MODULE 1

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTALS GAMES

AND SPORTS

Learning Objectives
After studying this lesson, your students will be able to:
• The course aims to provide students with opportunities to acquire the knowledge, understanding and
experience necessary to develop an appreciation of, and play, the sport of badminton. Students will
be taught the essential skills necessary to play the sport.
• Appreciate the contribution of different countries to the development of the game.

LOADING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

A. Definition of Terms:

• Fundamentals - serving as a basis supporting existence or determining essential structure or function

• Games - a form of play or sport, especially a competitive one played according to rules and decided
by skill, strength, or luck.

• Sports- an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against
another or others for entertainment:
B. Comparisons of games and sports - That is because game and sport appear to be one and the
same, but they are not so. There is certainly a difference between games and sports. A game tests
the skill of several persons whereas a sport tests the skills of an individual and his performance.
C. Importance of games and sports – can never be minimized. First of all, they are good exercises and
helps to build fine. Physique for the male and female. Secondly, students learn to cope with difficult
situations. Thirdly, games and sports are good diversions and give them energy to learn their lessons
well.
D. Function of Games and Sports - Sports and games also help in character building and provide
strength and energy. Sports and games not only involve the development of skills but it also stimulates
competitive behavior among students. It builds confidence in the minds of the students.

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 History of Games and Sports

Throughout history, sports have played a variety of

important functions in society as a form of recreation;
preparation for war or the hunt; or later, as a substitute for
war. Sports have undergone many changes; some have
stayed much the same (e.g. wrestling); while others have
adapted with the times. New sports are always being
invented and developed

A. Sports in Ancient Times One of the oldest

recorded forms of sports was bull-leaping in the
Greek island of Crete, where slaves jumped over
the horns of a bull. The ancient Greeks were lovers
of sport and taught it to their children at school. The
main activities were wrestling, running, jumping,
discus and javelin, ball games, gymnastics, and
riding as well as military skills. Sporting
competitions took place regularly as part of
religious festivals.

B. It was also in Greece that the Olympic Games started in 776

BC and were linked to religious festivals. Each athlete had to
take part in all the events. Many of the sports were linked to
the training given to soldiers, and many such as discus and
javelin are still in the modern Olympic Games.

C. Roman sports were influenced by the Greeks, but they added their own emphasis. Chariot
racing and gladiator fights were held at large
sporting events. Individuals or teams of men would
fight animals or each other to death. The Roman
Games were big occasions, usually paid for by the
emperor, making them popular with the people. The
gladiator fights were extremely violent and were
normally done by slaves and prisoners.
Roman sporting activities also included animal
hunts, wrestling, running, boxing, pentathlon (which
consisted of running, jumping, discus, spear
throwing, and wrestling) and pancratium, which was
a combination of wrestling, boxing, and martial arts.
The competitors were called athlete and trained full
time as professionals. They became celebrities in
the Roman society and enjoyed many privileges.

D. Medieval Sports After the fall of Rome came the Dark Ages. It was a time of much religious
change and political conflict around the world. There was increase in wealth and interest in the arts and
the sciences. In Europe, social class determined the sport in which one participated. Royalty and the
aristocracy hunted, played cricket, watched horseracing, and fenced. The most famous sports in
medieval times were jousting on horseback with lances. This was done by knights practicing their
fighting skills in mock battles.

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 Sports were mostly associated with the Church and were
played by peasants on holy days and festivals. An activity such
as mob football was a chance for the entire village to get
together and let off steam. The games had very few rules, if any,
and were more of a free for all and were not played very often
because they could be extremely violent and people even died.

E. Industrial Revolution
At the start of the 19th century, sports became more organized and the development of modern
sports started. Machinery was developed and used in the production of goods. This resulted in
movement of the population from rural areas to towns to seek employment in these industries, and this
had a great impact on sport.

There was not enough space in the industrialized towns to

play the sports they knew from their villages. Also, working
for long hours did not leave them with much energy to play
sports they knew from their villages. The village games died
and new sports took their place. This new breed of laborer’s
became watchers of sports instead of participators.
The development of railways allowed for spectators and
teams to travel around the country to watch and compete in
sports, leading to the development of competitive leagues and cup competitions.

F. 20th Century
Several factors have had an effect on sports since the start
of the 20th century. More persons are not only playing, but also
watching. Sports have become more organized. New rules have
been developed, and some sports revised to formed new ones.
The value of games on the development of character was
recognized as learned sportsmanship and leadership, and a
willingness to abide by rules emerged.
One of the most significant developments is the growth of
televised sports. Sports will continue to change and develop in the future as technology progresses.
The standard of sports has continued to be influenced by social change, commercialization, media,
sponsorship, government, and education.

Kind of Sports:
A. Individual sports: Individual sports can teach players how to be comfortable in the spotlight
Sample of Individual sports
A sample of the thousands of individual sports includes:
1. Badminton
2. Bowling
3. Boxing
4. Cycling
5. Figure skating
6. Golf
7. Skiing
8. Snowboard

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B. Dual sports: Dual Sport Athlete is one that participate in more than one sport. They may be on the
basketball team as well as the football team or any other possible combination. A dual sport is a sport
you play against someone else

*Samples of Dual spots:

1. Badminton

2. Table tennis

3. Lawn Tennis

4. Karate

5. Boxing

6. Beach volleyball

7. Taekwondo

8. Fencing

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 1.1: HISTORY OF BADMINTON

A. The roots of the sport of badminton can be traced back thousands of years, although the exact origin
is unknown. Games involving a racket and a shuttlecock were probably developed and played in Ancient
Greece.
The inception of badminton in England stems from the
popular pastime of 'Battledore and Shuttlecock'. This
involved using a paddle to keep a shuttlecock off the ground
for as long as possible.

B. The modern-day title of 'badminton' first came into

use in 1873. The game of 'Battledore and Shuttlecock'
was frequently played at Badminton House, the home
of the Duke of Beaufort in Gloucestershire, England. A
net was added to the classic game, and it was so
popular here that it became known as "the Badminton
game". The game soon become well known as
'badminton'.

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C. The Contemporary Badminton in the 1800s, in
India, a contemporary form of Badminton a game
called Poona, was played where a net was
introduced and players hits the shuttlecock across
the net. British officers in the mid 1800’s took this
game back to England, and was introduced as a
game for the guests of the Duke of Beaufort at his
stately home ‘Badminton” in
Gloucestershire, England where it became
popular

In March 1898, the first Open Tournament was held at Guildford. Then, the first all-England
Championship were held the following year. Denmark, USA and Canada became ardent followers of
the game during the 1930’s.
D. The first guidelines for the game of badminton were laid out
in 1887 by the Bath Badminton Club. In 1893 the Badminton
Association of England (now Badminton England) was
established and published the first set of official rules and
regulations. The first badminton competition was held in
1898 in Guildford. The following year saw the first 'All
England Championships' - this is still run annually today.

E. Badminton worldwide is now governed by the Badminton World Federation (BWF (Formerly IBF)).
The popularity of badminton has continued to
grow and there are now more than 150 members
of the BWF. Badminton was finally granted
Olympic status in 1992. For more information
about the BWF see our in-depth page about
badminton governing bodies.

SELF–CHECK!

In every game there is always a rules and regulation to follow and its organization of a particular sports
a governing body will be to decide pertaining to planning and administer the organization policies and
regulations.

Identify the meaning of BWF? (write your answer in the given box below} and make a short essay
regarding this Associations what is the role of BWF in the organization” Use the space inside the box
for your answer.

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 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 2: BADMINTON RULES

A. Court & Equipment

Court Dimension: 44ft x 22ft (double) / 44ft x
17ft (single)
Net Height: 5ft 1in on the sides / 5ft on the
center of court

B. Rally
A rally is won when a shuttle is hit over the net and onto the floor of the
opponent's court.

A rally is lost if the shuttle is hit into the net, or over the net but outside
of the opponent's court. A rally is also lost if the shuttle touches the
player's clothing or body, or if it is hit before it crosses over the net.

C. Serving
The service courts are slightly different for singles and doubles. A shuttle on the line is "in". The server
and receiver stand in the diagonally opposite service courts (always right hand at the start of the game)
but therefore players may move anywhere on their side of the net. The server must obey laws designed
to force underhand delivery of the serve, and the receiver must stand still until the service is structed.

D. Scoring
Matches comprise of the best of three games. Each game starts at 0-0 (traditionally called "loveall").

Classic scoring Format

If the serving side wins a rally, it scores a point, and serves again but from the alternate service court.
If the receiving side wins the rally, the score remains unchanged and the service passes to the next
player in turn.

In singles, this is the opponent: in double it's either the partner or, if both players have just had a turn of
serving, one of the opponents

In men's singles and doubles events, 15 points wins a game. However, if the score reaches 1414, the
side which first reached 14 can choose either to play to 15, or to set the game to 17 points. The final
score will reflect the sum of the points won before setting plus the points gained in setting.

Scoring in women's singles is slightly different. 11 points wins a game and there is the option to set to
13 points at 10-10.
And Finally, ...

Players change ends at the end of a game and when the leading
score reaches 8 in a game of 15 points (or 6 in a game of 11
points) in the third game. A five-minute interval is allowed prior
to any third game.
Source: International Badminton Federation (IBF)

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 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 2.1 IMPORTANT DATES OF BADMINTON

Year Events
1873 The sport of Badminton established in England and India

1879 New York Badminton Association, first association in the world, founded

1893 English Badminton Association, first association in the world, founded

1899 First all-England Badminton Championship held, with winner traditionally

considered world champion
1903 First International Completion, contested between England and Ireland and Dublin

1907 Badminton Gazette, first Badminton journal, published

1934 IBF, governing body of international Badminton, founded
1936 ABA, governing body of badminton in the U.S founded
1937 First U.S National Junior championships held, Chicago
1948 Thomas Cup, international team competition for men started
1956 Uber Cup, international team competition for women, started
1969 First intercollegiate badminton championship for women held, New Orleans, LA

1975 First intercollegiate badminton Championship for men held, Toledo, OH

1977 WBF founded, governs world badminton championship, on alternate years to

Thomas Cup
1981 First World games held, included first participation by people’s
Republic of China in open international competition, San Jose, CA
1989 Sudirman Cup, world mixed team championship, Established
1992 Badminton full medal sport in Olympics Games, Barcelona Spain
1996 Mixed doubles a medal event in Olympics Games, Atlanta, GA

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 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 2.2: EQUIPMENTS IN BADMINTON

A. Racket – Badminton racket is quite light and

can be made of wood, aluminum, metal or
synthetic materials such as graphite or carbon.
A synthetic racket is quite popular now
because of the extreme lightness and strength

A. Stringed – is intended to hit the shuttle. It is of uniform pattern and does not exceed 280mm.
(8 5/8 in) in width.
b. Head – Bound stringed area
c. Throat – (if present) connects the shaft to be head.
d. Shafts – connect to handle to head
e. Ferule – firmly connects the shaft and the handle
f. Handle – is intended for a player’s grip
g. Butt – is located at the tip of the handle
h. Frame – includes head, the throat, shaft, and the handle

B. . Shuttle cock – is the official name given to the shuttle

or bird. It is made up of 16 goose feathers and is firmly fixed
in a leather covered cock head. It weights from 4.74-
5.50g(75-78 grains) it may be made of feathers, plastic or
nylon.

A. Featured Shuttle – Consist of 16 goose feathers. Its

length is 62- 70 mm (2 ¼ - 2 ½). It must be fastened firmly
with thread or other suitable materials
B. Cork or Base – Shall be 25mm – 28 mm. in
diameter, and is rounded on the

C. Court – although court can be in indoor and outdoor competitive badminton is generally played indoor
where wind and others elements will not affect the shuttle. The official badminton court is 20ft. wide,
while the single court is 17 ft. wide.

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A. Backcourt – also called rear court the backcourt is 8ft of the court, including the back alley.

b. Baseline – also called backline; back boundary line at each end of the end of the court
parallel to the net and the doubles long service line

c. Long service line, in singles- the back-boundary line (baseline); in doubles, the line 2 ½
ft.

d. The mid-court _ the middle third of the court from the short service line to back third, a
distance of about 7 ½ ft.

e. Service court_ area into where the service must be declined.

F. Short service line the 6 ½ ft. from and parallel to the net.

g. Serving court- single _the serving court for singles is bound by the short service line, the
long service lines, the center line, the singles sideline, and the back-boundary line of the court.

Single Court

Serving Court Doubles

The serving court for double is bound by the short service line, the center line, doubles sideline and the
long service line. The server must stand within this court, with his feet no touching any lines. The line
server must serve diagonally over the net into his opponent’s doubles service court in order to have a
legal serve.

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D. Posts The post should Stand 1.55m (5 ft 1in) in height from the surface of the court

E. Net at all times should be strained tightly so that its heights from the floor is 1.524m(5ft) long,
should be kept by the umpire’s chair to facilitate regular testing to ensure that the net is still at its correct
central height and has not sagged.

SELF–CHECK!

Analyze each statement and supply the appropriate term. Choose your answer from
the Lesson two (2).

_____________________________________________ 1. Is the ability of a muscle or group of

muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time. It is one
of the components of muscular fitness, along with muscular strength and power.

_____________________________________________ 2. Is a phase used liberally in the fitness and

athletic word? Strength refers to a specific physical ability, as well as a unique set of training goals.

_____________________________________________ 3. The ability to change, to bend, or to

persuade. An example of it is being able to work whenever one wants.

_____________________________________________ 4. Is the ability to respond quickly to a

stimulus. It important in many sports and day to day activities, though it is not often measured. Simple
reaction time is the time taken between a stimulus and movement.

_____________________________________________ 5. Refers to the proportion of fat you have,

relative to lean tissue (muscles, bones, body water, organs, etc.). This measurement is a clearer
indicator of your fitness.

_____________________________________________6. Ability to move quickly and easily.

_____________________________________________7. An even distribution of weight enabling
someone or something to remain upright and steady.
_____________________________________________ 8. The organization of the different elements
of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively
_____________________________________________ 9. Is the maximum frequency at which it is
possible for an individual to cover a distance or to make a movement in a specific period of time.

_____________________________________________ 10. Is the rate in which work is done or energy

is transferred over time. It is higher when work is done faster, lower when it's slower.

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 DEBUG YOUR SKILLS

In your own words, discuss the following:

1. Net

2. Court

3. Racket

4. Shuttle cock

LESSON 3.: SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BADMINTON

A. What is a grip in badminton?

In badminton, a grip is a way of holding the racquet in order to hit shots during a match. The most
commonly used grip is the orthodox forehand grip. Most players change grips during a rally depending
on whether it is a forehand or backhand shot.
Forehand grip in badminton, a grip is a way
of holding the racket in order to hit shots
during a match. The most commonly used grip
is the orthodox forehand grip. Most players
change grips during a rally depending on
whether it is a forehand or backhand shot.

Backhand Grip The basic backhand grip is used when

hitting the shuttlecock in front of the body on the backhand side
(left side
for right- handed players, or right side for left-handed players).

B. Badminton Foot work - The Badminton foot work is method of moving on the court. It consists of
stepping, crossover, stride, dogtrot, and jumping. Each set of footwork is generally started from the
center of the court. Badminton footwork is a very important basic technology for playing the game.
C. Stroke production – The overhead badminton forehead stroke is very common and is used most often
in badminton. This stroke helps generate the most power. The power of a badminton forehand stroke
comes from correct technique and not how much strength you exert into a swing. The larger the swing
motion, the more momentum generated,

D. Strokes – Basically strokes are the swing motion of your racket arm. It is not a badminton shot. However,
you’ll need to perform these strokes to hit certain shots. The power of badminton shots comes from how
well you perform your strokes.

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A. Forehand strokes
B. Backhand strokes
C. Overhead strokes
D. Underhand strokes

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 DEBUG YOUR SKILLS

RECORDED SKILL DEMONSTRATION

Instruction: Using your mobile phone or any camera, make a video recording of your personal
demonstration of gripping activity by following the steps guide. Submit your output to my fb account in
my personal message (FROILAN PALARUAN LOMBOY) on the set deadline.

1.shuttle picking with racket

The students grip the racket properly then they try to pick the 10 shuttlecocks off the floor with the
racket face under face.

2. shuttle and eye contact (forehand grip)

Using underhand forehand grip, students hit the shuttle vertically upward in 30 seconds per
round.
3. shuttle and eye contact grip (backhand grip) Using underhand backhand grip, students hit the
shuttle vertically upward in 30 seconds per round, count the number of bounces
4. shuttle and eye contact (forehand and backhand grip)
The students hit the shuttle on the alternative sides of the face keep the forehand hits low and snap
the backhand hits as high as possible.

PERSONAL IMAGE SKETCHING

Using the space inside the box, draw a picture of Racket and identify the part of the racket

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 PICTURE ANALAYSIS
Instruction: identify whether forehand, backhand, side and overhead strokes. supply the
correct answer on the blanks before each number.

1. ______________________________________

2._______________________________________________

3,______________________________________

4.______________________________________

5, ______________________________________

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6. _____________________________________

7. ______________________________________

8. _________________________________________

9. _________________________________________

10. _______________________________________

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 RECORDED SKILL DEMONSTRATION
Direction: perform each drill for five rounds below. The focus should be on the position of your
feet and how they move. They should move in the same direction at the same time- like
shadows. Using your mobile phone or any camera, make a video recording of your personal
demonstration of gripping activity by following the steps guide. Submit your output to my fb
account in my personal message (@FROILAN PALARUAN LOMBOY) on the set deadline.

1 .Front and back

Take 10 shuffles or small steps to reach the front court followed by 10 long steps starting
with the racket foot to
h the back court.
reach

2.Side- to- side

With knees flexed, take 10 long steps sideward right then 10 small steps sideward left.
Repeat the drill alternately taking 10 step long steps sideward left and 10small steps sideward
right with faster pace.

3 V-front
Take 10 lunging steps diagonally right and left. Move diagonally right taking 10 small steps
then move backward taking five long steps. Repeat on the opposite side.

4. V-back

Move backward (diagonally right) taking 10 small steps then return in place
taking five

Note; you can practice the above drill simultaneously to gain proper footwork.

LET’S PROCESS
LESSON 4.: THE SERVICE OF BADMINTON

A. The service is the shot that starts a play or rally.

When the server is serving even points (e.g.
2,4,6), he must stand in the right- hand half of
his service court; when the server is serving odd
points, he must stand in the left-hand half.

B. Type of Service

There are four different types of serves that a badminton player should attempt to master in order to
make her game play more diverse, keep her opponent guessing and help ensure victory. Each type of
badminton serve requires different skills in order to be executed properly, so in order to become an
expert at each type of serve, a player should plan to devote a lot of time to practice.

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 Low Serve
The low serve allows you some flexibility because you can use
either forehand or backhand. Play to your strengths and use the
style that you are best at. The low serve will be most effective if
you allow the birdie to float just over the top of the net. This will
allow the birdie to land very near to the short service line and will
require your opponent to run forward and hopefully miss the play.
Although this serve is used both in singles and doubles, the low
serve is the most common serve used in doubles.

High Serve
When playing singles, consider using a high serve to drive the
birdie deep into your opponent's court. Make sure not to use
this serve too often, as your opponent will come to expect it
and learn to stay near the back of his court during your
service. You should refrain from using this serve during
doubles as well, since the player receiving your serve will
likely always stand in the back court during doubles. This
serve requires a forehand underarm action and a careful
follow through. Make sure you stand two to three steps behind
the service line to give yourself enough room
for a proper follow through and to ensure that the birdie stays in bounds.

