 13 miles, or 20 kilometers above the surface of
the earth, it has the straight up-and-down communications advantages of any other satellite,
but reduces transmission times by a factor of nearly 2000 for geostationary satellites, and 15
for low orbiting satellites.
Using airship technology, a stratellite is above the cloud layers and so can be powered by
solar cells and propelled by electric motors which are designed to keep the craft at a single,
pre-programmed 3-axis GPS co-ordinate, and check with higher satellites that it stays in that
position
Launching costs are next to nothing, and at nearly 250 feet long, they have enough lift for
sophisticated computation equipment - more than most conventional satellites
Placing a communications platform into the stratosphere, in the form of an airship, has never
been done before. Such a platform can fundamentally change how the world delivers wireless
telecommunications and the way we as individuals communicate.
High-altitude airships, like the Stratellite, would hover lower than an orbiting satellite, but far
above the jet stream and most weather, in the stratosphere approximately 13 mi (20 km)
above the Earth. A single unit could then send broadband, mobile phone and digital television
and radio signals to a large area. The unmanned Stratellite would be powered by solar cells
and propelled by electric motors. So far, this technology remains unproven, and is very far
from commercialization. A working proto-type that can perform all these functions doesn't
exist.
Lag times would be reduced by a factor of nearly 2000 compared to geosynchronous

satellites, and 15 for low orbiting satellites but with a smaller coverage area. When compared
to terrestrial communications towers, Stratellite coverage would be larger, with lag times
being more a function of internal communications equipment rather than distance.
3
Estimated broadband coverage of 300,000 mi2 (480,000 km2), roughly the size of Texas or
France, is planned. Wireless signals could be transmitted to and from a 200 mi (320 km)
diameter, but terrain features and man-made structures could partially or locally interfere
with the signal. Since the Stratellite is designed for regular returns to the surface for
maintenance, some overlap and redundancy would be required to maintain continuous
service. Sanswire Networks initially plans to deploy this technology over major metropolitan
areas.
Proponents claim a high-altitude communications platform, like the Stratellite, could make
terrestrial broadcast towers obsolete, reducing the cost and time required for hardware
updates. An update made to a single unit would effectively cascade to an entire grid of virtual
broadcast towers. It will be possible to bring broadband service to a wide area currently
without terrestrial towers quickly and with relative ease.
According to corporate press releases, the Stratellite and related assets were shipped to TAO
Technologies in Stuttgart, Germany for further evaluation and design revision. Sanswire then
formed a new German corporation known as Sanswire-TAO GmbH.[citation needed]
Sanswire is not the first company to propose such a craft. Similar proposals have been made
by Advanced Technologies Group (ATG) in Bedford, England, SkyLINK, Inc, in England,
and SkyTower Inc., a subsidiary of AeroVironment Inc. in Monrovia, California, in the
United States.
Prior to September 25, 2008, Sanswire was previously known as GlobeTel Communications
Corp.[1]
On October 17, 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida granted the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's motions for over US$3 million Remedies, and
granted Motions For Disgorgement, Civil Penalties and Officer-And-Director Bars Against
Timothy Huff, Lawrence Lynch, Joseph J. Monterosso, Luis Vargas.[2]
Starting in November 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission brought civil actions
against the defendants in connection with GlobeTel Communications Corp., now World
Surveillance Group Inc. (GlobeTel). GlobeTel reported millions of dollars in
telecommunications revenue from 2002 to 2006 that the Commission alleged was fake. Huff
and former GlobeTel chief financial officer Thomas Jimenez were sentenced to prison as a
result of parallel criminal prosecutions. See U.S. v. Huff, 09-cr-60295-DMM (S.D. Fla.); U.S.
4
v. Jimenez, 08-cr-60367-DTKH (S.D. Fla.). GlobeTel and Jimenez previously consented to
the entry of judgments against them in the Securities and Exchange Commission's action.
The district court adopted a recommendation previously entered by a magistrate judge and
ordered the following remedies:
Former GlobeTel Communications (GlobeTel) chief executive officer Timothy Huff to pay a
$1.21 million penalty and $1.5 million in disgorgement plus prejudgment interest. Judge Joan
A. Lenard calculated Huff's penalty by imposing a third-tier penalty for each of Huff's 10
most-serious false disclosures. She also ordered him to disgorge the full $1.5 million that he
received when he exercised stock options in the midst of the fraud.
Former GlobeTel chief financial officer Lawrence Lynch to pay a $780,000 civil penalty.
Former GlobeTel former executive Joseph J. Monterosso to pay a $300,000 penalty and
$675,000 in disgorgement plus prejudgment interest (joint-and-severable with Luis Vargas)
and Monterosso barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10
years.
Former GlobeTel employee Luis Vargas to pay a $150,000 penalty and $675,000 in
disgorgement plus prejudgment interest (joint-and-severable with Joseph J. Monterosso) and
Vargas barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years.
5
Chapter 3
4G GENERATION
4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G,