Flick Serve
The flick serve should be used sparingly, because it can be a fairly
easy serve to play if expected. Use this serve no more than once
every five serves to keep your opponent guessing. Begin the
serve the same way that you would when executing a low serve;
however, instead of gently tapping the birdie over the net, flick
your wrist quickly to bring the birdie unexpectedly into your
opponent's back court. You can use this serve in either doubles
or singles, but it is more commonly used in doubles.

Drive Serve
The drive serve is an extremely risky serve, but many expert
badminton players enjoy it because of the high reward it can
yield. Observe your opponent carefully. If you determine that
your opponent has a slow reaction time, it is best to throw in
the drive serve occasionally, as you are likely to get the point.
The drive serve is executed using forehand underarm
actions. It should be a quick serve and the birdie should go
low over the net and deep into your opponent's court. Be
careful and stay on your toes, because if your opponent hits your serve it will likely come back to your
side very quickly.

C. Forehand serve

Use a Forehand Grip. Get the Right Grip for your Forehand
Serve! Use a forehand grip as shown in the diagram above.
Get a Good Shuttle Grip. Using your thumb and fingers, hold
the shuttle at the head, and raise it to about shoulder...

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D. Backhand serve

Use a Backhand Grip. Use a backhand grip as shown in the diagram above. ...
Get a Good Shuttle Grip. Using your thumb and forefinger (middle finger if you must), hold the shuttle
feather and tilt the shuttle head towards you, feathers facing the ...

DEBUG YOUR SKILLS

Make a compilation of pictures of different type of service of Badminton

Put it in a folder.

RECORDED SKILL DEMONSTRATION

Do all the types of Service and have a video recording to be submitted in my Fb account personal
Message (Froilan Palaruan Lomboy) Using your mobile phone or any camera, make a video recording
of your personal demonstration of gripping activity by following the steps guide.

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 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 5: SCORING IN BADMINTONG

A. A brief look at the past, the old scoring

system The original scoring system used for
Badminton in the past was quite different from
what it is today. The old scoring system was a
best of three games to 15. You could only score
whilst you were serving and in doubles, you’d get
two serves.

The way setting was done was a little

complicated because it involved two different
situations where setting would occur. The BWF (Badminton World Federation) looked to change the
rules for scoring in 2002.

The problem with the old scoring system was that matches could go on for a long time with no change
in score if the players were unable to score on their own serve. The unpredictable match lengths and
lengthy games was an obstacle both for organizers of events and for spectators.

They tried a different scoring system in 2002 which was the best of five games to seven but you could
still only score on your own serve. After the trials they found little improvement to match times and went
back to the drawing board.

B. The current scoring system

In 2006 the BWF developed a new scoring system and
scrapped the old service-based scoring with rally point
scoring. Rally point scoring simply means every time a
rally ends a point is scored by one player/pair or the
other.

C. The Badminton scoring system can be summarized as simply as this:

A game is the first to 21 points

A match is the best of three games to 21
A point is scored every rally regardless of who served
Whichever side won the rally gets to serve or carries on serving
At 20-20 the game goes to setting, the first player/pair to gain a two-point lead wins the game
If the score reaches 29-29 the side that scores the 30th point wins the game The side
that wins the game starts with the serve the next game

A. How to Win a Badminton Game

You get a point by winning a rally.

You win a rally if:

• The shuttle drops within the INSIDE boundaries of your opponent’s side.
• Your opponent commits a Badminton Fault.

Whether you’re playing singles or doubles, you’ll win the game when you get 21 points before your
opponent does.

B. Deuce in Badminton

When the score reaches 20-20, there will be a deuce. When a score deuces, you’ll need lead by 2
points in order to win the game. Counting of points continue even after 21 points. You will ONLY be
announced as the winner if you lead by 2 points (For example, 22-20, 23-21, 24-22…)

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 However, the maximum points for an official badminton game is 30 points. For example, if both sides
deuce at 29-29, the winner of the next rally will win the game at 30-29.

C. Badminton Scoring and Serving Position

You should also know which area on the court you should be standing when making a service. It’s very
simple.

You always serve diagonally to the opponent’s side. For example, in singles,

The next thing is where should I stand when I serve?

The player with an:

• EVEN number score (0,2,4,6…) serve from

the Right-hand side area of the court.
• ODD number score (1,3,5,7…) serve from
the Left-hand side of the court.

A simple illustration is provided in the picture

below.

This works exactly the same for badminton doubles. Since there will be 2 players each side, this might
look a bit complicated.

In doubles, players only switch areas to serve if they win consecutive points.
Still don’t get it?
Don’t worry! It’s pretty simple. Here are examples of 2 possible scenarios…

One side will have 2 players (player A and Player B). The score is 0-0 and the team will start the game
by making the first badminton service.

Scenario 1:

In the above picture, “player A” stands at the right-hand side and their current point is 0, so “player A”
will serve from the right side.

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If A and B wins the rally, the point will be 1-0 and “player A” will have to move to the left-hand side of
the court to serve.

Now, “Player A” will make the service from the left side at 1-0.

Scenario 2:

Let’s go back to 0-0. Say “player A” starts the service. But this time, they LOSE a point to their
opponents. Their score remains at 0; their opponent’s score is 1. The opponent gets to serve now.

Then during the next rally, “player A’s” side win the rally and bring the score to 1-1. This time, “player
B” serves** instead of “player A” (They DO NOT need to switch areas).

**Since 1 is an odd number, the player standing at the left-hand side of the court will make the service.
As a beginner, it’s very normal to find yourself ‘lost’ while playing doubles. It’ll be useful to have at least
one player on court who is familiar with the badminton scoring rules to guide you at the start. I promise
you’ll be a pro at this after a few sessions of badminton.

DEBUG YOUR SKILLS

SCORE UMPIRE
Direction: Watch a match game in single and Doubles in YouTube or Television and act as an umpire
and do the scoring in Badminton use a black sheet given to this activity. score the game. This activity
will be submitted in my personal messenger @ froilan.lomboy@yahoo.com.

Sample Score sheet (make your own score sheet follow the given sample)

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 MODULE 2
LESSON 6: Introduction To Table Tennis

Learning Objectives
After studying this lesson, students will be able to:

• Explain the four most common grips and how to execute them
• Perform various drills to improve their skills
• Play in an actual game of table tennis
• Appreciate the contribution of different countries to the development of the game.

LOADING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Introduction To Table Tennis

Table tennis is an extremely fastmoving sport and demands possibly the quickest
reactions of any of the Olympic disciplines.
Table tennis players can put extreme spin on the ball to make it difficult to predict or
return, or can try to maneuver their opponent around the table — hoping to open up a point
winning opportunity. But the real joy of the game is in its simplicity, requiring very little in the
way of equipment, meaning it is a very accessible sport.
Table tennis is certainly a sport for all and a sport for life — anyone can get involved at
any time and continue play throughout. It is particularly good for developing alertness and co-
ordination.

How playing table tennis is good for fitness

Playing table tennis can have a number of positive health and fitness benefits including:
• Improves aerobic fitness, with more oxygen circulated around the body to better muscular
endurance.
• Burns off calories with energy being supplied to the muscles and not forming fat.
• Boosting flexibility reaction times, due to the fast-paced nature of table tennis, as well as tactical
strategy formation.
• Improves hand-eye co-ordination with concentration required for serving and returning shots.
• Develops the strength and power of muscles, notably leg and arm muscles.
• Furthers concentration, awareness and mental strength, with matches often lasting for some
time, which helps aid overall brain functioning.

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• Improves nimbleness of players, on their feet.
• Improves social skills as it often leads to friendships formed through the love of this growing
niche.

LESSON 7: The History of Ping-Pong

LET’S PROCESS

The History of Ping-Pong

All About Table Tennis

Like most other sports, table tennis had humble beginnings as a “parlor game,” open to anyone
with access to a table, paddle, and ball. The game began in the 1880s, when lawn tennis players
adapted their game to play indoors during the winter.

Ping-Pong is a trademark name for table tennis and associated equipment. The name “Ping-
Pong” was invented by the English firm J. Jaques and Son at the end of the 1800s and later trademarked
in the United States by Parker Brothers, the board game company.

The game quickly caught on, and as early as 1901, tournaments were being conducted with over
300 participants. The Ping-Pong Association was formed but was renamed The Table Tennis
Association in 1922.

The sport originated in Victorian England, where it was played among the upper-class as
an after-dinner parlor game. It has been suggested that makeshift versions of the game were
developed by British military officers in India around the 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back
with them.

In 1902 a visiting Japanese university professor took the game back to Japan, where he
introduced it to university students. Shortly after, a British salesman, Edward Shires, introduced it to the
people of Vienna and Budapest, and the seeds were sown for a sport that now enjoys popularity all
over the world. In Britain, table tennis had also begun to spread outside the distinctly middle-class
confines of London, and leagues sprang up in provincial towns as far apart as Sunderland and
Plymouth. In 1922, an All England Club was formed, which boasted such luminaries as Jack Hobbs the
cricketer and other famous names of the time from the world of sport. The Daily Mirror organized and
sponsored a nationwide tournament in which there were 40,000 competitors.

Table tennis was firmly on the map, and on April 24, 1927, the English Table Tennis Association
was born, under the chairmanship and direction of Ivor Montague, son of Lord Ewatthling. He was not
only to become the architect of modern-day table tennis, but he also achieved critical acclaim as both
a director and film producer. At the time, The ETTA had a membership of 19 leagues but now has over
300, with around 75,000 registered players.

The first world championships were held in 1927 and were won by a Hungarian, Dr. Jacobi. Apart
from the famous Fred Perry redressing the balance for England in 1929, this was to be the start of an
unprecedented run of success for the Hungarians, who completely dominated the game throughout the
thirties. Their team was led by the legendary Victor Barna, whose inspiration and skill did so much to
elevate the game to sports status.

The 1950s saw the game turned upside down by the invention of the sponge or sandwich rubber,
this new material for bats, which, up until now, had been a relatively simple affair with a universal thin
covering of pimpled rubber.

Until this time, spin had played only a minor part in a game that had been dominated by the
defensive style of play. But these new bats or paddles, introduced by the Japanese, had the capacity
to move the ball around in an almost magical way. The ITTF, the game’s governing body, was quick to

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legislate in a bid to control this new development, seen in some quarters as equipping players with an
unfair advantage. The thickness of the sponge and rubber sandwich was controlled and remains so to
this day. But the nature of the game had been changed, establishing the fast attacking speed and spin
style of the modern game.

Today, the sport both in England and abroad is very well established and is growing each year.
The culmination of this has been its recognition as an Olympic Games sport, being featured for the first
time in the 1988 games in Seoul. Television coverage of the men’s singles final attracted an incredible
worldwide audience of 2 billion. In China, the game is played by literally millions at work, in school, and
in community parks. Chinese top players are regarded as national heroes with pop star statuses.

Nature of the Game

Tennis is considered by many to be one of the best forms of recreation. The pace of the game can
be set to the individual player’s ability. Speed, agility, coordination, and endurance can be developed
and indeed are needed to play a good game of tennis.

Tennis can be played both indoors and outdoors. There are two separate games of tennis. One is
the singles game, which has two participants, one opposing the other. The doubles game, which has four
participants, has two players teaming up to compete against another team of two. Mixed doubles are also
played. This is when a team has one male and one female member.

Safety/Etiquette

1. Remove all tennis balls from the court before play begins.
2. Be aware of fences, net posts and other structures on and near the playing area.
3. Close any open gates.
4. When playing doubles, be aware of your partner and racket.
5. When playing doubles, never face your partner when he/she is hitting the ball.
6. Never walk on a court when a point is being played.
7. If a tennis ball comes into your court while you are playing, immediately call a let and stop your
game.
8. Stop play immediately if someone enters your court.
9. Never hit a tennis ball in anger or at another person.
10.Never jump over the net at any time.

Terminology in Table Tennis

Ace – A serve that gets past the receiver without them touching it.
Advantage – the next point after deuce. Advantage in or Ad in refers to the server’s winning the point
and Advantage out or Ad out refers to the receiver’s winning the point.
Baseline – the end boundary lines on the court.
Center mark – a small line that divides the baseline into right and left serving areas.
Center service line – a line down the center that separates the service courts (left and right).
Deuce – an even score of 40-40. At deuce a player must win two points in a row to win the game.
Double fault – missing both 1st and 2nd attempts at serving.
Fault – failure to make a legal serve.
Game – a unit of a set completed by winning four points and being ahead by two points.
Let – a served ball strikes the top of the net and falls into the proper service court. It is also a let anytime
there is interference during a point.
Love – no score or score of zero.
Match – winning 2 out of 3 sets.
Rally – a prolonged exchange of strokes.
Set – a unit of a match completed when a player wins 6 games and is ahead by 2. At 6-6 a tie
breaker to 12 points is played

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 SELF–CHECK!

1. Discussed the positive health benefits of playing Table Tennis.

2. It is an extremely fastmoving sport and demands possibly the quickest reactions of any of the Olympic
disciplines.
3. A trademark name for table tennis and associated equipment.
4. The sport Table Tennis originated.
5. A prolonged exchange of strokes.
6. Enumerate the safety/etiquette in Table Tennis.
7. A unit of a set completed by winning four points and being ahead by two points.
8. The two separate games of Table tennis.
9. A served ball strikes the top of the net and falls into the proper service court. It is also a let
anytime there is interference during a point.
10. A term for no score or score of zero.
11. An even score of 40-40. At deuce a player must win two points in a row to win the game.
12. A unit of a match completed when a player wins 6 games and is ahead by 2. At 6-6 a tie breaker to 12
points is played
13. The first world championships were held in 1927 and were won by a Hungarian.
14. A line down the center that separates the service courts (left and right).
15. A serve that gets past the receiver without them touching it.

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 8. Equipment’s Needed to play Table Tennis

Table Tennis is a kind of indoor sport played on a hard table divided by a net where the objective
of players is to hit a hollow ball with the help of tennis racket. In earlier of 1900’s this game was played
as an after-dinner parlor game in England, it was played on a dining table divided by a row of books
and two books are used as to hit a golf ball.

Equipment Needed to Play Table Tennis Sport:

1. Table Tennis Table

2. Table Tennis Ball
3. Table Tennis Bat / Racket
4. Table Tennis Net with Net Stand

1.Table Tennis Table: The dimension of table is

2.74 m long, 1.52 m wide and 76 cm height. Its
upper surface is made of hardboard or using
timber which is layered with a smooth low friction
coating to yield a uniform bounce of 23 cm when
a ball is dropped from 30 cm height. The surface
of table is divided into two parts by a 15.25 cm
high net. According to the international
specification the table surface must be in green
or blue color and with a white side line which is 2
cm wide along with 2.74 m edge and 1.52 m
edge.

34
 2.Table Tennis Ball: According to the international rules, the weight
of the ball is 2.7 gm and 40 mm diameter. It must be as that when the
ball is dropped from the height of 30.5 cm it should bounce up 24-26
cm. The ball is made of high bouncing air filled celluloid or similar
plastic material with a matte finish. It must be available in either white
or orange color. Stars on the ball indicate the quality of the ball and
three stars indicate the highest quality and it is used in official
competitions.

3.Table Tennis Bat / Racket: TT Bat is made of laminated

wooden covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on
the grip of the player. The wooden portion called the Blade
must be one and seven plies of wood and at least 85% of the
blade by thickness must be of natural wood. The average size
of blade is about 6.5 inches long and 6 inches wide.
International Specification allows using different surfaces on
each side of the racket to control various level of spin and
speed according to the players. It must be available in red or
black color.

4.Table Tennis Net with Net Stand: According to the

official rules, the complete system must consist net, its
suspension, supporting posts and the clamps
attaching them to the table. The net should be
suspended by a cord attached at each end to an
upright post and the outside limits of the post being
15.25 cm outside the side line. The top of the net along
its length should be 15.25 cm above from the playing
surface and the bottom of the net along with its length
should be as closed as possible to the playing surface
and ends of the net stand should be as close as to the
supporting posts.

The table tennis game is played using all these equipment. But remember that the
dimension of equipment must be as same as the international standard to experience
more enthusiasm, fun and feel like playing or practicing for the competitions. In
competitions and tournaments, all equipment used are of same dimension.

DEBUG YOUR SKILLS

PERSONAL IMAGE SKETCHING

1. Using the space inside the box, draw a picture Equipment’s Needed to Play Table Tennis.

35
 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 9. Fundamentals skills and Techniques in

Table Tennis

10 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS FOR MODERN TABLE

TENNIS

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37
38
39
40
41
42
 DEBUG YOUR SKILLS

RECORDED SKILL DEMONSTRATION

Do all the 10 Fundamental skills of modern Table Tennis and have a video recording to be
submitted in my Fb account personal Message (FROILAN PALARUAN LOMBOY) Using your mobile
phone or any camera, make a video recording of your personal demonstration of gripping activity by
following the steps guide.

Make a compilation of pictures of different type of service of Table Tennis

Put it in a folder. Sample is presented below:

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 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 10. Basic Rules of the Games

The aim of the game is simple; hit the ball over the net onto your opponent’s side. A point
is won by you if your opponent is unable to return the ball to your side of the table (e.g. they
miss the ball, they hit the ball but it misses your side of the table, or the ball hits the net), or if
they hit the ball before it bounces on their side of the table.

Scoring
The winner of a game is the first to 11 points. There must be a gap of at least two points
between opponents at the end of the game though, so if the score is 10-10, the game goes in
to extra play until one of the players has gained a lead of 2 points. The point goes to the player
who successfully ends a rally, regardless of who has served.

A match can consist of the number of games you like, just make sure you agree this in
advance!

Serving: singles
A player takes two serves before the ball switches to the opponent to serve, except during
periods of extra play where it changes each time. The first person to serve at the start of the
game can be determined in many different ways, we’ll leave that up to you to decide! Service
can be diagonal or in a straight line in singles

Serving: doubles
Service must be diagonal, from the right half court (marked by a white line) to the
opponent’s right half court.

Service changeover in Doubles is as follows:

At the start of a game, the serving team will decide which player will serve first. The first player
to serve is A1 and;

A1 serves to B1 (2 services)

B1 then serves to A2 (2 services)

A2 then serves to B2 (2 services)

B2 serves to A1 2 services)

44
Repeat

At the end of game 1 and the start of game 2, team B will take the first serve; B1 must serve to
A1. A1 then serves to B2 and so on.

Rotation rules for doubles

In doubles, you should alternate hitting the ball with your partner. So, for example, A1
serves the ball to B1, who returns the ball. A2 then hits the ball and B2 returns this. A1 hits and
B2 returns, A2 hits and B1 returns….and so on.

Service rules you must obey

The ball must first bounce on your side and then in your opponents. Your opponent must
allow the ball to hit their side of the table before trying to return this.

The ball must pass cleanly over the net – if it ‘clips’ the net and goes over, it is a ‘let’ and
the serve is retaken. If it hits the net and doesn’t go over, the point goes to the other
player/team. There are no second serves.

Table Tennis England, Bradwell Road, Loughton Lodge Milton Keynes, MK8 9LA
T: 01908 208860, E: loop@tabletennisengland.co.uk

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 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 11: Official Rules of the Games

Official Rules of Table Tennis

We’ve summarized the essential ping pong rules from USA Table Tennis right here to
help you settle those garage or office disputes. This list is not exhaustive, but we have found
that these ones are common points of contention among many players. Whether you call it ping
pong, table tennis, or whiff whaff, these official table tennis rules should help you keep things
straight.

1. GAMES ARE PLAYED TO 11 POINTS

A Game is played to 11 points. A Game must be won by two points. A Match is generally
the best three of five Games.

2. ALTERNATE SERVES EVERY TWO POINTS

Each side of the table alternates serving two points at a time. EXCEPTION: After tied 10-
10 (“deuce”), service alternates at every point. Can you lose on a serve in ping pong? Yes!
There is no separate rule for serving on Game Point.