and preceding 5G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced.
Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.
The first-release WIMAX standard was commercially deployed in South Korea in

2006 and has since been deployed in most parts of the world.
The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in
Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout
most parts of the world. It has, however, been debated whether first-release versions should
be considered 4G LTE. The 4G wireless cellular standard was defined by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and specifies the key characteristics of the standard,
including transmission technology and data speeds.
Each generation of wireless cellular technology has introduced increased bandwidth

speeds and network capacity. 4G users get speeds of up to 100 Mbps, while 3G only
promised a peak speed of 14 Mbps.
To achieve the goals of true broadband cellular service, the systems have to make the
leap to a fourth-generation (4G) network. 4G is intended to provide high speed, high
capacity, low cost per bit, IP based services. The goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps.
Most probable the 4G network would be a network which is a combination of different
technologies (current cellular networks, 3G cellular network, wireless LAN, etc.)
4G-cellular systems should not only be high-speed but also high-capacity, with low bit cost,
high capacity with reasonable frequency bandwidth, the cell radius of 4G-cellular systems
shall be decreased from that of present cellular systems
6
3.1 4g Mobile Communication Systems
Some of the systems for future mobile communications are:
1. Broad-Band Wireless Systems

2. Intelligent Transport Systems
3. High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station Systems
3.1.1 BROAD-BAND WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Wireless broadband (WiBB) is high-speed internet and data service delivered through
a wireless local area network (WLAN) or wireless wide area network (WWAN). As with
other wireless services, wireless broadband may be either fixed or mobile.
For the latter, high-speed internet is delivered wirelessly by an internet service

provider (ISP) to the customer, and is commonly called wireless internet, broadband wireless
or cellular internet. In this context, Broadband is used as a shorthand way to refer to high-
speed internet connectivity. For an internet connection to qualify as broadband in the United
States, it must offer at least 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload as defined by the FCC in
2015. The United Kingdom considers 10 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload as broadband
speed, and 25/30 Mbps is superfast broadband in both the UK and EU.
Wireless broadband is not the same as Wi-Fi, which is a way to connect computers
and devices together into a LAN, and may be used to connect a network to the internet by
another means. Wireless broadband implies that internet service itself is being delivered
wirelessly to a single device, which may in turn be connected to other devices -- possibly
using Wi-Fi or Ethernet.
Conceptually, think of wireless broadband as using your smartphone hotspot to

provide internet service, but with dedicated equipment.
ISPs usually sell mobile broadband to consumers through a paid subscription to

access the service. Generally, free municipal broadband/Wi-Fi would not be considered
mobile broadband, even though it provides a similar service. With wireless broadband, a
7
provider usually provides service over a wide area to many customers. A modem is used to
connect to the provider's wireless network, with most modems linked to a single provider.
Wireless broadband is typically divided into either fixed or mobile categories,

determined by if the connecting device is fixed in a single location or can be easily moved. A
mobile connection would be in a cellphone, laptop or a dedicated mobile hotspot, and fixed
wireless service would be a device designed to provide internet to an entire home or office.
Fixed wireless may be a standalone device with only an Ethernet jack to connect it to
another network, or -- as with many modems today -- multi-use devices with a router and Wi-
Fi access points built in. It may use an external antenna to provide better connectivity to the
provider's base station, and it may be physically mounted to the building structure. Many of
these antennas are directional, providing better reception if pointed at the service tower.
Some services require (or have better performance with) a line of sight to the tower.
Therefore, trained equipment installers may be required.
Wireless networks can feature data rates roughly equivalent to some wired networks, such as
that of asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) or a cable modem. Wireless networks can
also be symmetrical, meaning the same rate in both directions (downstream and upstream),
which is most commonly associated with fixed wireless networks. A fixed wireless network
link is a stationary terrestrial wireless connection, which can support higher data rates for the
same power as mobile or satellite systems.
Few wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) provide download speeds of

over 100 Mbit/s; most broadband wireless access (BWA) services are estimated to have a
range of 50 km (31 mi) from a tower. Technologies used include LMDS and MMDS, as well
as heavy use of the ISM bands and one particular access technology was standardized by
IEEE 802.16, with products known as WiMAX.
WiMAX is highly popular in Europe but has not met full acceptance in the United
States because cost of deployment does not meet return on investment figures. In 2005 the
Federal Communications Commission adopted a Report and Order that revised the FCC’s
rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations
8
Figure 3.1.1; Broad band wireless system
3.1.2 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which aims to

provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic
management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated,
and 'smarter' use of transport networks.
Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident
occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes
depending on conditions.
Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport, the directive of the European Union
2010/40/EU, made on July 7, 2010, defined ITS as systems in which information and
9
communication technologies are applied in the field of road transport, including
infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and mobility management,
as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport.[1] ITS may improve the efficiency
and safety of transport in a number of situations, i.e. road transport, traffic management,
mobility, etc.[2] ITS technology is being adopted across the world to increase capacity of
busy roads and reduce journey times
ITS as systems in which information and communication technologies are applied in the field
of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and
mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport.
Recent governmental activity in the area of ITS – specifically in the United

States – is further motivated by an increasing focus on homeland security. Many of the
proposed ITS systems also involve surveillance of the roadways, which is a priority of
homeland security. Funding of many systems comes either directly through homeland
security organisations or with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass
evacuation of people in urban centres after large casualty events such as a result of a natural
disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels the
need for homeland security system
10
3.1.
Figure 3.1.2: intelligent transport systems
3.1.3 HIGH ALTITUDE STRATOSPHERIC PLATFORM STATION SYSTEMS

(HAPS)
HAPS has the potential to become the third communications infrastructure after terrestrial
and satellite communications. The platforms keep their positions at about 20 km high in the
stratosphere. By optical intercommunication links, they make a mesh-like network in the sky.
A broadband access link is the link between the platform station and the user station. The
typical bit rate of the access link is 25 Mb/s for most fixed and portable terminals, while a
several hundred megabits per second link is available for limited fixed terminals with
antennas larger than the typical ones. Because of using millimeter-wave bands, a small
antenna with high gain is feasible. For example, a bit rate of 144 kb/s can be provided for
vehicles by only a 5 cm dish antenna with 20 dB gain.
The technological innovations and the growing urgency to expand the availability of
broadband led to the development of high-altitude platform station (HAPS) systems. These
easily deployable stations operating in the stratosphere (layer of the Earth's atmosphere
starting at 20 kilometres) are high enough to provide service to a large area or to augment the
capacity of other broadband service providers.
HAPS is not a new concept and ITU studies of HAPS began around 1996. Nevertheless,
HAPS have become more viable due to the evolution of technology through advances in solar
11
panel efficiency, battery energy density, lightweight composite materials, autonomous
avionics and antennas.
Recent test deployments delivering broadband Internet access using stations approximately
20 km above ground have demonstrated their ability to provide connectivity to remote or
underserved communities.
Figure 3.1.3: high altitude stratospheric platform station systems (haps)
12
CHAPTER4
STRATELLITE
wireless signals usually carried by communications towers or satellites. The Stratellite is a
testing sequence to include the launch of a Stratellite into the stratosphere.
exist.