3. TOSS THE BALL STRAIGHT UP WHEN SERVING

How do you serve the ball in ping pong? Hold the ball in your open palm, behind your end
of the table. Toss at least 6” straight up, and strike it on the way down. It must hit your side of
the table and then the other side. NOTE: Once the ball leaves the server’s hand it is in play,
and so counts as the receiver’s point if the ball is missed or mis-hit.

4. THE SERVE CAN LAND ANYWHERE IN SINGLES

There is no restriction on where the ball lands on your side or your opponent’s side of the
table. It can bounce two or more times on your opponent’s side (if so, that’s your point), bounce
over the side, or even hit the edge.

5. DOUBLES SERVES MUST GO RIGHT COURT TO RIGHT COURT

The serve must bounce in the server’s right court, and receiver’s right court (NOTE:
landing on center line is fair). Doubles partners switch places after their team serves twice.

6. A SERVE THAT TOUCHES THE NET ON THE WAY OVER IS A “LET”

Can the ball hit the net in ping pong? Yes, during a RALLY, if it touches the top of the net
and then otherwise lands as a legitimate hit. BUT not when serving. If a served ball hits the net
on the way over and otherwise legally bounces in play, it’s a “let” serve and is done over. There
is no limit on how many times this can happen.

7. ALTERNATE HITTING IN A DOUBLES RALLY

Doubles partners must alternate hitting balls in a rally, no matter where the ball lands on
the table.

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 8. VOLLEYS ARE NOT ALLOWED

Can you hit the ball before it bounces in ping pong? No. In regular tennis you may “volley”
the ball (hitting the ball before it bounces on your side of the net). But in table tennis, this results
in a point for your opponent. NOTE: When your opponent hits a ball that sails over your end of
the table without touching it and then hits you or your paddle, that is still your point.

9. IF YOUR HIT BOUNCES BACK OVER THE NET BY ITSELF IT IS YOUR POINT

If you hit the ball in a rally or on a serve and it bounces back over the net after hitting your
opponent’s side of the table (due to extreme spin), without your opponent touching it, that is
your point.

10. TOUCHING THE BALL WITH YOUR PADDLE HAND IS ALLOWED

What happens if the ball hits your finger or hand during a ping pong rally? If the ball
touches your PADDLE hand and otherwise results in a legal hit, there is no rule violation and
play shall continue as normal. Your paddle hand includes all fingers and hand area below the
wrist. But what if the ball touches a player’s body anywhere else during a ping pong rally? You
may not touch the table with your non-paddle hand for any reason. It will result in a point for
your opponent. BUT if your opponent’s hit sails over your side of the table without touching it,
and hits any part of you or your paddle, that is still your point.

11. YOU MAY NOT TOUCH THE TABLE WITH YOUR NON-PADDLE HAND

You may touch the ball or the table with your paddle hand (after reaching in to return a
short serve, for example), or other parts of your body. NOTE: If the table moves at all from your
touching it during a rally, that is your opponent’s point.

12. AN “EDGE” BALL BOUNCING OFF THE HORIZONTAL TABLE TOP SURFACE IS
GOOD

An otherwise legal serve or hit may contact the top edge of the horizontal table top surface
and be counted as valid, even if it bounces sidewise. The vertical sides of the table are NOT
part of the legal playing surface.

13. HONOR SYSTEM APPLIES TO DISAGREEMENTS

If no referee is present during a match and the players disagree on a certain call, the
“honor system” applies and the players should find a way to agree, or play the point over. Ping
pong carries a tradition of fierce but fair play. Help us keep it that way!

For the full official rules of table tennis, visit USATT.org.

SELF–CHECK!

TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is correct and write F if the statement is wrong.
1. In doubles, you should alternate hitting the ball with your partner.
2. A player takes two serves before the ball switches to the opponent to serve, except during periods of
extra play where it changes each time.
3. Each side of the table alternates serving two points at a time.
4. Service must be horizontal, from the right half court (marked by a white line) to the opponent’s right half
court.
5. An otherwise legal serve or hit may contact the top edge of the horizontal table top surface and
be counted as valid, even if it bounces sidewise.

47
6. The ball must first bounce on your opponents side and then in your side.
7. There is restriction on where the ball lands on your side or your opponent’s side of the table.
8. The ball must pass cleanly over the net – if it ‘clips’ the net and goes over, it is a ‘let’ and the serve is
retaken.
9. At the start of a game, the serving team will decide which player will serve first.
10. Doubles partners will not switch places after their team serves twice.

LESSON 12: RULES FOR TABLE TENNIS SINGLES AND

DOUBLES

LET’S PROCESS

Single Rules

1. Opponents will conduct a coin flip, the winner may choose either end of the table
or the right to serve or receive first. If they choose an end, the other player has the
choice of serving or receiving first. Each match shall consist of the best two out of
three games with the winning player reaching 11 points first or being ahead by two
after the score reaches 10 all in each game.

2. The server changes from one player to the other every time five points are scored,
except when the score becomes tied 10-10. At this time, the serve changes and
continues to change after each point until one player scores two consecutive points,
thus winning the game.

3. The serve must be made from behind the end line. The server puts the ball into
play by tossing it into the air from the palm of one hand and striking it with the paddle
(held in the other hand) so that it hits his/her own court. The ball must go over the
net and hit the receiver's court. The receiver must return the ball over the net so that
it hits the server's court. Play continues until one player fails to make a legal return.
The opponent then scores a point.

Doubles Rules

1. Each match shall consist of the best two out of three games with the winning pair
reaching 11 points first or being ahead by two after the score reaches 10 all in each
game.
2. The pair winning a coin flip may choose either end of the table or the right to serve
or receive first. If they choose an end, the other pair has the choice of serving or
receiving first.

3. The pair having the right to serve the first five serves in any game shall decide
which partner shall do so. The opposing pair shall then decide which shall be the first
receiver.
4. Each server shall serve for two points as in singles. At the end of each two points,
the one who was receiving becomes the server, and the partner of the previous server
becomes the receiver. This sequence shall continue until the end of the game or the
score of 10 all. At 10 all, the sequence of serving and receiving shall continue
uninterrupted except that each player shall serve only one point in turn and the serve
will alternate after each point in turn and the serve will alternate after each point
until a pair is ahead by two points.

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 5. The server shall first make a good service, the receiver shall then make a good
return, and the partner of the server shall then make a good return. The partner of
the receiver shall then make a good return, the server shall then make a good return
and thereafter each player alternately in that sequence shall make a good return.

6. After each game the pairs shall change ends. The pair serving first in the previous
game shall become the first receivers in the next game and vice versa. Rule #3 (above)
shall then be in effect. 7. Rules not covered above shall be in accordance with the
Laws of the International Table Tennis Federation as interpreted by the United States
Table Tennis Association.

Table tennis rules, or as formally known as ‘The laws of table tennis‘, are created by
the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), and reviewed annually. The rules used to
be clearly laid out on the ITTF website, but since they updated the site completely, it’s now
hard to find, and needs to be extracted from the ITTF Handbook, which is a pain as it’s a large
PDF document.
For this reason, I’ve created these pages, which breaks the rules up into easy to read sections,
making it a handy reference. I’ll update this section regularly, so that it’s always got the latest
rules (although very little changes over time). There are further rules & regulations for
International play, but these are in addition to the rules below, and don’t usually apply to mere
mortals like us, as we don’t play under international conditions.
Slight amendments or changes to the official rules are proposed every year by the ITTF and/or
their member associations. A majority vote at the ITTF AGM decides if the new proposals are
accepted. All member association can vote, and carry an equal weight. This means that a vote
from a major table tennis super power like China, carries the same weight as a vote from a
minor country like Djibouti.
The table tennis rules below are broken up into an Equipment section, which covers all the
equipment used in a game, and a Play section, which covers all the rules for actually playing
the game. Some sections are combined into a single page as they quite short. Note that it starts
at section 2.0, since section one is related to the ITTF constitution.
Just click on the relevant link for the section you’re interested in.

Table Tennis Rules

OOAK Table Tennis Shop also provides an A3 table tennis rules poster, with the rules clearly laid
out in plain English. This provides a neat option to print all the rules on a single page, which
you can hang at your workplace, home or club as a handy reference. Click on the image (right)
to open the PDF for printing. Note that if you’re going to print is, it comes out best on an A3
sheet of paper.

Answers to common questions about table tennis rules

Can table tennis serve bounce twice?
Yes, it’s a common strategy for a player to serve a short ball that bounces twice on the
opponent’s side, before it goes over the edge. The receiver must return the serve before the
second bounce, or they will lose the point.
Can you lose table tennis on a serve?
Yes, the server will lose the point if they fail to put the ball into play. This generally
happens if they miss the ball, hit it into the net, or over the end of the table. You will not lose a
point if ball touches the net and the serve is otherwise legal, that’s a let and the point is
replayed.
Can you volley in table tennis?
No, you cannot volley the ball in table tennis and win the point. The ball must always
bounce on the opponent’s side of the table, before the opponent can strike the ball.

49
 Where to serve in table tennis?
In singles for a legal serve you can bounce the ball anywhere on your side of the table,
then to any area on the opponent’s side. In doubles the ball must bounce on the server’s right
half of the table first, then to the receiver’s right half of the table.
How to serve in table tennis?
To serve legally you must throw the ball up vertically from the palm of the hand at least
16cm without imparting spin. The serve must be done from a position behind the server’s end
line and above the table level.
How to score in table tennis?
Each player gets 2 consecutive serves, a point can be won by either the server or
receiver. The first player to reach 11 with a 2 point margin wins the game. If the game reaches
10:10, players serve only 1 serve each, and keep playing until one leads by 2 points to win the
game. Matches are usually best of 5 or 7 games.
Table Tennis Rules – Definitions
1 A rally is the period during which the ball is in play.
2 The ball is in play from the last moment at which it is stationary on the palm of
the free hand before being intentionally projected in service until the rally is
decided as a let or a point.
3 A let is a rally of which the result is not scored.
4 A point is a rally of which the result is scored.
5 The racket hand is the hand carrying the racket.
6 The free hand is the hand not carrying the racket; the free arm is the arm of the free hand.

7 A player strikes the ball if he or she touches it in play with his or her racket,
held in the hand, or with his or her racket hand below the wrist.
8 A player obstructs the ball if he or she, or anything he or she wears or carries,
touches it in play when it is above or travelling towards the playing surface,
not having touched his or her court since last being struck by his or her
opponent.
9 The server is the player due to strike the ball first in a rally.
10 The receiver is the player due to strike the ball second in a rally.
11 The umpire is the person appointed to control a match.
12 The assistant umpire is the person appointed to assist the umpire with certain
decisions.
13 Anything that a player wears or carries includes anything that he or she was
wearing or carrying, other than the ball, at the start of the rally.
14 The end line shall be regarded as extending indefinitely in both directions.

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 SELF–CHECK!

1. Where to serve in table tennis?

2. Can table tennis serve bounce twice?
3. Table tennis rules, or as formally known as ‘The laws of table tennis‘, are created by_______.
4. The person appointed to control a match.
5. It is the period during which the ball is in play.
6. How to score in table tennis?
7. The acronym of ITTF.
8. It is the player due to strike the ball second in a rally.
9. Can you lose table tennis on a serve?
10. It is the hand not carrying the racket; the free arm is the arm of the free hand.

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 LESSON 13: Service & Return

LET’S PROCESS

Table Tennis Rules – the Service & Return

THE SERVICE
1 Service shall start with the ball resting freely on the open palm of the server’s stationary free
hand.
2 The server shall then project the ball near vertically upwards, without imparting spin, so that
it rises at least 16cm after leaving the palm of the free hand and then falls without touching
anything before being struck.
3 As the ball is falling the server shall strike it so that it touches first his or her court and then
touches directly the receiver’s court; in doubles, the ball shall touch successively the right half
court of server and receiver.
4 From the start of service until it is struck, the ball shall be above the level of the playing
surface and behind the server’s end line, and it shall not be hidden
from the receiver by the server or his or her doubles partner or by anything they wear or carry.
5 As soon as the ball has been projected, the server’s free arm and hand shall be removed
from the space between the ball and the net.
The space between the ball and the net is defined by the ball, the net and its indefinite upward
extension.
6 It is the responsibility of the player to serve so that the umpire or the assistant umpire can be
satisfied that he or she complies with the requirements of the
Laws, and either may decide that a service is incorrect.
6.1 If either the umpire or the assistant umpire is not sure about the legality of a service he or
she may, on the first occasion in a match, interrupt play
and warn the server; but any subsequent service by that player or his or her doubles partner
which is not clearly legal shall be considered incorrect.
7 Exceptionally, the umpire may relax the requirements for a correct service where he or she
is satisfied that compliance is prevented by physical
disability.

THE RETURN
1 The ball, having been served or returned, shall be struck so that it touches the opponent’s
court, either directly or after touching the net assembly.

THE ORDER OF PLAY

1 In singles, the server shall first make a service, the receiver shall then make a return and
thereafter server and receiver alternately shall each make a return.

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2 In doubles, except as provided in 2.8.3, the server shall first make a service, the receiver
shall then make a return, the partner of the server shall then
make a return, the partner of the receiver shall then make a return and thereafter each player
in turn in that sequence shall make a return.
3 In doubles, when at least one player of a pair is in a wheelchair due to a physical disability,
the server shall first make a service, the receiver shall then
make a return but thereafter either player of the disabled pair may make returns. However, no
part of a player’s wheelchair nor a foot of a standing
player of this pair shall protrude beyond the imaginary extension of the center line of the table.
If it does, the umpire shall award the point to the opposing
pair.

A LET
1 The rally shall be a let:
1.1 if in service the ball touches the net assembly, provided the service is
otherwise correct or the ball is obstructed by the receiver or his or her
partner;
1.2 if the service is delivered when the receiving player or pair is not ready,
provided that neither the receiver nor his or her partner attempts to strike
the ball;
1.3 if failure to make a service or a return or otherwise to comply with the
Laws is due to a disturbance outside the control of the player;
1.4 if play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire;
1.5 if the receiver is in wheelchair owing to a physical disability and in service the ball, provided
that the service is otherwise correct,
1.5.1 after touching the receiver’s court returns in the direction of the net;
1.5.2 comes to rest on the receiver’s court;
1.5.3 in singles leaves the receiver’s court after touching it by either of its
sidelines.
2 Play may be interrupted
2.1 to correct an error in the order of serving, receiving or ends;
2.2 to introduce the expedite system;
2.3 to warn or penalize a player or adviser;
2.4 because the conditions of play are disturbed in a way which could affect
the outcome of the rally.

A POINT
1 Unless the rally is a let, a player shall score a point
1.1 if an opponent fails to make a correct service;
1.2 if an opponent fails to make a correct return;
1.3 if, after he or she has made a service or a return, the ball touches anything
other than the net assembly before being struck by an opponent;
1.4 if the ball passes over his or her court or beyond his or her end line without
touching his or her court, after being struck by an opponent;
1.5 if the ball, after being struck by an opponent, passes through the net or
between the net and the net post or between the net and playing surface;

53
1.6 if an opponent obstructs the ball;
1.7 if an opponent deliberately strikes the ball twice in succession;
1.8 if an opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose
surface does not comply with the requirements of 2.4.3, 2.4.4 and 2.4.5;
1.9 if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, moves the
playing surface;
1.10 if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, touches the net
assembly;
1.11 if an opponent’s free hand touches the playing surface;
1.12 if a doubles opponent strikes the ball out of the sequence established by
the first server and first receiver;
1.13 as provided under the expedite system (2.15.4).
1.14 if both players or pairs are in a wheelchair due to a physical disability and
1.14.1 his or her opponent does not maintain a minimum contact with the seat
or cushion(s), with the back of the thigh, when the ball is struck;
1.14.2 his or her opponent touches the table with either hand before striking
the ball;
1.14.3 his or her opponent’s footrest or foot touches the floor during play.
1.15 as provided under the order of play (2.8.3).

A GAME
1.1 A game shall be won by the player or pair first scoring 11 points unless both
players or pairs score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first
player or pair subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points.
A MATCH
1 A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games.

THE ORDER OF SERVING, RECEIVING AND ENDS

1 The right to choose the initial order of serving, receiving and ends shall be
decided by lot and the winner may choose to serve or to receive first or to
start at a particular end.
2 When one player or pair has chosen to serve or to receive first or to start at a
particular end, the other player or pair shall have the other choice.
3 After each 2 points have been scored the receiving player or pair shall
become the serving player or pair and so on until the end of the game, unless
both players or pairs score 10 points or the expedite system is in operation,
when the sequences of serving and receiving shall be the same but each
player shall serve for only 1 point in turn.
4 In each game of a doubles match, the pair having the right to serve first shall
choose which of them will do so and in the first game of a match the receiving
pair shall decide which of them will receive first; in subsequent games of the
match, the first server having been chosen, the first receiver shall be the
player who served to him or her in the preceding game.
5 In doubles, at each change of service the previous receiver shall become the
server and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver.
6 The player or pair serving first in a game shall receive first in the next game of
the match and in the last possible game of a doubles match the pair due to

54
receive next shall change their order of receiving when first one pair scores 5
points.
7 The
player or
pair
starting at
one end
in a game shall start at the other end in
the next game of the match and in the last possible game of a match the
players or pairs shall change ends when first one player or pair scores 5
points.
OUT OF ORDER OF SERVING, RECEIVING OR ENDS
1 If a player serves or receives out of turn, play shall be interrupted by the
umpire as soon as the error is discovered and shall resume with those players
serving and receiving who should be server and receiver respectively at the
score that has been reached, according to the sequence established at the
beginning of the match and, in doubles, to the order of serving chosen by the
pair having the right to serve first in the game during which the error is
discovered.
2 If the players have not changed ends when they should have done so, play
shall be interrupted by the umpire as soon as the error is discovered and shall
resume with the players at the ends at which they should be at the score that
has been reached, according to the sequence established at the beginning of
the match.
3 In any circumstances, all points scored before the discovery of an error shall
be reckoned.

THE EXPEDITE SYSTEM

1 Except as provided in 2.15.2, the expedite system shall come into operation
after 10 minutes’ play in a game or at any time when requested by both
players or pairs.
2 The expedite system shall not be introduced in a game if at least 18 points
have been scored.
3 If the ball is in play when the time limit is reached and the expedite system is
due to come into operation, play shall be interrupted by the umpire and shall
resume with service by the player who served in the rally that was interrupted;
if the ball is not in play when the expedite system comes into operation, play
shall resume with service by the player who received in the immediately
preceding rally.
4 Thereafter, each player shall serve for 1 point in turn until the end of the
game, and if the receiving player or pair makes 13 correct returns in a rally the
receiver shall score a point.
5 Introduction of the expedite system shall not alter the order of serving and
receiving in the match, as defined in 2.13.6.
6 Once introduced, the expedite system shall remain in operation until the end
of the match.

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LESSON 14. Tournaments in Table Tennis

LET’S PROCESS

56
A. SIMPLE KNOCK-OUT

B. GROUP/ROUND-ROBIN

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VARIATION TO THE SIMPLE KNOCK-OUT SYSTEM

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 MODULE 3
LAWN TENNIS

Learning Objectives in Tennis

After studying this lesson, students will be able to:

• To identify and describe some rules of tennis.