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio

telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a
source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites
are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications.[1] As of 1
January 2021, there are 2,224 communications satellites in Earth orbit.[2] Most
communications satellites are in geostationary orbit 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the
equator, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the
satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not
have to move to track the satellite.
13
The high frequency radio waves used for telecommunications links travel by line of sight and
so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to
relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely
separated geographical points.[3] Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and
microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have
regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use.
This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.[4]
exist.
areas.
broadcast towers. It will be possible t
o bring broadband service to a wide area currently without terrestrial towers quickly and with
relative ease
14
N
Figure 4.a: Stratellite
The concept allows for ascent and descent and stationary operation. Short and long time
missions are possible with the Stratellite with possible launch capabilities setup within 24
hours at any location
This altitude places the airships above both commercial air traffic and weather effects but
significantly lower than standard low earth orbits. From this height stratellites can service a
300,000-square-mile-area.
15
Figure 4.b: area covered by Stratellite
The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) projects that eleven such
airships could provide radar coverage of the entire maritime and southern borders of the
United States.
Like FTTH, a Stratellite is anticipated to be able to deliver a variety of services including

broadband Internet, HDTV, telephone as well as 3G/4G mobile phone services.
4.1 Construction Of Stratellite
The initial Stratellite was 188 feet long, 60 feet wide and 42 feet high. It is provided with a
new steering method which uses a hybrid electric system that drives large, slow-turning
propellers. This gives the airship helicopter-like agility by being able to move both up and
down, and side to side.
16
The outside layer, or "envelope," is made out of a high-tech material called Spectra - a fabric
used in bullet-proof vests and parts of space shuttles. Spectra contains fibre 10 times as strong
as steel of the same weight and has the unique feature of being easy to cut but virtually
impossible to tear.
Figure 4.1.a: Stratellite in Prototype stage
17
Figure 4.1.b: Final model of satellite
The inside layer, made from a thin but strong polyester film called Mylar, is fitted inside the
envelope and filled with a mixture of helium and air as helium is an inert gas and is therefore
not flammable. With this design, the helium expands as the airship rises, forcing air out and
lifting the airship.
The cycle continues, allowing the airship to gain more and more altitude until the helium has
expanded to fill the envelope completely. Because the pressure is so low inside the envelope,
a puncture would only result in a very slow leak, taking a long time to totally deflate.
18
4.2 STRATELLITE CONSISTS OF :
• PROPELLER
A propeller is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a
helical spiral, that, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid, such as water or
air.[1] Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a
boat through water or an aircraft through air. The blades are specially shaped so that their
rotational motion through the fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of
the blade by Bernoulli's principle which exerts force on the fluid.[2] Most marine propellers
are screw propellers with helical blades rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately
horizontal axis.
• SOLAR CELLS
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical
phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical
characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual
solar cell devices are often the electrical building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known
colloquially as solar panels. The common single junction silicon solar cell can produce a
maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.
Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is sunlight
or an artificial light. In addition to producing energy, they can be used as a photodetector (for
example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible
range, or measuring light intensity.
• REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS
A regenerative fuel cell or reverse fuel cell (RFC) is a fuel cell run in reverse mode, which
consumes electricity and chemical B to produce chemical A. By definition, the process of any
fuel cell could be reversed. However, a given device is usually optimized for operating in one
19
mode and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards. Standard fuel
cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems unless they are
purpose-built to do so as with high-pressure electrolysers, regenerative fuel cells, solid-oxide
electrolyser cells and unitized regenerative fuel cells.
• HELIUM GAS BAG
A helium gas bag, also known as an exit bag or hood,[1][2] is part of a euthanasia device
consisting of a large plastic bag with a drawcord used to commit suicide through inert gas
asphyxiation. It is usually used in conjunction with a flow of an inert gas like helium, argon
or nitrogen, which prevents the panic, sense of suffocation and struggling before
unconsciousness, known as the hypercapnic alarm response 45 caused by the presence of
high carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood. This method also makes the direct cause of
death difficult to trace if the bag and gas canister are removed before the death is reported.
Suicide bags were first used during the 1990s. The method was mainly developed in North
America.
• CATENARY CURTAIN
For a large airship, there can be dozens or even hundreds of cables and their connecting
fabric segments. And since I may be changing the shape of the airship as I go along, I decided
to implement them by arraying along a bezier curve. So for the first curtain I first made a
mesh that loop
20
Figure 4.2.a: internal structure of stratellite
• X-SHAPED TAIL ASSEMBLY
The empennag, also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft
that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow.[1][2][3] The
term derives from the French language verb empenner which means "to feather an arrow".[4]
Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilising surfaces
which stabilise the flight dynamics of yaw and pitch,[1][2] as well as housing control
surfaces.
• HYBRID ELECTRIC MOTORS
Quite simply, a hybrid combines at least one electric motor with a gasoline engine to move
the car, and its system recaptures energy via regenerative braking. Sometimes the electric
motor does all the work, sometimes it's the gas engine, and sometimes they work together.
The result is less gasoline burned and, therefore, better fuel economy. Adding electric power
can even boost performance in certain instances.
With all of them, electricity comes from a high-voltage battery pack (separate from the car's
conventional 12-volt battery) that's replenished by capturing energy from deceleration that's
typically lost to heat generated by the brakes in conventional cars. (This happens through the
regenerative braking system.) Hybrids also use the gas engine to charge and maintain the
21
battery. Car companies use different hybrid designs to accomplish different missions, ranging
from maximum fuel savings to keeping the vehicle's cost as low as possible
• TRANSPONDER
In telecommunication, a transponder is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a