• To serve to begin a game
• To explore forehand hitting
• To explore different shots (forehand, backhand)
• To work to return serve
• To know positions in game play
• To introduce Volley shots and Overhead shots
• To apply new shots into game situations
• To play with others to score and defend points in competitive games
• To further explore Tennis service rules
• To develop backhand shots
• To introduce the lob
• To begin to use full tennis scoring systems
• To continue developing doubles play and tactics to impr

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 LOADING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

LESSON 15: INTRO TO LAWN TENNIS

Looking to pick up a racket and get involved playing tennis? It’s a more accessible sport
than you might think; tennis is sociable, exciting and, of course, great for your fitness levels.
It may seem to many of us that tennis is just an elite sport which is played for a few
weeks during a Grand Slam. When many of us are itching to go out and play after watching the
Wimbledon final, US Open final or other major event in the tennis calendar, we usually find
that the public tennis courts are full, and then perhaps don’t make another effort until the same
time the following year.
But you don’t have to wait for the summer to enjoy the delights of tennis. Tennis nowadays is
a more accessible and year-round sport than you might think; it’s sociable, exciting and, of
course, great for your fitness. More than 75,000,000 people are believed to play the sport
worldwide.

beginner's guide to the world's most popular racket sport

How did tennis originate?

Tennis is a descendant of a medieval game that originated in France, called 'Jeu de paume' –
game of the palm. Players used their hands to hit a ball back and forth to one another.

The game, as we know it today, was first defined with a set of rules written in the 1870s.

What is tennis?

In its simplest form, tennis involves two players or teams of two, on a court, using rackets to hit
a ball to each other over a net. The aim of the game is to hit the ball over the net in a way that
means your opponent cannot return it (back over the net and within the court markings).

If you are successful in doing this, you win the point.

A more in-depth explanation of the laws of tennis can be found on our rules page.

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Who can play?

Anyone – that’s the great thing about the sport. Whatever your age, whatever your ability, you
can play tennis.

How many people can play in a match?

Tennis is played as either a singles match (1 v 1) or as a doubles match (2 v 2). In both

instances the rules are the same, the only thing that changes are the boundary lines; this
means the court is slightly larger for a doubles' match. You can also play mixed doubles which
is where you have a male and female on each team.

What surface is tennis played on?

Grass, hard (concrete or acrylic), indoor and clay.

What does a tennis court look like?

The standard size for a tennis court is 78 foot long and 27 foot wide (for singles) or 36 foot
wide (doubles).

What are the benefits of playing tennis?

Tennis is great fun and is accessible to all ages and skill levels. But there are other
benefits to picking up a racket and playing...

As well as serving up plenty of smiles, tennis is good for your physical and mental
health. It can help lower body fat while improving muscle toning, strength and flexibility. It can
even help you to live longer.

In terms of mental health, exercise is hugely important in maintaining a good state of

mind. Playing a game of tennis will release those happy endorphins to help you feel great!

It is also a fantastic way to spend some time with family and friends and will provide you with
the opportunity to meet new people.

How good is tennis for fitness?

Playing tennis can have a number of positive health and fitness benefits on your body. Here
are some of its key exercise advantages:

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• Tennis improves aerobic fitness, with more oxygen circulated around the body to better
muscular endurance.

• Tennis burns off calories with energy being supplied to the muscles and not forming fat.

• Tennis boosts flexibility and sprint speed, due to the fast-paced nature of the game.

• Tennis improves hand-eye co-ordination with concentration required for serving.

• Tennis develops the strength and power of muscles, notably leg and arm muscles.

• Tennis furthers concentration and mental strength, with matches often lasting for many hours.

• Tennis boosts a player's cardiovascular fitness (the heart and lungs organs), allowing more
oxygen to be pumped around the body and help energize muscles.
https://www.realbuzz.com/articles-interests/sports-activities/article/introduction-to-

playing-tennis

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 16: HISTORY OF LAWN TENNIS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Players on a roofless centre court in 2007

The racket sport traditionally named lawn tennis, now commonly known simply
as tennis is the direct descendant of what is now denoted real tennis or royal tennis, which
continues to be played today as a separate sport with more complex rules. Most rules of (lawn)

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tennis derive from this precursor and it is reasonable to see both sports as variations of the
same game. Most historians believe that tennis originated in the monastic cloisters in northern
France in the 12th century, but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand; hence, the
name jeu de paume ("game of the palm").[1] It was not until the 16th century that rackets came
into use, and the game began to be called "tennis." It was popular in England and France,
and Henry VIII of England was a big fan of the game, now referred to as real tennis.[2]
Many original tennis courts remain, including courts at Oxford, Cambridge, Falkland
Palace in Fife where Mary Queen of Scots regularly played, and Hampton Court Palace. Many
of the French courts were decommissioned with the terror that accompanied the French
Revolution. The Tennis Court Oath (Serment du Jeu de Paume) was a pivotal event during the
first days of the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members
from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June
1789.
The Davis Cup, an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to
1900.[3] The analogous competition for women's national teams, the Fed Cup, was founded as
the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of
the International Tennis Federation, also known as the ITF.
Promoter C. C. Pyle created the first professional tennis tour in 1926, with a group of
American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.[4][5] The
most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the
Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen.[4][6] Once a player turned pro he or she could not compete in
the major (amateur) tournaments.[4]
In 1968, commercial pressures and rumors of some amateurs taking money under the table
led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the now known as the Open Era (see
below), in which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to
make their living from tennis.[7] With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of an
international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's
popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its upper/middle-class English-
speaking image[8] (although it is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists)

In 1873, Londoner Major Walter Wingfield invented a game called he called Sphairistikè
(Greek for "playing ball"). Played on an hourglass-shaped court, Wingfield's game created a
sensation in Europe, the United States, and even China, and is the source from which tennis
as we know it today eventually evolved.

Most historians believe that tennis originated in the monastic cloisters in

northern France in the 12th century, but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand;
hence, the name jeu de paume ("game of the palm").

The Origins of Tennis

Amazingly, the historical development of tennis dates back several thousands
of years. So, people who are involve in historical researches of this great sport claim
to have found evidence of playing tennis in ancient Greece culture.

The History of tennis game was developed from a 12th century French
handball game called "Paume" (palm). In this game the ball was struck with the hand.
After some time "Paume" game produced handball "Jeu de Paume" (game of the
palm) and there were used racquets. The game was first created by European monks
for entertainment roles during ceremonial occasions. At first, the ball was hit with
hands. Later, the leather glove came into existence. This leather glove was replaced
with an adaptive handle for effective hitting and serving of the ball. That was a birth of
tennis racquet.

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 Development of tennis racquet , tennis balls also underwent frequent modifications.
First tennis ball was from wood. Later in the history of tennis ball was filled with cellulose
material to gave way to a bouncier. Monks from all areas of Europe favored "Jeu de Paume"
game during 14th century much to the chagrin of the mother Church. The game spread and
evolved in Europe.

The game became very popular, especially in France, where was adopted by the royal
family. In the year of 1316 French king Louis X dies after hard "Jeu de Paume" game (other
terms of this stage of game are Royal Tennis in Great Britain, Royal Tennis in Australia, Court
Tennis in the United States), but this death does null to damp the popularity of the recreation.

16th Century - History of Tennis

Between the 16th and 18th centuries the game of the palm was highly regarded by
kings and nobleman. The French players would begin the palm game by shouting the word
"Tenez" (Play!). The palm game soon came to be called "real tennis" or "royal".

1530s ▪ HISTORY OF TENNIS ▪ English king Henry VIII builds a tennis court at
Hampton Court Palace (This court no longer exist but a similar court built there in 1625 and is
in use until today).

1583 ▪ FIRST RACKET IN THE HISTORY OF TENNIS ▪ The first racquet was invented
in Italy (history of tennis - web source).

19th Century History of Tennis

1870 ▪ WIMBLEDON HISTORY OF TENNIS ▪ In the Wimbledon district of London

established All England Croquet Club. Tennis is still an indoor game played by royal and rich
benefactors.

1873 ▪ LAWN TENNIS ▪ Major Walter Wingfield invented a version of Real Tennis that
can be played outdoors on a lawn. The game called ‘Sphairistike’ (Greek for "playing ball" )
and first introduced it to Wales(UK). Played on hour-glass courts on Manor House lawns by
rich English people. This is really where today's tennis developed. Wingfield deals Sphairistike
in boxes that feature two net posts, a net, rackets, and India rubber balls, plus instructions
about laying out the court and actually playing the game. Wingfield’s boxes kick start the
modern form of tennis, though the one thing that doesn’t work is the name, and Wingfield soon
realizes that his subtitle "lawn tennis" is much better than greek word "Sphairistike".

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1874 ▪ FIRST LAWN
TENNIS
TOURNAMENT IN THE USA
▪ Joseph and Clarence Clark
(brothers), take one of
Walter Wingfield’s
boxes to America,
leading to the first lawn
tennis tournament in the USA
later that year.

1875 ▪ ALL ENGLAND CROQUET CLUB & History of tennis ▪ Henry Cavendish Jones
convinced the All England Croquet Club to replace a croquet court with a lawn tennis court.
Marylebone Cricket Club followed suit. Marylebone Cricket Club made significant changes to
the game. They added Deuce, Advantage, and 2 chances per serve. The hourglass-shaped
court also changed to a rectangular court, identical to the measurements we use today.

1877 ▪ FIRST WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP & History of tennis ▪ The very first World Tennis
Championship was held at Worple Road in Wimbledon,London (UK).The sponsors were the
All England Croquet Club. Only 22 players entered the Mens Singles, which was the only event.
Spectators paid a mere one shilling to watch the finals. The first winner of this mens event in
the tennis history of Wimbledon was Spencer Gore.

1880 ▪ BIRTH OF OVERHEAD SMASH ▪The overhead smash was introduced into the
game for the first time in the history of tennis by the Renshaw brothers in Wimbledon. They
would dominate Wimbledon for a decade, winning all but 1880 and 1887 championships
between them in the history of tennis.Overhead smash is a shot played above the head, hitting
the ball downwards, hard and fast into your opponents side of the court.

1881 ▪ FIRST US OPEN - history of tennis ▪ America founded The United States National
Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) , and in the same year it holds its first National
Championship, the forerunner of the US Open but then restricted to American residents. It is
held at Newport, Rhode Island. First winner in the history of tennis US National Championships
was Dick Sears.

1884 ▪ FIRST M/W DOUBLES CHAMPIONSHIPS ▪ The Wimbledon Championships are

open to women for the first time. There are only 13 participants. Mens doubles was also
introduced for the first time in the history of tennis.

1887 ▪ WOMEN U.S. CHAMPIONSHIPS & history of tennis ▪ U.S. Championships are
open to women for the first time. Lottie Dod wins her first Wimbledon Ladies Singles (Lottie win
her first singles match with only 15 years).

1888 ▪ LTA & history of tennis ▪ Lawn Tennis Association founded (LTA) in order to
maintain the new rules and standards of tennis.

1891 ▪ FRENCH CHAMPIONSHIPS & history of tennis ▪ The very first French
Championships are played, these Championships were open for French residents only.

1896 ▪ OLYMPIC GAMES ▪ Tennis became one of the core sports in the first modern
Olympic Games.

1897 ▪ WOMEN ON FRENCH CHAMPIONSHIPS ▪ The French Championships are open

to women for the first time in the french tennis history.

1899 ▪ ALL ENGLAND TENNIS & CROQUET CLUB ▪ The England Croquet Club
changed it's name to the All England Tennis & Croquet Club.

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 Terminology
Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis:

• Tennis comes from the French tenez, the plural imperative form of the verb tenir, to hold,
meaning "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an interjection used as a call from the server to his
opponent to indicate that he is about to serve.[42]
• Racket (or racquet) derives from the Arabic rakhat, meaning the palm of the hand.
• Deuce comes from à deux le jeu, meaning "to both is the game" (that is, the two players have
equal scores).[44]
• The origin of the use of Love for zero is disputed. It is ascribed to derive from "l'oeuf", the
French word for "egg", traditionally representing the shape of a zero. [45][46] Another possibility
is that it derives from the Dutch expression "iets voor lof doen", which means to do something
for praise, implying no monetary stakes.[47]
• The reason for the numbering of scores being "15", "30" and "40" is unknown. Historical
sources suggest the system was originally 15, 30, 45 with the 45 simplified to 40 over time.
Common theories are that it originated from the quarters of a clock, or from gambling stakes

SELF–CHECK!

1. Derives from the Arabic rakhat, meaning the palm of the hand.
2. The origin of the use of Love for zero.
3. Comes from à deux le jeu, meaning "to both is the game" (that is, the two players
have equal scores).
4. The History of tennis game was developed from a 12th century French handball game
called .
5. In ______, Londoner Major Walter Wingfield invented a game called he called
Sphairistikè.
6. The ________ traditionally named lawn tennis, now commonly known simply as tennis is
the direct descendant of what is now denoted real tennis or royal tennis.
7. How good is tennis for fitness?
8. What is Tennis?
9. What surface in Tennis played on?
10. What are the benefits of playing tennis?

Tournaments and tours of the pre-Open Era

Amateur tournaments
The Four Majors
The four majors or Grand Slam tournaments, the four biggest competitions on the tennis
circuit, are Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open. Since the
mid 1920s they became and have remained the most prestigious events in
tennis.[4][48] Winning these four tournaments in the same year is called the Grand Slam (a term
borrowed from bridge).[49]
1877: Wimbledon
Main article: Wimbledon, The Beginning
The Championships, Wimbledon, were founded by the All England Lawn Tennis and
Croquet Club in 1877 to raise money for the club.[50] The first Championships were contested
by 22 men and the winner received a Silver Gilt Cup proclaiming the winner to be "The All
England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[51] The first
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Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rules. The following
year it was recognized as the official British Championships, although it was open to
international competitors. In 1884 the Ladies Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles
Championships were inaugurated, followed by the Ladies and Mixed Doubles in 1913. [52]

Name Surface Venue change

1877: The Championships 1877: Grass 1877: Worple
Road, Wimbledon
1922: Church
Road, Wimbledon
1881: U.S. Open
Main article: History of U.S. Open
Tennis was first played in the U.S. on a grass court set up on the Estate of Col. William
Appleton in Nahant, Massachusetts by James Dwight, Richard Dudley Sears and Fred Sears
in 1874.[53] In 1881, the desire to play tennis competitively led to the establishment of tennis
clubs.[4]
The first American National tournament was played in 1880 at the Staten Island Cricket
and Baseball Club in New York. An Englishman named Otway Woodhouse won the singles
match. There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different
rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in NY. On May
21, 1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis
Association) was formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions.[54]
The US National Men's Singles Championship, now the US Open, was first held in 1881
at Newport, Rhode Island.[55] The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first
held in 1887 in Philadelphia.[56]
The tournament was made officially one of the tennis 'Majors' from 1924 by the International
Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF).

Name change Surface change Venue change (men's

1881: U.S. National 1881: Grass championship)
Championship 1975: Clay Har-Tru 1881: Newport
1968: U.S. Open 1978: Hard DecoTurf 1915: Forest Hills
1921: Germantown
1924: Forest Hills
1978: Flushing Meadows
1891/1925: French Open[edit]
Main article: History of French Open
Tennis was predominantly a sport of the English-speaking world, dominated by Great Britain
and the United States.[57] It was also popular in France, where the French Open dates to
1891 as the Championat de France International de Tennis. This tournament was not
recognised as a Major or Grand Slam tournament until it was opened to all nationalities in
1925.

Name change Surface change Venue change

1891: Championnat de 1891: Clay and 1891–1908: shared by Tennis
France Sand Club de Paris/Ile de Puteaux,
1925: Championnats 1909: Clay Paris/Racing Club de France
Internationaux de 1909: Societe Athletique de la Villa
France Primrose, Bordeaux
1928: Tournoi de 1910: Racing Club de France,
Roland Garros Paris
1925: Stade Français, Paris
1926: Racing Club de France,
Paris
1927: Stade Français, Paris
1928: Stade Roland Garros, Paris

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1905: Australian Open[edit]
Main article: History of Australian Open
The Australian Open was first played in 1905 as The Australasian (Australia and New
Zealand) Championships. Because of its geographic remoteness, historically, the event did not
gain attendance from the top tennis players. It became one of the major tennis tournaments
starting in 1924 (designated by the ILTF). In 1927, because of New Zealand tennis authorities
releasing their commitments to the tournament, it became known as the Australian
Championships. For most of the 1970s and the early 1980s, the event lacked participation from
top ranked tennis professionals. Since its move to Melbourne Park in 1988, the Australian
Open has gained the popularity of the other three majors.

Name change Surface change Venue change

1905: 1905: Grass 1905: Melbourne
Australasian 1988: Hard Rebound 1906: Christchurch and alternated in
Championships Ace Melbourne,
1927: 2008: Hard Plexicushion Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth.
Australian In 1912 at Hastings
Championships 1972: Kooyong
1969: 1988: Melbourne Park
Australian
Open
The Davis Cup
Main article: Davis Cup
In 1898, Dwight F. Davis of the Harvard University tennis team designed a tournament
format with the idea of challenging the British to a tennis showdown. [58] The first match,
between the United States and Great Britain was held in Boston,
Massachusetts in 1900.[59] The American team, of which Dwight Davis was a part, surprised
the British by winning the first three matches. By 1905 the tournament had expanded to
include Belgium, Austria, France, and Australasia, a combined team from Australia and New
Zealand that competed jointly until 1913.
The tournament was initially known as the "International Lawn Tennis Challenge". It was
renamed the Davis Cup following the death of Dwight Davis in 1945. The tournament has
vastly expanded and, on its 100th anniversary in 1999, 130 nations competed.
International Tennis Federation

1896 Summer Olympics men's singles final

1913 also saw twelve national tennis associations agree at a Paris conference to form
the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), which was renamed in 1977 as the
current International Tennis Federation (ITF).[60] The rules the association promulgated in
1924 have remained remarkably stable in the ensuing ninety years, the one major change
being the addition of the tie-break system designed by James Van Alen.[61]
That same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the 1924 Games but returned
60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement was
credited by the efforts by the then ITF President Philippe Chatrier, ITF General Secretary
David Gray and ITF Vice President Pablo Llorens, and support from IOC President Juan
Antonio Samaranch. The success of the event was overwhelming and the IOC decided to
reintroduce tennis as a full medal sport at Seoul in 1988.
The Fed Cup
Main article: Fed Cup
72
 The idea of a Davis Cup-style tournament for national women's teams is surprisingly
old—it was first proposed in 1919 by Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman. After she was turned down,
she donated a trophy in 1923 that would be known as the Wightman Cup, awarded in an
annual match between the two strongest women's tennis nations of the time, the United States
and Great Britain.[62]
Wightman's original idea for a worldwide women's team tournament would bear fruit more
than 40 years later in 1962, when Nell Hopman persuaded the ITF to begin sponsoring such
an event. The first Federation Cup was played in 1963 as part of the ITF's 50th anniversary
celebrations; it involved 16 countries and was played over one week. By the 1990s, over 70
nations competed each year, and regional qualifiers were introduced in 1992. In 1995, the ITF
introduced a new Davis Cup-style format for the competition and rechristened it the Fed Cup.
The Professional circuit
In 1926, promoter C. C. Pyle established the first professional tour with a group of
American and French players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences. [4][63] The most
notable early professionals were American Vinnie Richards and Frenchwoman Suzanne
Lenglen.[4][6] Once a player turned pro he or she could not compete in the major (amateur)
tournaments.[4]
Before the Open Era, the leading professional players were under contract with a professional
promoter who controlled their appearances. For example, in 1926 Lenglen and Richards toured
North America along with Paul Féret and Mary K. Browne under contract to Charles C. Pyle.
The main events of the professional circuit comprised head-to-head competition and by-
invitation Pro Championships, which were the equivalent of the Grand Slam tournaments on
the professional circuit.
Although Suzanne Lenglen was the leading player in the first year of the professional circuit,
after she retired in February 1927 very few female players played on the professional circuit
before the Open Era.
Pro tour
Main article: Tennis Pro Tours
In the years before the Open Era, professionals often played more frequently on head-to-
head tours than in tournaments because tours paid much better than tournaments and the
number of professional tournaments was small. For example, Fred Perry earned U.S. $91,000
($1,618,410 today) in a 1937 North American tour against Ellsworth Vines but won only U.S.
$450 ($8,173) for his 1938 victory at the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships. Vines probably never
entered a tournament in 1937 and 1938. In 1937, Vines played 70 matches on two tours and
no tournament matches. Even in the 1950s, some professionals continued to play tour
matches. During his first five months as a professional (January through May 1957), Ken
Rosewall played 76 matches on a tour against Pancho Gonzales but only 9 tournament
matches. Joe McCauley determined that for 1952, only 7 professional tournaments were
played by the top international players, and 2 other professional tournaments (the British Pro
and the German Pro) were reserved for domestic players. Only during the 1960s did
professional tournaments become more significant than tours.
Pro Championships (Pro Slams)
Main article: Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era
In addition to head-to-head events several annual professional tournaments were called
championship tournaments. The most prestigious was usually the Wembley Championship,
held at the Wembley Arena in England, played between 1934 and 1990. The oldest was
the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, played between 1927 and 1999. Between 1954 and 1962,
it was played indoors in Cleveland and was called the World Professional Championships. The
third major tournament was the French Pro Championship, played between 1930 and 1968.
The British and American championships continued into the Open Era but devolved to the
status of minor tournaments after the late 1960s.
The Tournament of Champions was held between 1956 and 1959, the 1956 edition
taking place in Los Angeles and the 1957, 1958 and 1959 editions taking place at Forest
Hills. There was also the Wimbledon Pro tournament held in August 1967, the first
tournament where professional tennis players were allowed to play at Wimbledon.

73
Open Era
"Open era" redirects here. For other uses, see Open era (disambiguation).
See also: Open era tennis records – men's singles and Open Era tennis records – women's
singles

The French Championships at Roland Garros was the first Grand Slam tournament to become
"open" to professionals
The "Open Era" began in 1968 when Grand Slam tournaments agreed to allow
professional players to compete with amateurs.[64] Before 1968, only amateurs were allowed to
compete in Grand Slam tournaments and other events organized or sanctioned by the ILTF,
including the Davis Cup.
The move is made because the English are tired of the hypocrisy in the sport,
the shamateurism that plagues high-class tennis. It is well known that amateurs bargain for –
and receive – exorbitant expenses to compete at many tournaments. "We must take action on
our own account to make the game honest", said Derek Penmam of the British association.
"For too long now we have been governed by a set of amateur rules that are quite
unenforceable."[64]
During the first years of the Open Era, power struggles between the ILTF and the
commercial promoters led to boycotts of Grand Slam events. The first Open Era event was
the 1968 British Hard Court Championships held in April at The West Hants
Club in Bournemouth, England,[65] while the first open Grand Slam tournament was the 1968
French Open in May.[66] Both tournaments were won by Ken Rosewall. The Open Era allowed
all tennis players the opportunity to make a living by playing tennis.[67]
National Tennis League (NTL) and World Championship Tennis (WCT)
In 1968, a few professionals were independent, including Lew Hoad, Mal Anderson, Luis
Ayala, and Owen Davidson, but most of the best players were under contract. George McCall
operated the National Tennis League (NTL) and managed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés
Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Fred Stolle and Roy Emerson. Dave Dixon (later succeeded by
Lamar Hunt) ran World Championship Tennis (WCT) and managed the "Handsome
Eight": John Newcombe, Tony Roche, Nikola Pilić, Roger Taylor, Pierre Barthès, Earl "Butch"
Buchholz, Cliff Drysdale and Dennis Ralston. In 1968, none of the original Handsome Eight
WCT players participated in the French Open. In 1970, NTL players did not play in
the Australian Open because their organization did not receive a guarantee. In 1970, neither
WCT nor NTL players played in the French Open.

Grand Prix circuit

Main article: Grand Prix tennis circuit
In the first two years of the Open Era, the National Tennis League and WCT promoters began
to take control of the game. To outmaneuver them, Jack Kramer, the best player of the late
1940s / early 1950s, and at that time a promoter, conceived the Grand Prix tennis circuit in late
1969. He described it as:
. . . a series of tournaments with a money bonus pool that would be split up on the basis of a
cumulative point system. This would encourage the best players to compete regularly in the
series, so that they could share in the bonus at the end and qualify for a special championship
tournament that would climax the year.[68]
In 1970, none of the contract players participated in the French Open. The International
Lawn Tennis Federation, alarmed by the control of the promoters, approved Kramer's Grand
74
Prix. Twenty seven tournaments including the three Grand Slams, French Open, Wimbledon
and US Open were played that year, with Stockholm tournament ending on 1 November. The
independent professional players along with a few contract players, entered the Grand Prix
circuit. Contract players could play Grand Prix events provided their contracts allowed it, and
that they had adequate time apart from their own circuit.
Tour rivalries and the creation of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)
The first WCT tournaments were held in February 1968 and the first NTL tournaments in
March 1969. In July 1970, the WCT absorbed the NTL. At the end of 1970, a panel of journalists
ranked the players, leading the WCT to send invitations to the 32 top men to play the 1971
WCT circuit: among the 32, Ilie Năstase, Stan Smith, Jan Kodeš, Željko Franulović and Clark
Graebner stayed independent. In 1971, the WCT ran 20 tournaments, and concluded the year
with the WCT Finals. In 1971, the majority of the best players still mainly played the WCT
circuit. Thus, the 1971 Australian Open was a WCT competition whereas the French Open,
Wimbledon and U.S. Open were ILTF Grand Prix events.
By then, the rivalry between the two groups became so intense that Rosewall, Gimeno,
Laver, Emerson and some other WCT players boycotted the 1971 US Open (although
Newcombe played and lost in the first round to Kodes). Bill Riordan (the future manager
of Jimmy Connors) complicated matters further with a third professional tour, the U.S. Indoor
Circuit. In 1972, the conflict between the ILTF and the WCT culminated in the ILTF banning the
contract professional players from all ILTF Grand Prix events between January and July, which
included the 1972 French Open and 1972 Wimbledon.
At the 1972 US Open in September, all the players attended and agreed to form a player
syndicate to protect themselves from the promoters and associations, resulting in the creation
of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).
In 1973, there were four rival professional circuits: the WCT circuit, the Grand Prix circuit,
the U.S. Indoor Circuit with Connors and Ilie Năstase and the European Spring Circuit with
Năstase as their star. During the year, the ILTF banned Nikola Pilić from 1973 Wimbledon, due
to Pilic's alleged refusal to play in Yugoslavia's Davis Cup tie against New Zealand. In
retaliation, 81 out of 84 of Pilic's fellow players who were ATP members, boycotted 1973
Wimbledon in response, stating that professional players should have the right of deciding
whether to play Davis Cup matches or not. The only ATP players who refused to boycott 1973
Wimbledon were Ilie Năstase, Roger Taylor and Ray Keldie. They were later fined by the ATP
for their participation in the tournament.
Between 1974 and 1978, any tennis player who participated in the nascent World Team
Tennis, which conflicted with the European leg of the Grand Prix circuit, was banned by
the French Tennis Federation from playing in the French Open in the same calendar year.
Integration
In 1978 the ILTF Grand Prix and WCT circuits merged. However, In 1982, the WCT circuit
separated again and created a more complex WCT ranking, similar to the ATP ranking. The
WCT wasn't as successful in the 1980s, and the Grand Prix circuit became the primary circuit.
The Grand Prix's governance was led by the 'Men's International Professional Tennis
Council (MIPTC)' (also called the Men's Tennis Council (MTC)).[71] The WCT Finals in Dallas
continued being held until the end of the 1980s, and then disbanded with the creation of
the ATP Tour for 1990.
The Open Era, the global professional circuit, and television helped tennis spread globally and
shed its elitist, anglocentric image. In America in the 1970s, courts are a common feature of
public recreational facilities. Accordingly, in the 1970s the U.S. Open moved from the
posh West Side Tennis Club to a public park (the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis
Center, Flushing Meadows Park) that is accessible to anyone who buys a ticket.[72] About the
same time, the ruling body's name changed from the United States Lawn Tennis Association
to the United States Tennis Association.[73]
ATP Tour
In 1990, the Association of Tennis Professionals, led by Hamilton Jordan, replaced the MTC
as the governing body of men's professional tennis. They established the ATP Tour, and
packaged the nine most prestigious events as the "Championship Series - Single Tournament
75
Week", and beginning in 1996, as the "Super Nine". Twelve of the Grand Prix which were
slightly less prestigious than the first nine events were renamed as the "Championship Series
- Double Week" (meaning in most cases, 2 of those tournaments occurred the same week),
and commencing in 1996, as International Series Gold, while the remaining (approximately 60)
became known as the International Series. Winning a Super Nine tournament was worth
roughly half the points (370) of winning a Grand Slam tournament (750), while International
Series Gold tournament was worth as much as 360 points depending on the total prize money.
The format continued until 2000 at which time the Super Nine were renamed the Masters Series
(the winner being awarded 500 points), occupying the rank below the Grand Slams (1000
points for the winner), and the International Series Gold were renamed to simply the
Championship Series (worth 250 to 300 points for the winner). In 2000, the Grand Slam
tournaments and the Masters Series tournaments became mandatory professional events if a
player's ranking qualifies them for the tournament. Players were automatically entered and
Masters and Slam events became the baseline for player rankings with up to an additional 5
tournaments also counted (18 in all plus the ATP Finals if they qualify). Before 2000, a players'
best 14 tournaments were counted towards the ATP Point Rankings.
In 2009, the Masters events were renamed the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 with
the Monte-Carlo Masters becoming a non-mandatory event, meaning a player could use his
results from a lower-level tournament in place of it. International Series Gold became the ATP
World Tour 500 and the remaining events became the ATP World Tour 250. The numbers in
the tournament type name indicate the winners' ranking points. By way of comparison, a winner
of one of the four Grand Slam tournaments is awarded 2000 points. In 2009, a greater
emphasis began to be placed on winning a tournament, as the points awarded to the runner-
up dropped from 70% of the champion's points to 60% (i.e. from 700 points to 600 points in a
Masters 1000 event). Points also began to be awarded for Davis Cup singles play.
Women's professional tennis
Women's professional tennis began in 1926, when world number one female
player Suzanne Lenglen accepted $50,000 for a series of matches against three-time US
Champion Mary K. Browne. The series ended in 1927, and the women did not compete as
professionals again until 1941 when Alice Marble headlined a tour against Mary Hardwick.
World War II hindered most professional competitions and many players were involved with
entertaining the troops. In 1947, women professionals were again in action with a short-lived
series of exhibition matches between Pauline Betz and Sarah Palfrey Cooke, both U.S.
National Champions. In 1950 and 1951, Bobby Riggs signed Betz and Gussie Moran to play a
pro tour with Jack Kramer and Pancho Segura, wherein Betz dominated Moran. Althea
Gibson turned professional in 1958 and joined with Karol Fageros ("the Golden Goddess") as
the opening act for the Harlem Globetrotters for one season.
There was virtually no further women's professional tennis until 1967, when promoter
George McCall signed Billie Jean King, Ann Jones, Françoise Dürr, and Rosie Casals to join
his tour of eight men for two years. The professional women then played as independents as
the Open Era began.
In 1970, promoter for the Pacific Southwest Championships in Los Angeles Jack
Kramer offered the women only $7,500 in prize money versus the men's total of $50,000. When
Kramer refused to match the men's prize money, King and Casals urged the other women to
boycott.
Gladys Heldman, American publisher of World Tennis magazine, responded with a
separate women's tour under the sponsorship of Virginia Slims cigarettes. In 1971 and 1972
the WT Women's Pro Tour offered nearly ten times the prize money of other pro women's
tennis events. The USLTA initially would not sanction the tour; however, the two groups
determined to give Virginia Slims the individual events, and the USLTA the tour, thus resolving
the conflict. In 1973, the U.S. Open made history by offering equal prize money to men and
women. Billie Jean King, the most visible advocate for the women's cause, earned over
$100,000 in 1971 and 1972.
In the famous Battle of the Sexes exhibition match against the vocally sexist Bobby
Riggs in September 1973, King brought even more media attention to tennis, and to women
professionals in all walks of life by beating Riggs.

76
 The Women's Tennis Association, formed in 1973, is the principal organizing body of
women's professional tennis, organizing the worldwide, professional WTA Tour. From 1984–
98, the finals matches of the championship event were best-of-five, uniquely among women's
tournaments. In 1999, the finals reverted to best-of-three. The WTA Tour Championships are
generally considered to be the women's fifth most prestigious event (after the four Grand
Slam tournaments.) Sponsors have included Virginia Slims (1971–78), Avon (1979–82),
Virginia Slims again (1983–94), J.P. Morgan Chase (1996–2000), Sanex (2001) Home
Depot (2002), and Sony Ericsson (2006).

International Tennis Hall of Fame

In 1954, James Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a non-profit museum
in Newport, Rhode Island.[76] The building contains a large collection of memorabilia as well
as honoring prominent players and others. Each year, a grass-court tournament takes place
on its grounds, as well as an induction ceremony honoring new members.

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 17 EQUIPMENTS IN LAWN TENNIS

Racket, tennis ball, shoes, and a dress code are mandatory equipment for the sport.
Apart from player needs, the tennis court needs a net to separate playing area of each player.
Know about these equipment in detail below.

Racket

Rackets can be made of many alloys or wood. There

are no restrictions on the size or materials used in making
a racket. It has an oval head and a gradually widening
throat that connects the narrow handle with the head of the
racket.
The head of the racket is tightly woven with strings
which are made of various materials like nylon, gut or
synthetic gut. The handles are covered with leather or
nylon for a better grip.

Ball

As per ITF rules, Tennis balls are yellow colored

spherical balls, with a diameter between 2.5 and 2.625 inches.
They weigh between 2 and 21/16 oz. Pressurized rubber is
used to make semi spherical half shells. They are then joined
with compressed air between them.
The spherical balls are covered with bright yellow
colored felt. Kids aged ten and under play with different
colored balls. They move slower, bounce lower. They are also
softer and larger and are easy for kids to hit them.

77
Net

A rectangular net is used to separate the two

sides of a Tennis court. The net should cover the
space between the two net posts. The net is woven
in such a way that it does not allow the Tennis ball
to pass through. It is usually tied in about 3 feet
above the ground at the centre.

Wrist bands
Wrist bands are worn around wrists to prevent sweat from wetting the players’ palm or the
racket. A wet grip might not be strong.

Head band
Headbands are used to absorb sweat. They also tie player’s hair away from their face. Any
tight cap made of absorbent material can also be used instead of a head band.

Tennis shoes

Just running shoes don’t provide enough lateral

support to players. Tennis shoes are designed to
give players better stability and prevent them from
sliding while moving sideways. Shoes shouldn’t
damage the court when players move briskly across
the court.

Dress
Men wear T-Shirts or shirts made of materials like polyester that does not absorb sweat
and keeps the player cool. They wear shorts that do not cover their knees.

Though women are advised to wear just any comfortable dress, of late many Tennis
champions try to make a style statement with their carefully designed clothes. Many players
prefer wearing a tank top or a T-shirt on a short skirt.

78
 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 18. MANNER OF PLAYING IN LAWN TENNIS

In this chapter, we will discuss about all the popular terms used while playing Tennis.
Understanding the service line, base line, side lines, and center line are very important and all
these were discussed in earlier chapters. The following terms are used during the play.
• Serve − A player standing behind the baseline tosses the ball in air to hit with racket before it
bounces on the ground. The ball then has to fly above the net and pitch in opponent’s service
area. The ball then travels further for opposite player to hit. This is called a serve. Importantly,
the players have to stand diagonally on the court while serving to each other. Every first serve
of game has to start from right half of the court.

• Ace − A correct serve is considered ace if the opponent player is unable to hit and return the
ball with his racket.
• Deuce − When both players have scores of 40 then, it is called Deuce.
• Advantage − The next point won by a player after deuce gets advantage point. It is equal to
game point. If this point is broken by opponent in next serve then, they get back to deuce.
• Game Point − The last point of a game is called game point.
• Set Point − The last point of game when the player serves to win the set.
• Break Point − The last point of a game that opponent player wins while the other serves.
• Match Point − The last point of the match where a player is about to win over his opponent.
• First and second serve − The number of times a player gets the first serve correct is analyzed
in percentages. In case the first serve goes wrong, then next attempt to serve is called second
serve.
• Rally − A correct serve returned by opponent player for serving player to be hit and the
continuous shots between the players is called rally. Most importantly, the players returning
the ball have to hit it over the net and ensure it pitches within area of sideline and baseline of
opponent player.
• Volley − It is an aggressive move by a player where she/he swiftly run towards the net and
take the ball on full during a rally. This gives the player a better opportunity to place the ball
well in opponent’s court and ensure opponent misses it to gain a point.
• Let − Chair umpire calls ‘Let’ when a player’s serve is good but the ball touches net strap
before reaching the opponent. In such case, the serving player gets another chance to serve.
Let is not a fault until it is not repeated. It also doesn’t discard any service foul made just before
a let.
• Advantage Set − The final set of a tennis match is called advantage set. This set doesn’t have
a tie-breaker instead; the player has to maintain difference of two games after winning 6
games. The set continues till one of them achieves the target.
79
• Tie-break Set − All the other sets except the final one are tie-break sets. In a situation where
both players/teams win six games each, a tie-breaker is initiated. Single points are given to
players/teams who win each serve. The first player to score seven points and maintains a
difference of two points over opponent is declared winner of the set.
• Umpire − There are line umpires and a chair umpire in a professional tennis match. Line
umpires keep a close eye on the ball pitching on or outside the sidelines and baselines. The
chair umpire manages rest of the proceedings.
• Ball in play − When a player unintentionally hits a fixed structure like net post or strap during
a rally and ball bounces in opponent’s court then, it is considered as ball in play. In case, the
ball bounces back to same side then, opponent gets a point.
• Forehand − A shot played with racket where the palm faces in direction of the shot.
• Backhand − A shot played with arms holding the racket across the body and back of hand
facing in direction of the shot.

When it comes to playing tennis, players need to have lot of stamina and physical strength. A
player has to run corner to corner of his/her end to return the shot played by opponent. Of
course, every sport requires mental preparedness and perseverance to come out victorious.
The game starts with a toss. Chair umpire tosses the coin and one player calls ‘Head’ or ‘Tail’.
Player who wins the toss has option to choose a side of the court or serve first. If the player
chooses side of the court then, the opponent player gets to serve first and vice versa.

SELF–CHECK!

1. Are worn around wrists to prevent sweat from wetting the players’ palm or the
racket. A wet grip might not be strong.
2. A correct serve is considered ace if the opponent player is unable to hit and return
the ball with his racket.
3. A shot played with racket where the palm faces in direction of the shot.
4. A shot played with arms holding the racket across the body and back of hand
facing in direction of the shot.
5. A situation where both players/teams win six games each, a tie-breaker is initiated.
6. The last point of a game is called_____.
7. The last point of a game that opponent player wins while the other serves.
8. When both players have scores of 40 then, it is called_________
9. The next point won by a player after deuce gets advantage point. It is equal to
game point.
10. A correct serve returned by opponent player for serving player to be hit and the
continuous shots between the players is called________.