different signal in response.[1] The term is a blend of transmitter and responder.[2] It is
variously abbreviated as XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP.
In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a flight transponder is an automated

transceiver in an aircraft that emits a coded identifying signal in response to an interrogating
received signal. In a communications satellite, a satellite transponder receives signals over a
range of uplink frequencies, usually from a satellite ground station.
Figure 4.2.b: Stratellite parts
22
4.3 WORKING
• Inside is filled with Helium gas, as it is inert gas not flammable.

• The Helium gas expands pushing out air and lifting the airship.
• Uses solar cells sprayed on their surface to generate electricity.
• The generated electricity drives propellers that work with GPS technology to keep the
stratellite stationary.
4.4 SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
a. Length: 245 ft in (75 m)
b. Width: 145 ft in (44 m)
c. Height: 87 ft in (26.5 m)
d. Volume: 1.3 million ft3 (420,000 m3)
23
Chapter 5
ADVANTAGES
a. Decreases Signal latency

b. Less expensive to launch
c. Service an area of 300,000 square-miles
d. Two-way high speed data communication
e. High speed broad-band access even in remote area.
f. For a country two stratellites are enough instead of thousands of towers
g. Stratellites will carry over 20,000 pounds of radars and other remote imaging
equipment, navigational aids, and telecommunications relays.
h. Stratellites are planned to remain on station for a year at a time and will cost a one
fifth as much as a comparable satellite
i. One of the many advantages our High Altitude Airships have over satellite
technology is that the payload can easily be recovered, upgraded, and re-launched in a
matter of hours.
j. Stratellites are planned to remain on station for a year at a time and will cost a fifth as
much as a comparable satellit
24
Chapter 6
DISADVANTAGES
Though the opportunities for increasing broadband links and for profit are enormous,
Stratellites are still in their infancy. They present several problems that have yet to be fully
addressed. The public may be concerned about such large, unmanned payloads stationed
above metropolitan areas . Critics question whether technology really exists that can keep
Stratellites on station for such long periods of time.
Recent developments in sub-orbital flight could eventually lead to traffic problems in the
stratosphere.
Would require efficient ground control and maintenance.
So far, this technology remains non-commercialized, and is in a prototype stage for further
developments.
Unlike with a satellite, a stratellite is at the mercy of the weather.
25
Chapter 7
APPLICATIONS
• Once a Stratellite network is in place, it will provide a national broadband wireless