80
 The player serving first stands behind the base line on right half of the court and serves
the ball. The player also has to ensure not to touch or cross the centre mark on baseline. The
serving player has to stand within sideline and centre mark. The player receiving the ball can
stand inside or outside the baseline as per her/his convenience and strategy. A correct serve
done could be returned by the opponent player and it converts into a rally of continuous shots.
Either of the players could end up with a shot outside baseline or sideline for it to be called
‘Out’. The opponent player gets a point.
The serving player gets to serve till the game is won by the player or opponent. Later,
the serve shifts to opponent player and game continues till either of them wins set and match.
During the course of the game, the players change ends after odd number of games are
played. The change in ends is applicable during a tie-break too.
The serve shifts to opponent player after completion of a game. The game of tennis is
counted by number of sets per match. Gentlemen play five sets a match and ladies play three
sets a match. Each set has even number of games played. A player is considered to have won
a set when she/he wins six games and maintains a minimum difference of two games with
opponent. Similarly, a gentleman is decided winner when he wins three out five sets. A lady is
declared victorious when she wins two out of three sets played.
Singles, Doubles, and Mixed Doubles are the three variants of Tennis. We will discuss
about these in the next chapter. In a doubles match, the serve shifts to opponent after every
game and alternately between the partners. Who serves/receives first is decided amongst
partners in a doubles match.
When both players/teams have won six games each in a set, a tie-breaker situation
arises. In a tie-breaker, each player gets to serve twice. However, the player serving first will
do it once and the serve shifts to opponent player. In the next turn, the player who began tie-
break gets to serve twice. The tie-breaker continues till one of the players score seven points
and maintains a two point difference with opponent. By doing so, the player is declared as
winner of tie-breaker and set too.

Scoring
Scoring in a tennis match is little different when compared to other racket sports. The first
point won by a player is given 15, followed by 30, 40 and game point.
During a game, there is every possibility that opponent player wins a point too. In such case,
the scores read 0-15, 15-15, 30-30, 40-40 (deuce), advantage, and game point.
When the score reads 0-15, it means that opponent player has scored point over serving
player. Similarly, the score can read up to 0-40 and game point. This is called service
break where a player wins the game while the opponent served.
The scoring varies for a tie-breaker though. The points won by a player are given as ‘One’,
‘Two’, ‘Three’, etc. Like mentioned earlier, the player who first wins seven points and maintains
two point lead over opponent is declared winner of tie-break.

81
 Fouls
Service Fault
During a serve, if the ball pitches outside the service line or sideline, or even hits the net
then, it is called a faulty serve. There are multiple rules for service fault.
• The serving player should not touch the baseline or sideline while serving the ball.
• If the serving player misses to hit the ball after tossing then, it is defined as service fault.
• A player is not allowed to run or walk while serving the ball. She/he is allowed to lift one or both
legs while serving.
• Double Fault
If first and second serves happen to hit the net then, it is called double fault. Another
instance of double fault is to serve the ball twice outside the service line.
Apart from these fouls, there are certain time bound fouls that a player may commit. A
player is permitted to recover within a time limit from injury by treatment during course of the
game. The physio or medic attends the player for treatment. In case the player does not
recover then, the opponent is declared winner.
Refreshment break is given to players between games and every set. These breaks are time
bound and players have to abide them else, have to pay penalty.

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 19: TYPES OF COURT IN LAWN TENNIS

There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used for the court surface: clay
courts, hard courts, grass courts and carpet courts. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) lists
different surfaces and properties and classifies surfaces into one of five pace settings

Grass courts

Grass courts aren’t very common and are

more often found in the professional circuit
mostly because they are so difficult to
maintain. The surface is slippery which
makes the ball bounce faster and lower to
the ground. The Grand Slam tournament
known as Wimbledon takes place in the UK
and features grass tennis courts. The UK is the most popular destination for grass court
tennis, so if you’d like to try out your game on a grass court, consider playing tennis in the
UK

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Clay courts

Clay courts are a bit more common than grass

courts especially in Europe and South America. The
name is slightly deceiving because the surface is not
exactly made of clay. Rather, red clay courts are
made of crushed brick, and green clay courts are
made of metabasalt. On clay, balls bounce
slower and higher (the complete opposite of grass
courts), favoring strong baseline players who play
with a lot of topspin. Another core characteristic of
clay courts is the ability to slide and hit the ball with still
in motion. The most famous clay tournament is the
Grand Slam French Open which takes place in France. That being said, the real champion
of clay is the Spaniard Rafael Nadal who has more victories on clay than any other player
to date. To try out your game on clay, check out these tennis academies in
France and tennis academies in Spain.

Hard courts

Hard courts, made of concrete or asphalt, are

fairly common throughout the world. On these courts,
the ball bounces relatively fast (slightly slower than
grass courts), but also relatively high. The game is
easier to control on hard courts because the bounce
of the ball is quite predictable. That being said, on
hard courts, players can practice applying all different
kinds of strokes and spin for a more dynamic game.
Two Grand Slam tournaments, the US Open and the
Australian Open feature hard courts. Play
some tennis is the USA to try out your game on a hard court.

Synthetic, carpet, or indoor courts

Carpet, in tennis, refers to any removable court covering. These types of surfaces
vary in terms of materials, textures and thicknesses. On these courts, the ball bounces fast
and low, much like real grass courts.Carpet courts have been banned from professional
tournaments by the ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) since 2009.

83
 Type s of te nnis court s and your pe rsonal st yl e

Fast surfaces like grass and hard courts favor one style of play while clay courts favor a different
style of play. Read the sections below to discover what types of tennis courts would be best for
you.

Slow courts

Slow courts make the ball bounce higher and

slower. Therefore, players have more time to prepare their strokes.
On clay courts, points are usually slower, and matches are longer.
In addition, players often find themselves sliding along the courts. In
general, clay courts are hard on the body, leaving players more tired
after matches than they would be on grass or hard surface courts.
Clay courts favor base-line players who prefer to wait for the ball at
the back of the court rather than approach the net.
Fast courts
Fast courts make the ball bounce faster and lower,
especially grass courts. Players must move fast and play with
short strokes because the speed of the ball leaves little time
for preparation. This means, on fast courts, players should be
aggressive, cutting off angles, and approaching the net as
much as possible. A strong service game is also important for
fast court players. A fast and effective serve can help
players to begin the point aggressively and maintain control.

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 20. SCORING IN LAWN TENNIS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Each tennis match is made up of two to three sets. To win a set, you must win at least
six games. The games are scored starting at "love" (or zero) and go up to 40, but that's actually
just four points. From love, the first point is 15, then 30, then 40, then game point, which wins
the game.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The tennis scoring system is a way to keep track of tennis matches (including pick-up
games). Some tennis matches are played as part of a tournament. (Tournaments may have
various categories, such as singles and doubles.) The great majority are organized as a single-
elimination tournament, with competitors being eliminated after a single loss, and the overall
winner being the last competitor without a loss. Optimally, such tournaments have a number of
competitors equal to a power of two in order to fully fill out a single elimination bracket. In many
professional and top-level amateur events, the brackets are seeded according to a recognized
ranking system, in order to keep the best players in the field from facing each other until as late
84
in the tournament as possible; additionally, if byes are necessary because of a less-than-full
bracket, those byes in the first round are usually given to the highest-seeded competitors.
A tennis match is composed of points, games, and sets. A set consists of a number of
games (a minimum of six), which in turn each consist of points. A set is won by the first side to
win 6 games, with a margin of at least 2 games over the other side (e.g. 6–3 or 7–5). If the set
is tied at six games each, a tie-break is usually played to decide the set. A match is won when
a player or a doubles team has won the majority of the prescribed number of sets. Matches
employ either a best-of-three (first to two sets wins) or best-of-five (first to three sets wins) set
format. The best-of-five set format is usually only used in the men's singles or doubles matches
at Grand Slam and Davis Cup mat.

Game score
Description
A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by
the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two points or more over their
opponent. Normally the server's score is always called first and the receiver's score second.
Score calling in tennis is unusual in that (except in tie-breaks) each point has a corresponding
call that is different from its point value. The current point score is announced orally before
each point by the judge, or by the server if there is no judge.

Number of Corresponding
points won call

0 "love"

1 "15"

2 "30"

3 "40"

4 Game
For instance, if the server has won three points so far in the game, and the non-server
has won one, the score is "40–15".
When both sides have won the same number of points within a given game—i.e., when each
side has won one, or two, points—the score is described as "15–all" and "30–all", respectively.
However, if each player has won three points, the score is called as "deuce", not "40–all”. From
that point on in the game, whenever the score is tied, it is described as "deuce" regardless of
how many points have been played.
In standard play, scoring beyond a "deuce" score, in which both players have scored
three points each, requires that one player must get two points ahead in order to win the game.
This type of tennis scoring is known as "advantage scoring" (or "ads"). The side which wins the
next point after deuce is said to have the advantage. If they lose the next point, the score is
again deuce, since the score is tied. If the side with the advantage wins the next point, that side
has won the game, since they have a lead of two points. When the server is the player with the
advantage, the score may be called as "advantage in". When the server's opponent has the
advantage, the score may be called as "advantage out". These phrases are sometimes
shortened to "ad in" or "van in" (or "my ad") and "ad out" (or "your ad"). Alternatively, the players'
names are used: in professional tournaments the umpire announces the score in this format
(e.g., "advantage Nadal" or "advantage Williams").
In the USTA rule book (but not the ITF rules), there is the following comment: “ ‘Zero,’
’one,’ ’two,’ and ’three,’ may be substituted for ’Love,’ ’15,’ ’30,’ and ’40.’ ” This is particularly
appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not
understand English.’[2]
For tie-breaks, the calls are simply the number of points won by each player.

85
Tie-break scoring

Score Corresponding
call
1–0 "One, zero"

4–3 "Four, three"

4–4, 5–5, 6–6, etc. "Four-all", "five-all", "six-all", etc.

4–7, 10–8, etc. "set"

History
The origins of the 15, 30, and 40 scores are believed to be medieval French. The earliest
reference is in a ballad by Charles D'Orleans in 1435 which refers to quarante cinque ("forty-
five"), which gave rise to modern 40. In 1522, there is a sentence in Latin "we are winning 30,
we are winning 45". The first recorded theories about the origin of 15 were published in 1555
and 1579. However, the origins of this convention remain obscure. [3]
It is sometimes believed that clock faces were used to keep score on court, with a quarter
move of the minute hand to indicate a score of 15, 30, and 45. When the hand moved to 60,
the game was over. However, in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one-
point difference in players' scores, the idea of "deuce" was introduced. To make the score stay
within the "60" ticks on the clock face, the 45 was changed to 40. Therefore, if both players had
40, the first player to score would receive ten, and that would move the clock to 50. If the player
scored a second time before the opponent is able to score, they would be awarded another ten
and the clock would move to 60. The 60 signifies the end of the game. However, if a player
fails to score twice in a row, then the clock would move back to 40 to establish another
"deuce".[4][5]
Although this suggestion might sound attractive, the first reference to tennis scoring (as
mentioned above) is in the 15th century, and at that time clocks measured only the hours (1 to
12). It was not until about 1690, when the more accurate pendulum escapement was invented,
that clocks regularly had minute hands. So the concept of tennis scores originating from the
clock face could not have come from medieval times.[6]
Another theory is that the scoring nomenclature came from the French game jeu de
paume (a precursor to tennis which initially used the hand instead of a racket). Jeu de paume
was very popular before the French Revolution, with more than 1,000 courts in Paris alone.
The traditional court was 90 feet (pieds du roi) in length with 45 feet on each side. When the
server scored, he or she moved forward 15 feet. If the server scored again, he or she would
move another 15 feet. If the server scored a third time, he or she could only move 10 feet
closer.[7]
The origin of the use of "love" for zero is also disputed. The most likely explanation is that
it derives from the French expression for "the egg" (l'œuf) because an egg looks like the number
zero.[8][9] This is similar to the origin of the term "duck" in cricket, supposedly from "duck's egg",
referring to a batsman who has been called out without scoring a run. Another possibility comes
from the Dutch expression iets voor lof doen, which means to do something for praise, implying
no monetary stakes.[10] Another theory on the origins of the use of "love" comes from the notion
that, at the start of any match, when scores are at zero, players still have "love for each
other".[11]
Alternative ("no-ad") game scoring
A popular alternative to advantage scoring is "no-advantage" (or "no-ad") scoring, created
by James Van Alen in order to shorten match playing time.[12] No-advantage scoring is a
scoring method in which the first player to reach four points wins the game. No-ad scoring
eliminates the requirement that a player must win by two points. Therefore, if the game is tied
at deuce, the next player to win a point wins the game. This method of scoring is used in

86
most World TeamTennis matches.[13][14] When this style of play is implemented, at deuce, the
receiver then chooses from which side of the court he or she desires to return the serve.
However, in no-ad mixed doubles play, each gender always serves to the same gender at
game point and during the final point of tiebreaks.[15]

Set score
Description
In tennis, a set consists of a sequence of games played with alternating service and return
roles. There are two types of set formats that require different types of scoring. [1]
An advantage set is played until a player or team has won at least 6 games and that
player or team has a 2-game lead over their opponent(s). The set continues, without
tiebreak(er), until a player or team wins the set by 2 games. Advantage sets are no longer
played under the rules of the United States Tennis Association,[16] nor in the Australian
Open starting from 2019;[17] however, they are still used in the final sets in men's and women's
singles in the French Open and Fed Cup. Wimbledon uses a unique scoring system for the last
set where the players continue to play after 6–6 as in an advantage set until a player earns a
2-game lead. However, if the players reach 12–12, a 7-point tie-breaker is played to determine
the winner. Mixed doubles at the Grand Slams (except for Wimbledon) are a best-of-three
format with the final set being played as a "Super Tie Break" (sometimes referred to as a "best
of two" format) except at Wimbledon, which still plays a best-of-three match with the final set
played as an advantage set and the first two played as tie-break sets.
A tie-break set is played with the same rules as the advantage set, except that when the
score is tied at 6–6, a tie-break game (or tiebreaker) is played. Typically, the tie-break game
continues until one side has won seven points with a margin of two or more points. However,
many tie-break games are played with different tiebreak point requirements, such as 8 or 10
points. Often, a 7-point tie-breaker is played when the set score is tied at 6–6 to determine who
wins the set. If the tiebreak score gets to 6–6, then whichever player to win the best of two
points wins the set.[18]
The score of games within a set is counted in the ordinary manner, except that when a
player or team has a score of no games it is read as "love". The score is written using digits
separated by a dash. This score is announced by the judge or server at the start of each game.

Corresponding
Example set scores
verbal score

0–0 "love – love"

7–5 "set"

3–6 "set"

In doubles, service alternates between the teams. One player serves for an entire service
game, with that player's partner serving for the entirety of the team's next service game. Players
of the receiving team receive the serve on alternating points, with each player of the receiving
team declaring which side of the court (deuce or ad side) they will receive serve on for the
duration of the set. Teams alternate service games every game.
Comparison
Advantage sets sometimes continue much longer than tie-break sets. The 2010
Wimbledon first-round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut, which is the longest
professional tennis match in history, notably ended with Isner winning the fifth set by 70–68.
The match lasted in total 11 hours and five minutes, with the fifth set alone lasting eight hours,
87
11 minutes. Whoever wins by a margin of two wins the set, but this could take a very long time
to finish.
Nevertheless, even tie-break sets can last a long time. For instance, once players reach
6–6 set score and also reach 6–6 tiebreaker score, play must continue until one player has a
2-point advantage, which can take a considerable time. Sets decided by tiebreakers, however,
are typically significantly shorter than extended advantage sets.
The set is won by the first player (or team) to have won at least six games and at least
two games more than his or her opponent. Traditionally, sets would be played until both these
criteria had been met, with no maximum number of games. To shorten matches, James Van
Alen created a tie-breaker system, which was widely introduced in the early 1970s. If the score
reaches 6–5 (or 5–6), one further game is played. If the leading player wins this game, the set
is won 7–5 (or 5–7). If the trailing player wins the game, the score is tied at 6–6 and a special
tiebreaker game is played. The winner of the tiebreak wins the set by a score of 7–6 (or 6–7).
The tiebreak is sometimes not employed for the final set of a match and an advantage
set is used instead. Therefore, the deciding set must be played until one player or team has
won two more games than the opponent. Of the major tennis championships, this now only
applies in the French Open. In the US Open, a tiebreak is played in the deciding set (fifth set
for the men, third set for the women) at 6–6. Starting in 2019, in Wimbledon, a tiebreak will be
played if the score reaches 12–12 in the final set. In the Australian Open, a "first to 10" tiebreak
is played in the deciding set if it reaches 6–6.[19][20] (When the tiebreak was first introduced at
Wimbledon in 1971, it was invoked at 8–8 rather than 6–6.) The US Open formerly held "Super
Saturday" where the two men's semi-finals were played along with the women's final on the
second Saturday of the event; therefore a tie-break was more prudent where player rest and
scheduling is more important.
Scoring a tiebreak game
At a score of 6–6, a set is often determined by one more game called a "twelve point
tiebreaker" (or just "tiebreak"). Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the
set; the score of the resulting completed set is 7–6 or 6–7 (though it can be 6–6 if a player
retires before completion).[21]
Points are counted using ordinary numbering. The set is won by the player who has
scored at least seven points in the tiebreak and at least two points more than their opponent.
For example, if the score is 6 points to 5 and the player with 6 points wins the next point, they
win the tiebreak (7 points to 5), as well as the set (7 games to 6). If the player with 5 points
wins the point instead (for a score of 6–6), the tiebreak continues and cannot be won on the
next point (7–6 or 6–7), since no player will be two points ahead. In the scoring of the set,
sometimes the tiebreak points are shown as well as the game count, e.g., 7–610–8. Another way
of listing the score of the tiebreak is to list only the loser's points. For example, if the set score
is listed as 7–6(8), the tiebreak score was 10–8 (since the 8 is the loser's score, and the winner
must win by two points). Similarly, 7–6(3) means the tiebreak score was 7–3.
The player who would normally be serving after 6–6 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak,
and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player. The server begins his or her
service from the deuce court and serves one point. After the first point, the serve changes to
the first server's opponent. Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder
of the tiebreak. The first of each two-point sequence starts from the server's advantage
court and the second starts from the deuce court. In this way, the sum of the scores is even
when the server serves from the deuce court. After every six points, the players switch ends of
the court; note that the side-changes during the tiebreak will occur in the middle of a server's
two-point sequence. At the end of the tiebreak, the players switch ends of the court again, since
the set score is always odd (13 games).
An alternative tie-break system called the "Coman Tie-Break" is sometimes used by the
United States Tennis Association. Scoring is the same, but end changes take place after the
first point and then after every four points. This approach allows the servers of doubles teams
to continue serving from the same end of the court as during the body of the set. It also reduces
the advantage the elements (e.g. wind and sun) could give playing the first six points of a
seven-point tiebreak on one side of the court.

88
The French open is the only Grand Slam or professional tournament where in the fifth set at 6-
6 a tiebreak is not played and rather games are continued to be played out until a 2 game lead
occurs.
History of the tiebreak
The tiebreaker – more recently shortened to just "tiebreak", though both terms are still
used interchangeably – was invented by James Van Alen and unveiled in 1965 as an
experiment at the pro tournament he sponsored at Newport Casino, Rhode Island, [22] after an
earlier, unsuccessful attempt to speed up the game by the use of his so-called "Van Alen
Streamlined Scoring System" ("VASSS"). For two years before the Open Era, in 1955 and
1956, the United States Pro Championship in Cleveland, Ohio, was played by VASSS rules.
The scoring was the same as that in table tennis, with sets played to 21 points and players
alternating five services, with no second service. The rules were created partially to limit the
effectiveness of the powerful service of the reigning professional champion, Pancho Gonzales.
Even with the new rules, however, Gonzales beat Pancho Segura in the finals of both
tournaments. Even though the 1955 match went to 5 sets, with Gonzales barely holding on to
win the last one 21–19, it is reported to have taken 47 minutes to complete. [23] The fans
attending the matches preferred the traditional rules, however, and in 1957 the tournament
reverted to the old method of scoring.
Van Alen called his innovation a "tiebreaker", and he actually proposed two different kinds
or versions of it: best-five-of-nine-points tiebreaker and best-seven-of-12-points
tiebreaker.[22] The first lasts a maximum of 9 points, and awards victory in the set to whichever
player or team first reaches 5 points – even if the other player or team already has 4; the margin
of victory can be a single point. Because this "9-point" tiebreaker must end after a maximum of
9 points, even if neither player or team has a 2-point (or greater) margin, Van Alen also called
it a "sudden-death tiebreaker" (If and when the score reached four points all, both players faced
simultaneous set point and/or match point.). This type of tiebreaker had its Grand Slam debut
at 1970 US Open and was employed there until 1974. Apart from being used for 5 years at US
Open it was also used 1 year at Wimbledon and for a while on the Virginia Slims circuit and in
American Colleges.
The other type of tiebreaker Van Alen introduced is the "12-point" tiebreaker that is most
familiar and widely used today. Because it ends as soon as either player or team reaches 7
points – provided that that player or team leads the other at that point by at least two points –
it can actually be over in as few as 7 points. However, because the winning player or
team must win by a margin of at least two points, a "12-point" tiebreaker may go beyond 12
points – sometimes well beyond. That is why Van Alen derisively likened it to a "lingering
death", in contrast to the 9-point (or fewer) "sudden-death tiebreaker" that he recommended
and preferred.
The impetus to use some kind of a tie-breaking procedure gained force after a
monumental 1969 struggle at Wimbledon between Pancho Gonzales and Charlie Pasarell.
This was a 5-set match that lasted five hours and 12 minutes and took 2 days to complete. In
the fifth set the 41-year-old Gonzales won all seven match points that Pasarell had against him,
twice coming back from 0–40 deficits. The final score was 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9 for
Gonzales.
The tiebreaker gave tennis a definite "finish line".
In what follows, the "final set" means the fifth set for best-of-five matches, and the third set for
best-of-three matches.
In 1971, the nine-point tiebreaker was introduced at Wimbledon (the first scoring change at
Wimbledon in 94 years).[22]
In 1972, Wimbledon put into effect a 12-point tiebreaker when the score in a set reached 8–8
in games unless the set was such that one of the players could achieve a match victory by
winning it.[22]
In 1979, Wimbledon changed their rules so that a (12-point) tiebreak would be played once any
set except the final set reached 6–6 in games.
In 1989, the Davis Cup adopted the tie-break in all sets except for the final set, and then
extended it to the final set starting in 2016.
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In 2001, the Australian Open replaced the deciding third set of mixed doubles with an eighteen-
point "match tiebreak" (first to ten points and win by two points wins the match). [24] Despite
some criticism of the change by fans and former pros,[25] the US Open (from 2003) and the
French Open (from 2007) have followed the Australian Open in using the same format for mixed
doubles. Wimbledon continues to play a traditional best of three match, with a tie-break in the
final set at 12–12 (advantage set was played before 2019).
Tie-break sets are now nearly universal in all levels of play, for all sets in a match;
however, the tie-break is not a compulsory element in any set, and the actual formatting of sets
and tie-breaks depends on the tournament director in tournaments, and, in private matches,
on the players' agreement before play begins. Currently, the French Open is the only
tournament to not use a tie-break for the deciding set in singles. Tie-breaks were not used in
the final set in the Australian Open for singles before 2019, Wimbledon before 2019, or the Fed
Cup before 2019, nor were they used for final sets in Davis Cup play or the Olympics before
2016. The US Open has used a tiebreak in the final set, both in singles and in doubles, since
1970, and was the only major tournament to use a tiebreak in the final set for singles before
2019. However, the Australian Open and French Open do use a final set tiebreak in both men's
and women's doubles.
After criticism of two lengthy semifinals in the 2018 Men's Singles, Wimbledon announced
the 2019 Championships would use final-set tiebreaks if the score reaches 12 games
all.[26][27] The first such was in the Men's Doubles third round, with Henri Kontinen and John
Peers defeating Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury.[28]
Shortly following Wimbledon's final set tiebreak introduction announcement, the Australian
Open also for their 2019 tournament has now introduced a "super-tiebreak" at 6-6 for both
singles and doubles (but not mixed doubles) in the final set, replacing the previous format in
which the final set would continue until one player was ahead by two games. The new format
for the final set is similar to the "12-point tiebreaker", but with the winner being the first to 10
points instead of 7 (and they must still win by 2 points).[29] Tennis Australia has called this a
"10-point tiebreak", though this is inconsistent with the reasoning behind the naming of the "12-
point tiebreaker", which represents the minimum total number of points (a score of 7–5); the
same reasoning would make the new format an "18-point tiebreaker" with a minimum winning
score of 10–8.[17]
As of 2019, the French Open remains the only one among the grand slam tournaments that
does not utilize any form of a tie-break for singles in the final set; each of the four grand slam
tournaments have now effectively adopted different rules governing how the final set for singles
will be concluded in close matches.
Alternative set scoring format
While traditional sets continue until a player wins at least six games by a margin of at least two
games there are some alternative set scoring formats in use. A common alternative set format
is the eight or nine game pro set. Instead of playing until one player reaches six games with a
margin of two games, one plays until one player wins eight or nine games with a margin of two
games. A tie-break is then played at eight or nine games all. While the format is not used in
modern professional matches or recognized by the ITF rules, it was supposedly used in early
professional tours. It is commonly utilized in various amateur leagues and high school tennis
as a shorter alternative to a best of three match, but longer than a traditional tie-break set. In
addition, eight game pro sets were used during doubles for all Division I college dual matches,
until the 2014–2015 season.[12]
Another alternative set format are so called "short sets" where the first to four games to win by
two games. In this format a tie-break is played at four games all. The ITF experimented with
this format in low level Davis Cup matches, but the experiment was not continued.
Nevertheless, this alternative remains as an acceptable alternative in the ITF rules of Tennis. [1]
Another alternative set format is seen in World Team Tennis where the winner of a set is the
first to win five games and a nine-point tie-break is played at 4–4.
An alternative to Tennis Australia's Fast4 shorter scoring method is Thirty30 tennis where every
game starts at 30–30. Thirty30 (T30) is a shortened format of tennis and can be described as
the tennis equivalent of the Twenty20 (T20) format of cricket. Sets are rather short: One set is
generally played in 20 minutes.
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Match score
Description
The winner is the side that wins more than half of the sets, and the match ends as soon
as this is achieved. Men's matches may be the best of either three or five sets, while women's
and mixed doubles matches are usually best of three sets.
The alternation of service between games continues throughout the match without regard
to sets, but the ends are changed after each odd game within a set (including the last game).
If, for example, the second set of a match ends with the score at 6–3, 1–6, the ends are
changed as the last game played was the 7th (odd) game of the set and in spite of it being the
16th (even) game of the match. Even when a set ends with an odd game, ends are again
changed after the first game of the following set. A tiebreaker game is treated as a single game
for the purposes of this alternation. Since tiebreakers always result in a score of 7–6, there is
always a court change after the tiebreaker.
The score of a complete match may be given simply by sets won, or with the scores in
each set given separately. In either case, the match winner's score is stated first. In the former,
shorter form, a match might be listed as 3–1 (i.e. three sets to one). In the latter form, this same
match might be further described as "7–5, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 7–6(8–6)". (As noted above, an alternate
form of writing the tiebreak score lists only the loser's score – e.g., "7–6(6)" for the fourth set in
the example.) This match was won three sets to one, with the match loser winning the second
set on a tiebreaker. The numbers in parentheses, normally included in printed score lines but
omitted when spoken, indicate the duration of the tiebreaker following a given set. Here, the
match winner lost the second-set tiebreaker 7–4 and won the fourth-set tiebreaker 8–6.
Total points won
Because tennis is scored set by set and game by game, a player may lose a match
despite winning the majority of points and/or games played.
Consider a player who wins six games in each of two sets, all by a score of game–
30. The winner has scored 4×12 = 48 points and the loser 2×12 = 24. Suppose also that the
loser wins four games in each set, all by a score of game-love. The loser has scored 4×8 = 32
points and the winner zero in those games. The final score is a win by 6–4, 6–4; total points
48–56.
An example of this in actual practice was the record-breaking Isner-Mahut match in the
Wimbledon first round, 22–24 June 2010. American John Isner beat Nicolas Mahut of France
6–4, 3–6, 6–7(7–9), 7–6(7–3), 70–68 – Mahut winning a total of 502 points to Isner's 478.[30]
Total games won
Likewise, a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of games played (or win
a match despite losing the majority of games). Roger Federer won the 2009 Wimbledon final
over Andy Roddick (5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14) despite Roddick's winning more games
(39, versus Federer's 38). Roger Federer also lost the 2019 Wimbledon final, despite winning
more games (and in fact more points as well) than Novak Djokovic.

Announcing the score

When playing a match, it is usually best to report each score out loud with one's opponent
to avoid conflicts. During a game, the server has the responsibility to announce the game score
before serving. This is done by announcing the server's score first. If, for example, the server
loses the first three points of his or her service game, he or she would say "love–40". This is to
be done every time. After a set is complete, the server, before serving for the first game of the
next set, announces the set scores so far completed in the match, stating his or her own scores
first. If the server has won the first two sets and is beginning the third, he or she would say,
"two–love, new set." If the server had lost the first two sets, he or she would say, "love–two,
new set." Finally, after the completion of the match, either player, when asked the score,
announces his or her own scores first.
As an example, consider a match between Victoria Azarenka and Ana Ivanovic.
Azarenka wins the first set 6–4, Ivanovic wins the next set 7–6 (winning the tie break 7–4), and
Azarenka wins the final set 6–0.
At the end of each set, the umpire would announce the winner of each set:
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 Game, first set, Azarenka.
Game, second set, Ivanovic.
At the completion of the match, the result would be announced as:
Game, set, match, (Victoria) Azarenka, two sets to one, six–four, six–seven, six–love.
The result would be written as:
Victoria Azarenka defeated Ana Ivanovic 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 6–0
The score is always written and announced in respect to the winner of the match. The
score of the tiebreak is not included in announcing the final result; it is simply said "seven–six"
or "six–seven" regardless of the score in the tiebreak.
If a match ends prematurely due to one player retiring or being disqualified (defaulting), the
partial score at that point is announced as the final score, with the remaining player as the
nominal winner. For instance, the result in the final of the 2012 Aegon Championships was
written and announced as follows:
Marin Čilić defeated David Nalbandian 6–7(3–7), 4–3 (default)
Code violation, unsportsmanlike conduct, default, Mr. (David) Nalbandian.
Variations and slang
During informal play of tennis, especially at tennis clubs in the U.S. (also in other English
speaking countries), score announcements are frequently shortened with the use of
abbreviations. For example, a score 15 is replaced with "five", or in some cases "fif". "Love" is
often substituted to indicate "zero". Similarly, the scores of 30 and 40 may sometimes be spoken
as "three" or "four" respectively. A score of 15-all may sometimes be announced as "fives." To
further confuse score announcements, a score of 30-all (30–30) may often be called "deuce",
and the following point referred to as "ad in" or "ad out" (or "my ad" or "your ad"), depending on
which player (or team) won the point. The logic for this is that a 30-all score is effectively the
same as deuce (40–40).[31]

Scorecards

Sample scorecard, from Isner–Mahut at Wimbledon 2010

For formal scorekeeping, the official scoring the match (e.g., the chair umpire) fills out a
scorecard, either on paper or electronically. The scorecard allows the official to record details
for each point, as well as rule violations and other match information. Standard markings for
each point are:[32]

• ⁄ – point won
• A – point won via ace
• D – point won via double-fault
• C – point won via code violation
• T – point won via time violation

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 An additional dot is marked in a score box to indicate a missed first serve fault.

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 21 :TYPE OF SHOTS IN LAWN TENNIS

6 Basic Tennis Strokes.

All games of tennis consist of six basic strokes: the serve, forehand groundstroke, backhand
groundstroke, forehand volley, backhand volley, and the overhead smash.

The 6 basic “strokes” are the fundamental movements a player performs to hit a tennis ball. A
“shot” on the other hand is what happens as a result of a stroke. For example:

• Forehand groundstroke = stroke

• Inside out topspin forehand winner = shot

The difference is subtle but important. Especially if you’re a beginner looking to learn and
understand the game. But all you really need to know is that every single shot like a lob or drop
shot, regardless of the spin used, comes from one of the six fundamental strokes.

The basic mechanics of tennis.

All strokes in tennis are a sequence of motions referred to as a “kinetic chain”. It begins
at a player’s feet, extending through the legs, hips, chest, shoulders, arm, and wrist to the
racquet as it impacts the tennis ball. This kinetic chain or kinetic linkage as it’s often called
allows the build up, storage, and transfer of energy to generate power for your shot.

Biomechanically sound tennis technique comes from your kinetic chain working in concert. Bad
technique and injuries are the result of dysfunctional movements within your body’s kinetic chain.

What does all this mean?

Essentially it means you want all parts of your body to work together and in harmony. In
other words the correct amount of rotation, up/down movement, side-to-side movement, and
forward/backward momentum will result in the best possible tennis technique. So now that you
understand the basic technical principles let’s move on the six core strokes starting with the
most important shot in tennis:

Tennis serve definition, overview and rules.

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 So what is a serve? A serve in tennis is the stroke used to start every point in a match. It
is the only stroke in tennis that a player has complete control over and is therefore one of the
most important shots in the game. A good serve allows the player serving to assert some
control over how the point unfolds. This is because the server gets the first strike and based
on the power, spin and shot placement can limit what the returning player can do.

The first point of any game or tiebreak the serving player (server) must stand behind the
baseline to the right side of the center mark when facing the net (deuce/first court). For the
second point of a game or tiebreak the server stands to the left of the center mark (ad/second
court). Subsequently, for each point of the same game the serving positioning is the opposite
of the previous point.

For both deuce and ad court start positions the server has two chances to hit the ball over
the net and into the diagonally opposite service box. If a player misses their first serve they
have another opportunity with a second serve. If a player misses their second serve it’s a fault
and they lose the point.

If a serve touches the net but still lands in the correct service box it is considered a let
and the server gets another try. If the serve touches the net and does not land in the service
box it’s out and the server loses the point or proceeds with their second serve.

Beginner tips: How to serve step -by-step.

Before starting, make sure you’re standing behind the baseline. Next place your feet in a
side on stance where if you drew an arrow between the tips of your feet it’d point towards your
opponent (this may feel a little strange at first but will help with power). Finally, grip the racket
in your dominant hand using a continental grip (like you’d hold a hammer) and hold the tennis
ball in your non-dominant hand. Now you’re ready to start serving.

Below are eight simple step-by-step beginner tennis tips for developing a consistent serve
capable of generating power and spin. For the purpose of this instruction I’ll assume you’re
right handed. Without further ado here is how to serve in eight steps:

1. Begin your service motion by holding your racket and ball in front of you.
2. Start your momentum forwards by leaning towards the opponent, toss the ball in the air with
your non-dominant arm while dropping your racket arm straight back. The ball toss and
backswing happen simultaneously.
3. Now your body should be in a ready position, fully coiled and ready to unload.
4. As the ball moves into striking position above your head start uncoiling by driving up through
your legs, rotating your body, and pulling your non-dominant arm down.
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5. Continue extending and uncoiling as your racket arm whips up and around following the rest
of your body.
6. At this stage your body and head position should be facing or almost facing the net as you pull
down and make contact with the tennis ball.
7. As you continue the follow through your body should be falling forward and to the left as your
racket arm whips through the ball and slightly to the right.
8. Finally, as you finish your serve motion you’ll land on your left foot in in the court while your
dominant arm finishes it’s swing on the left side of your body (if you’re right handed).

The serve is one of the most technically complex strokes in tennis which is why many
players struggle with it. A few more general pointers to help you on your way is to A) stay
relaxed, B) keep your technique simple, and C) don’t worry too much about how to move your
arm as this’ll take care of itself if the fundamental serve technique is good.

Tennis groundstroke overview.

What is groundstroke in tennis? A groundstroke is a forehand or backhand stroke that is

hit after the ball has bounced once on the court. It is one of the core fundamental shots in tennis
and is normally played from the back of the court during a baseline rally. However,
groundstrokes can be played from anywhere on the court so long as the tennis ball has
bounced. So an approach shot hit from the middle of the court (around the service line) or even
closer to the net is still considered a groundstroke. If the ball is hit in the air before bouncing
it’s a volley, drive volley or smash.

Unless you’re watching footage from the 80’s, 70’s or earlier, groundstrokes are the most
common type of stroke you see in tennis today. The modern game is dominated by “baseliners”
like Nadal, Federer, Djokovic and Murray who battle it out from the back of the court with
powerful forehands and backhands.

Generally, the forehand is the biggest weapon a player has during a rally from the
baseline as it’s usually capable of generating the most power. Compared to the forehand, the
backhand groundstroke tends to be less powerful but is often the more consistent shot.

While there are some key differences between the two types of groundstrokes the
fundamental mechanics stay the same. Power is generated and control maintained by
balancing the right amount of rotation, up/down, forward/back and side-to-side movement
during the stroke.
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 Like all strokes in tennis the forehand and backhand groundstrokes can be hit with a
variety of different spins. These include, topspin, backspin or slice, flat and sidespin. What spin
is used depends on the strategic situation but most commonly groundstrokes are hit with
topspin.

Definition: What is a forehand groundstroke?

A tennis forehand is one of the two types of groundstrokes. It refers to a shot performed
from the baseline with the racket held in your dominant hand. For a right-handed player the
forehand swing starts on the right side of your body, continues forward and across your body
as you contact the ball (at this point the palm of your hand is turned away from your body), and
finishes on the left side of your body.

Beginner tips: How to hit a forehand step -by-step.

As with most strokes in tennis the forehand is hit on the move using a variety of different
spins. For the purpose of this beginner guide I’m going to show you how to perform a topspin
forehand from the baseline.

Here is how to hit a forehand groundstroke in six steps:

1. Preparation. When your opponent makes contact with the tennis ball take light split step
opening up your legs.
2. As the ball approaches stay in that open stance position as you rotate your hips, shoulders and
arms as part of the take back.
3. Now start unwinding your body with your dominant arm dropping down (to help generate
topspin) as it trails the rest of your body forward towards the ball.
4. Continue rotating and swing your racket up, over and through the ball as you make contact. At
this stage the front of your body and head should be facing the net.
5. Follow through by continuing your arms extension forward then across your body towards your
non-dominant side.
6. Finally, complete your stroke with your weight shifted to your left leg (if right handed) and your
racket head hovering around your left shoulder.

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 While practicing your forehand always try to maintain a “handshake” arm position with
your right arm swing. That means not too cramped or too far away in relation to your body. This
will help generate power while maintaining control. Also, remember that your wrist, hand and
racket should be the last things to rotate through at contact point. In many ways the forehand
is like a low serve as there are many similarities in body movement.

Definition: What is a backhand groundstroke?

A backhand in tennis is the other of the two types of groundstroke. It can be a one-handed
and/or two-handed stroke. Like the forehand, the basic swing pattern starts on one side of your
body, moves forward and across, and ends on the other side of your body. But unlike the
forehand, the backhand is hit with the back of your dominant hand facing the direction of the
stroke.

Beginner tips: How to hit a one-handed backhand step-by-step.

A one-handed backhand is performed with only your dominant hand holding the racquet
grip as you make contact with the tennis ball. For the novice player, compared to the two-
handed backhand the one-hander generally sacrifices some power and stability for greater
reach. Look at this image sequence of Stan Wawrinka and follow along step-by step below.

How to hit a one-handed backhand groundstroke in six steps:

1. Take a light split step to get balanced and prepare.

2. Move into position while at the same time begin rotating your upper body for the take back. It
is generally easier to move your feet to a closed or side-on position to help with rotation and
strength
3. Once in position your take back should be done and your right shoulder pointing at the ball (if
you’re right handed).