network that will provide voice, video, and broadband internet access to all parts of
the country.
• By linking several Stratellites together they can provide a wireless broadband
network that will cover thousands of miles.
• In environmental disasters telecommunication breaks down within seconds, Re-
installation of the infrastructure takes weeks or months.
• The Stratellite can be used as a floating mobile telecommunication station for all
telecommunication purposes and the transmission of temporary data communication,
telecommunication and TV-programs as well as long-term missions over metropolitan
cities.
• This would allow subscribers the ease of not having to find local access numbers, tie
up phone lines, deal with modem hassles, and more importantly, slow speeds.
• The Stratellite will allow subscribers to easily communicate in "both directions" using
readily available wireless devices.
• In addition to voice and data, proposed telecommunications uses include cellular,
3G/4G mobile, MMDS, paging, fixed wireless telephony, HDTV, real-time
surveillance and OTHERS.
• With a Stratellite network, subscribers will be able to sit in their homes and be
connected on their laptops to the internet at high speed. If subscribers need to go to
the office, across town, or even to another city, they can close their laptop and take
off, reopening the laptop at their new destination and still be connected to the internet.
26
Chapter 8
STRATELLITES AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. For example, Earth is a
satellite because it orbits the sun. Likewise, the moon is a satellite because it orbits Earth.
Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is launched into space and moves around
Earth or another body in space.
Earth and the moon are examples of natural satellites. Thousands of artificial, or man-made,
satellites orbit Earth. Some take pictures of the planet that help meteorologists predict
weather and track hurricanes. Some take pictures of other planets, the sun, black holes, dark
matter or faraway galaxies. These pictures help scientists better understand the solar system
and universe.
Still other satellites are used mainly for communications, such as beaming TV signals and
phone calls around the world. A group of more than 20 satellites make up the Global
Positioning System, or GPS. If you have a GPS receiver, these satellites can help figure out
your exact location.
Stratellites offer a window of telecommunications opportunity. Effectively, a Stratellite
positioned over a major metropolitan area could act as a cell tower thirteen miles high. A
Stratellite, equipped with the appropriate transponders, could manage the wireless needs of
that entire metropolitan area. Transponder access could be leased to broadband users such as
Internet Service Providers (ISP’s), cell phone companies, television networks, radio stations,
various levels of government, and to corporations with large broadband requirements. These
consumers could then resell access to end users, for residential Internet access, for example.
The bird's-eye view that satellites have allows them to see large areas of Earth at one time.
This ability means satellites can collect more data, more quickly, than instruments on the
ground.
27
Satellites also can see into space better than telescopes at Earth's surface. That's because
satellites fly above the clouds, dust and molecules in the atmosphere that can block the view
from ground level.
Before satellites, TV signals didn't go very far. TV signals only travel in straight lines. So
they would quickly trail off into space instead of following Earth's curve. Sometimes
mountains or tall buildings would block them. Phone calls to faraway places were also a
problem. Setting up telephone wires over long distances or underwater is difficult and costs a
lot.
With satellites, TV signals and phone calls are sent upward to a satellite. Then, almost
instantly, the satellite can send them back down to different locations on Earth.
None of this type of business or wireless use is innovative, so existing regulatory schemes
and business models cover Stratellite communications. In fact, Stratellites employed in this
manner would make use of existing spectrum allocations, at least initially, and not require
expensive bandwidth acquisition. Additionally, the marketing of such links would be
virtually identical to current marketing. By increasing the utility and availability of the type
of link that has, until now, been restricted to satellites, firms can bring broadband links to
new areas, provide for increased usage, and service larger markets without any fundamental
change in operations.
28
Chapter 9
STRATELLITE ADVANTAGE OVER

SATELLITE
Satellites are objects in outer space that fly around planets in circular paths called
orbits. Artificial satellites are made by people.
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio

telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a
source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites
are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications.[1] As of 1
January 2021, there are 2,224 communications satellites in Earth orbit.[2] Most
communications satellites are in geostationary orbit 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the
equator, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the
satellite dish antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not
have to move to track the satellite.
The high frequency radio waves used for telecommunications links travel by line of sight and
so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to
relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely
separated geographical points.[3] Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and
microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have
regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use.
This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.
areas.
29
ground.
from ground level.
lot.
exist.

30
areas.
Satellites are becoming involved with stratellites because they avoid the two main
drawbacks of satellites.
a) Signal latency, which can cause problems in establishing broadband links.Most

telecommunications satellites are in geostationary orbit to remain above a certain
point on the Earth’s surface. That orbit, however, is 22,240 miles above the Earth,
(i.e; in the area called CLARKE’S BELT), which means that a signal going up to the
satellite(uplink) and back to the Earth(downlink) travels nearly 45,000 miles, which
equates to about a quarter of a second delay. Even users of satellite voice links notice
the delay.
b) The second drawback is that satellites are in space, requiring expensive space
launches, an additional level of regulation by national space authorities, and an orbital
allotment by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Stratellites remain
in national airspace and are
c) The second drawback is that satellites are in space, requiring expensive space
launches, an additional level of regulation by national space authorities, and an orbital
allotment by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Stratellites remain
in national airspace and are
31
Stratellites remain in national airspace and are therefore not subject to these licensing
and technology requirements. However, they do make use of space technology and, as stated
above, are in development by at least one space industry firm.
Stratellites offer a window of telecommunications opportunity. Effectively, a Stratellite
positioned over a major metropolitan area could act as a cell tower thirteen miles high. A
Stratellite, equipped with the appropriate transponders, could manage the wireless needs of
that entire metropolitan area. Transponder access could be leased to broadband users such as
Internet Service Providers (ISP’s), cell phone companies, television networks, radio stations,
various levels of government, and to corporations with large broadband requirements. These
consumers could then resell access to end users, for residential Internet access, for example.
ground.
from ground level.
lot.
None of this type of business or wireless use is innovative, so existing regulatory schemes
and business models cover Stratellite communications. In fact, Stratellites employed in this
manner would make use of existing spectrum allocations, at least initially, and not require
expensive bandwidth acquisition. Additionally, the marketing of such links would be
virtually identical to current marketing. By increasing the utility and availability of the type
of link that has, until now, been restricted to satellites, firms can bring broadband links to
new areas, provide for increased usage, and service larger markets without any fundamental
change in operations.
32
Stratellite Satellite
Low cost High cost
Low altitude High altitude
Multi launch Single launch
Easily upgradable Not upgradable
Unlimited space avability Limited space availability
Can be used for Ip and cell transmission Can not be used for IP and cell transmission
Higher bandwidth/throughput Limited uplink
Faster to deploy Slow to deploy
Multiple platforms One platform
• Broadband
• WEATHER MONITORING
• 3G/4G Services
Table 9.1: differences between stratellite and satellite
33
Chapter 10
CONCLUSION
Stratelites provide the required facilities of wireless communication more
efficiently than the ordinary towers. The Stratellite will allow subscribers to easily
communicate in ‘both directions’ using readily available wireless technology.” They
minimise the cost of communication.
Stratellites present a mobile, low-cost, high-capacity alternative to satellite relays and

cell towers. Once the defects of Stratellites have been overcome and become more reliable,
they play a vital role in the future generation wireless communication.
Once the defects of Stratellites have been overcome and become more
reliable, they play a vital role in the future generation wireless communication.This is a
promising technology that could combine the best of Satellite and wired Internet - fast with
low latency and hugely widespread, at least in theory.Probably the most "far out there"
concept in this roundup, Stratellite is actually much closer to reality than what you may think
34
Chapter 11
REFERENCES
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.yahoosearch.com
3. howstuffworks.com
4. 21st Century Airships, Inc., High Altitude Platforms, at

http://www.21stcenturyairships.com/
5. Geostationary Orbits, in Wikpedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit

(last accessed Sept. 28, 2004).
6. TWUF, Broadband Takes to the Skiesrt
Techdirt, Get Your Wireless Broadband By Stratellite,
35
36

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STRATELLITE

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in the Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering to Vignan Institute of Technology and Science.

Dr.P.A.Harsha Vardhini Dr.N.Dinesh Kumar

I hereby declare that I study in B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering)

M U day Kumar Reddy,

STUDENT NAME: M Uday Kumar Reddy

Stratellite is a brand name trademark of Sanswire for a future emissions-free, high-altitude

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLE vii

CHAPTER 3: 4 GENERATION 6-13

: 4G Mobile Communication Systems 7

: Broadband Wireless systems 7

: Intelligent Transport system 9

: High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station Systems 12

CHAPTER 4: STRATELLITE 14-25

CHAPTER 8: STRATELLITES AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 29

CHAPTER 9: STRATELLITE ADVANTAGE OVER SATELLITE 31

3.1.1 Broad Band Wireless System 9

3.1.2 Intelligent Transport System 11

4.b Area Covered by Stratellite 17

4.1.a Stratellite in Prototype stage 18

4.1.b Final Structure Of Srtatellite 19

4.2.a Internal Structure Of Stratellite 22

4.2.b Parts Of Stratellite 24

9.1 Differences Between Stratellite And Satellite 35

Stratellite is a brand name trademark of Sanswire for a future emissions-free, high-altitude

Lag times would be reduced by a factor of nearly 2000 compared to geosynchronous

4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G,

The first-release WIMAX standard was commercially deployed in South Korea in

Each generation of wireless cellular technology has introduced increased bandwidth

1. Broad-Band Wireless Systems

3.1.1 BROAD-BAND WIRELESS SYSTEMS

For the latter, high-speed internet is delivered wirelessly by an internet service

Conceptually, think of wireless broadband as using your smartphone hotspot to

ISPs usually sell mobile broadband to consumers through a paid subscription to

Wireless broadband is typically divided into either fixed or mobile categories,

Few wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) provide download speeds of

3.1.2 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which aims to

Recent governmental activity in the area of ITS – specifically in the United

3.1.3 HIGH ALTITUDE STRATOSPHERIC PLATFORM STATION SYSTEMS

Figure 3.1.3: high altitude stratospheric platform station systems (haps)

Lag times would be reduced by a factor of nearly 2000 compared to geosynchronous

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio

Figure 4.a: Stratellite

Like FTTH, a Stratellite is anticipated to be able to deliver a variety of services including

4.1 Construction Of Stratellite

Figure 4.1.a: Stratellite in Prototype stage

• REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS

• HELIUM GAS BAG

• X-SHAPED TAIL ASSEMBLY

• HYBRID ELECTRIC MOTORS

In telecommunication, a transponder is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a

In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a flight transponder is an automated

Figure 4.2.b: Stratellite parts

• Inside is filled with Helium gas, as it is inert gas not flammable.

a. Length: 245 ft in (75 m)

b. Width: 145 ft in (44 m)

d. Volume: 1.3 million ft3 (420,000 m3)

a. Decreases Signal latency

• Once a Stratellite network is in place, it will provide a national broadband wireless