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4. Just like the forehand, your arm will drop down as your start rotating and swinging towards the
ball.
5. As you continue to rotate back around (unwinding) your arm will whip forward and up making
contact with the ball.
6. Lastly, finish your backhand follow through by completing the motion and extending your arm
to the right as you land with your weight primarily on your dominant side.

In the images sequence above Wawrinka has a relatively straight arm at contact point. You
can however maintain a slight bend in your arm as this helps prevent injury. Remember, strive
for simplicity, balance and a relaxed swing. Getting the basics right will lead to rapid
improvements.

Beginner tips: How to hit a two-handed backhand step-by-step.

A two-handed backhand is performed with your dominant hand holding the bottom of the
racquet grip and your non-dominant hand placed above as you make contact with the ball. The
addition of the second arm and hand gives the two-handed backhand greater control and power
at the cost of reach. Study the image sequence of Andre Agassi and follow along step-by step
below.

How to hit a two-handed backhand groundstroke in six steps:

1. Split step as your opponent strikes the ball to get ready.

2. Move into position while simultaneously taking the racket back.
3. When in position your take back should be complete with your racket on your non-dominant
side, shoulder angled towards the ball.
4. Uncoil your body rotating your hips and shoulders to contact the ball. Here your body should
be facing the net with approximately equal racket control given to both arms.
5. As you follow through your left arm takes over driving through the ball.
6. End your stroke by swinging your racket all the way to your non-dominant side with your
bodyweight on your dominant side.

For a novice it can be helpful to think of the two-handed backhand as a left handed
forehand but with an added arm for stability. While you grip the racket with both hands, how
much control each arm has over the swing changes during the take back, contact point, and
follow through from right arm, to equal control, and then left arm (if you’re right handed). Keep
this in mind when training. Also, note that in the image above Andre’s feet are in an open stance

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as he’s hitting the ball but a closed stance will also work fine in most occasions.

Tennis volley overview.

So what is a volley in tennis? A volley stroke is where the ball is hit out of the air before
it bounces on the court. The term “volley” encompasses both the forehand volley stroke and
backhand volley stroke. Technically a volley can be played from just about any position but
usually it’s hit when a player is closer to the net. If the ball bounces before a player makes
contact the shot is considered a groundstroke or half volley.

Volleying is an inherently offensive style of play as you’re looking to aggressively shorten

and win the point quickly by reducing the time your opponent has to react, move and recover
from his/her previous position. Speed, reflexes, touch and good footwork are all required to
become a great volleyed. This is because you have less time when you’re close to the net so
it’s critical to shorten the backswing and follow through.

Definition: What is a forehand volley?

The forehand volley is one of the two types of volleys. It is generally played closer to the
net than other strokes. Like the forehand groundstroke, a forehand volley is hit with the racket
in your dominant hand palm facing away from your body. Again, similar to forehand
groundstrokes, forehand volleys are hit with your dominant hand to the right side of your body
if you’re righthanded, and to the left side of your body if you’re left handed.

Beginner tips: How to hit a forehand volley step -by-step.

The key to a great forehand volley is explosive movement, simplified technique and good
reaction. Remember the ball is coming at you fast and you don’t have time for a big elaborate
stroke. Look at the image below and notice how short Pete Sampras keeps his swing.

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 How to hit a forehand volley in four easy steps:

1. When you approach the net keep your racket out in front and take a light split step to ready
yourself as you move forward.
2. As the ball approaches turn your upper body slightly to your right side taking the racket back.
3. Continuing your forward momentum bring the racket forward maintaining a strong wrist and
handshake arm position as you contact the ball.
4. Keep moving your feet and body weight forward through the ball as you finish your follow
through by swinging the racket back in front of your body.

When practicing either of your volleys think simple and minimal swing. Also, keeping your
footwork and swing smooth is very important. Practice flowing through the ball using your
bodyweight and forward momentum at and after contact point.

Definition: What is a backhand volley?

The backhand volley is the other type of volley. Just like the forehand volley it’s usually
hit quite close to the net. And similar to a single-handed backhand (aka one-handed
backhand) groundstroke the backhand volley is hit using your dominant arm with the back of
the hand facing away from your body as you grip the racket and make contact.

Beginner tips: How to hit a backhand volley step-by-step.

Just like the forehand volley, developing a solid backhand volley is as much about your
footwork, momentum and body weight as it is about your swing. Explosive yet smooth
movement to and through the ball is key.

How to hit a backhand volley in four easy steps:

1. Approach the net quickly with your racket ready and out in front of you.
2. As the ball comes towards you keep your technique simple with a short take back rotating
your upper body to the left.
3. Continue your forward momentum using your feed to move to the ball as you make contact
with a short swing.
4. Keep transferring your body weight forward through the ball and rotate your upper body
slightly bringing the racket forward and to the right ending back in front of you.

Notice how short Tim Henman’s actual swing is in the above image. Most of the work is being
done by his legs. This is how you maintain control while generating power when attacking the
net.

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Tennis overhead smash overview.

What is an overhead smash? In tennis an overhead smash is a stroke where the player
contacts the ball with the racquet above his or her head using a serve-like motion. This shot is
commonly referred to as simply a smash or overhead and the two terms are interchangeable.
The term smash or overhead usually refers to the “forehand smash” or “forehand overhead” as
this is the most common form of the shot. The backhand smash is only used when a player is
unable maneuver into a position to hit the more powerful forehand smash.

An overhead smash is normally hit when a players is close to the net or around the middle
of the court (around the service line) before the ball bounces. However, a player can elect to
perform a smash “on the bounce”. This is usually done because the opponent has thrown up a
very high defensive lob. Letting the ball bounce once in this situation makes timing your smash
correctly much easier.

Beginner tips: How to hit an overhead smash step -by-step.

You can think of the smash as portable serve. But unlike the serve, a smash is hit during
the point while you are on the move. This means there are some very important differences.
As you’re running and moving during the rally, simplifying your technique and focusing on your
footwork becomes incredibly important.

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 Here are five basic tennis tips for improving your overhead smash technique:

1. Hold the racket using a continental grip.

2. When you see the ball rising up through the air focus on your positioning keeping the ball in
front of you at all times by using good quick footwork. While moving back, rotate your body
bringing the racket straight back to a ready position with your non-dominant hand angled up
towards the ball.
3. As the ball drops into striking position uncoil and rotate your body swinging the racket up
towards the tennis ball.
4. Similar to the serve, at this point your body should have rotated to face your opponent as you
snap your arm around making contact with the tennis ball.
5. After contact continue with a short follow through bringing the racket down then across your
body.

The basic overhead smash technique is similar in many ways to the serve but because you
and the ball are moving around the court simultaneously your movement, simplicity and timing
become extra important. A few additional tips are to A) practice shuffle steps, backpedaling,
and crossover steps to move backwards with speed and balance, B) keep things simple by
shortening your swing, and C) stay calm and relaxed as the ball drops down into your contact
point zone.

I hope the above information has helped you better understand the game and that the beginner
tips on technique will help kickstart your training. Remember that practice makes better and
with time and proper instruction you’ll develop consistent and powerful strokes you can feel
confident in. So get out on the court and start hitting playing. For more advanced instruction
you can download my free tennis coaching app and subscribe to my YouTube channel.

https://www.patcash.co.uk/2018/03/the-6-basic-strokes-in-tennis-explained/

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 22: OFFICIALS IN LAWN TENNIS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Australian Chair umpire Scott Ray positions himself prior to a match at Wimbledon
In tennis, an official is a person who ensures that a match or tournament is conducted
according to the International Tennis Federation Rules of Tennis and other competition
regulations.[2]
At the highest levels of the sport, a team of up to eleven officials may be on court at any
given time.[3] These officials are broken up into categories based on their responsibility during
the match. Contrastingly, many tennis matches are conducted with no officials present directly
on court.

Certification
Tennis officials are certified by their respective national association. The ITTF also
certifies officials in the categories of chair umpire, referee and chief umpire.[4] Each ITTF
certification or "badge" is broken into five certification levels. The first, green badge, is

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 considered sufficient for officiating at the highest levels of tennis within the official's own nation
and is not divided into categories (and is primarily used in Spanish- and French-speaking areas,
where a national organization may not be present). The second, the white badge, is divided
into the three categories (chair, chief, and referee) but remains only a national certification. The
following three, bronze (chair umpire only), silver, and gold badge, are considered international
certifications. These international officials are those seen at the highest levels of play like
the Grand Slams, ATP and WTA Tours, and the Fed and Davis Cups.[5]

Chair umpire
Chair umpire check sign of ball on clay.
The chair umpire is the final authority on all questions
of fact during the match. Questions of fact include whether a
ball was in, the calling of a service let or the calling of a foot-
fault. In matches where line umpires are also assigned, the
chair umpire has the right to overrule if he or she is sure that
a clear mistake has been made. The chair umpire is often
situated in a tall chair at the center of the court, behind a net
post. The players' benches are to either side of the chair. From this position, the chair umpire
calls the score of the match to the players and spectators between points. At the conclusion of
a point, game, or set, the chair umpire times the players to ensure they follow ITF regulations
on pace of play. The chair umpire is responsible for completing a scorecard, the official
historical record of the match.

Line umpire A line umpire stands at ready position, focusing

on his assigned line.
The line umpire "calls all shots relating to the assigned
lines." Line umpires work on court as part of a team of
between one- and nine-line umpires. Each line umpire is
assigned to one line or, in the case of a short-handed crew, a
position in a system. For example, a line umpire on the
receiver's side may have to cover the center service line then,
following the serve, move to one of the sidelines.
The line umpire signals a ball out by making a verbal
"out" call ("fault" for a serve) followed by the extension of the
arm shoulder high in the direction the ball was out. A ball is
signaled "safe" or "good" by holding both hands together knee
high in front of the body.[7] A line umpire who is unable to call
a shot (usually because a player obstructs his/her view)
signals this by holding his/her hands beside his/her head, the
upper side pointing in the same direction as the eyes; that call is then the chair umpire's
responsibility. Line umpires are also responsible for calling foot-faults. When baseline umpires
are being used, they watch to see if the server touches any part of the baseline before the ball
is struck. Center service line umpires are responsible for calling foot-faults when the server
steps over the imaginary extension of the centerline. Foot-fault calls are made with a verbal
"Foot-fault" call followed by a vertical extension of the arm with the palm open.

Off-court officials

Referee
The referee "is the official who is responsible for assuring that the competition is fair and
played under the ITF Rules of Tennis." The referee supervises all of the aspects of play at a
tournament including the conduct of players, coaches, spectators, and administrative
crew.[8] The referee must be present whenever matches are being played.

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The referee also "is the final authority on all questions of tennis law..."[9] Any player may appeal
the chair umpire's interpretation of tennis law to the tournament referee or deputy referee. In
making the decision on an appeal the referee must consider the rulings of fact of the chair
umpire, as well as statements of the players and line umpires. The referee's decision is final.
The referee is also responsible for making the tournament draw in accordance with
competition regulations. The making of the draw includes determining seeds and placing
players and byes. The referee must then work with tournament organizers to schedule
matches. This process has been made much easier in recent years with the introduction of
computer programs that complete draw sheets and schedules based on online player entries
and court availability.
During play of a tournament, the referee is the sole authority on the suspension of play
due to weather and other concerns.[10]
The referee is usually only seen on court during the administration of a medical timeout.
Due to the complex regulations dictating medical timeouts the referee accompanies the
medical trainer onto court. The referee is present to explain procedures and regulations to the
player and trainer, and to time the timeout to ensure no extra time is given, as this would be
construed as an unfair advantage.
Chief umpire
The chief umpire of a tournament "appoints and replaces or reassigns, when necessary,
Chair Umpires, (and) Line Umpires..." Chief umpires are used primarily in large professional
tournaments and are responsible for the recruitment and hiring of officials for the tournament.
During the tournament, the chief umpire assigns umpires to courts, subject to overrule by the
referee. The chief umpire also collects scorecards from chair umpires at the conclusion of the
match and thus may furnish the media with any factual information they may request.

SELF–CHECK!

1. What is a forehand volley?

2. How to hit a forehand volley step by step.
3. What is a backhand volley?
4. How to hit an overhead smash step-by-step.
5. The final authority on all questions of fact during the match.
6. The official who is responsible for assuring that the competition is fair and played
under the ITF Rules of Tennis
7. The _________ of a tournament "appoints and replaces or reassigns, when
necessary, Chair Umpires, (and) Line Umpires..."
8. Enumerate and discuss the 6 Basic Tennis Strokes.

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 LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 23: List of current ITF Gold Badge chair umpires

Women
• Eva Asderaki-Moore (Greece)
• Mariana Alves (Portugal) (Chair umpire for the 2004 US Open quarterfinal match
involving Serena Williams which resulted in adoption of electronic review.)
• Marija Čičak (Croatia)
• Louise Engzell (Sweden)
• Alison Hughes (formerly Lang) (Great Britain)
• Juan Zhang (China)
• Marijana Veljović (Serbia)
• Julie Kjendlie (Norway)
• Tamara Vrhovec-Wojcik (Croatia)
Men

• Mohamed El Jennati (Morocco)

• Jake Garner (USA)
• Roland Herfel (Germany)
• Emmanuel Joseph (France)
• James Keothavong (Great Britain) (2010-)
• Mohamed Lahyani (Sweden) (Chair umpire for the Isner–Mahut match at the 2010
Wimbledon Championships, the longest match ever played on a professional tour.)
• Pascal Maria (France, retired)
• Gianluca Moscarella (Italy) (2010-)
• Cédric Mourier (France, retired)
• Fergus Murphy (Ireland)
• Ali Nili (USA)
• Kader Nouni (France)
• Carlos Ramos (Portugal)
• Damian Steiner (Argentina) (2005-2019)
• John Blom (Australia)
• Renaud Lichtenstein (France)
• Pierre Bacchi (France)
• Manuel Messina (Italy)
• Félix Torralba (Spain)
• Damien Dumusois (France)

• List of tennis umpires, current and former.

References

1. ^ HOPE, BB] nBURNIE INTERNATIONAL By CHLOE (2010-02-02). "Qualifications galore at

Burnie International". The Advocate. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
2. ^ "Rules of Tennis 2012 - ITF" (PDF). International Tennis Federation. Retrieved September
30, 2012.
3. ^ "Duties and Procedures for Officials 2012 - ITF" (PDF). International Tennis Federation.
4. ^ "ITF Officiating".
5. ^ "2007 ITF Officiating Structure" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
6. ^ USTA Regulation VI.F.1 from FAC
7. ^ FAC Comment VI.F-1.2-3 from FAC
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8. ^ "Off Court Officials". ITF. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
9. ^ Appendix V of The 2012 ITF Rules of Tennis
10. ^ USTA Regulation III.B.8 from FAC
11. ^ USTA Regulation VI.B from FAC

LET’S PROCESS

LESSON 24. TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS IN LAWN TENNIS

https://www.roadtrips.com/blog/8-best-major-tennis-tournaments/

The sport of tennis has been around for ages and its popularity seems to grow every
year. Each season, the top tennis tournaments in the world draw in thousands of spectators
who experience the incredible atmosphere surrounding these global events. These major
tennis tournaments are some of the hottest tickets in sport, and offer fans the opportunity to
see the world’s best tennis players live on the biggest stages. Along with the tennis action,
there’s also a lot of history and tradition, unique to each tournament. If you’re wondering what
are the best tennis tournaments to attend, we’ve compiled a list of eight of our favorites below.
Contents
• What are the Major Tennis Tournaments?
• What are the 4 Grand Slam Tennis Tournaments?
• What are the 4 Professional Tennis Tournaments?
• Which Top Tennis Tournament is the most prestigious?
• Best Major Tennis Tournaments to Attend
o Wimbledon – All England Club, London (Grand Slam Event)
o US Open – National Tennis Center, New York (Grand Slam Event)
o Australian Open – Melbourne Park, Melbourne (Grand Slam Event)
o French Open – Roland Garros, Paris (Grand Slam Event)
o The Summer Games – Ariake Tennis Park, Tokyo
o BNP Paribas Open – Indian Wells Tennis Garden, Indian Wells
o ATP Finals – O2 Stadium, London
o WTA Finals – Shenzhen Bay Sports Center, Shenzhen
• Where is the next major tennis tournament?

What are the Major Tennis Tournaments ?

The 8 major Major Tennis Tournaments are:
▪ Wimbledon
▪ US Open
▪ Australian Open
▪ French Open
▪ Summer Games Tennis Tournament
▪ BNP Paribas Open
▪ WTP Finals
▪ ATP Finals
What are the 4 Grand Slam Tennis Tournaments?
The Grand Slam Tournaments in tennis are:
▪ Wimbledon
▪ US Open
▪ Australian Open
▪ French Open
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What are the 4 Professional Tennis Tournaments?
The Professional Tournaments in tennis are:
▪ The Summer Games
▪ BNP Paribas Open
▪ ATP Finals
▪ WTA Finals
▪
Which Top Tennis Tournament is the most prestigious?
Most people would agree that Wimbledon is
the most prestigious tennis tournament. Of the
four grand slam tournaments in professional
tennis (Australian Open, French Open,
Wimbledon, and the US Open), Wimbledon
always seems to attract the most attention. It
seems to be a favorite major tennis tournament of
the players too; American Sam Querrey notably
referred to it as the best tournament, comparing it
to golf’s iconic Masters.

Best Major Tennis Tournaments to Attend

Wimbledon – All England Club, London (Grand Slam Event)

It only makes sense to start the list of top tennis tournaments with the most famous
(and prestigious) tennis tournament in the world. Wimbledon dates back to the year 1877
when the first tournament was played on the grass lawns of the All England Club just outside
of London, England.
Wimbledon is still played on grass courts, one of many long-standing traditions of this historic
tournament. Appearances by the Royal Family (and other celebrities), fresh strawberries and
cream, and the famous all-white dress code are other traditions that have become associated
with the tournament.

One of the four major tennis tournaments (also known as grand slams), Wimbledon
takes place over two weeks in late June/early July. It attracts a long list of the best tennis
players in the world and has hosted some of the sport’s most iconic matches on the All
England Club’s famous Centre Court.
Experience Wimbledon in Person!

US Open – National Tennis Center, New York (Grand Slam Event)

Usually the last Grand Slam of the season, the US Open is also the most famous
professional US tennis tournament. The US Open was first played in 1881 as the US National
Championship. What makes it one of the best tennis tournaments to attend? Well for starters,
it offers a different and unique atmosphere than the other majors. It’s lively, fun, and
exuberant, just like its host city, New York.

This top
tennis tournament takes place at the US National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, NY,
though many fans will stay in Manhattan and take advantage of the city’s incredible dining,
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shopping, and entertainment when they’re not checking out the tennis. Just like Wimbledon,
you’ll find no shortage of celebrity presence at the US Open.
The US Open plays out each year in late August/early September and we think it’s the perfect
way to wrap up the summer. We’re not the only ones that think so. In 2018, the tournament set
an attendance record with over 800,000 tennis fans taking part in the event.
Experience the US Open in Person!

Australian Open – Melbourne Park, Melbourne (Grand Slam Event)

The first of the four major tennis tournaments on the calendar, the Australian Open is a
bucket list event for fans around the world. It’s the largest annual sporting event in the
Southern hemisphere and has taken place at Melbourne Park since 1988, though the
tournament dates back to 1905.
The Australian Open is played on a hard-court surface and has been dominated by Novak
Djokovic in recent years. He’s won the tournament eight times since 2008, giving him the record
of most singles titles at the event.
As the first grand slam of the year, excitement is always high for this famous Melbourne
tennis event and as one of the highest attended, it definitely makes the list of best tennis
tournaments.
Experience the Australian Open in Person!

French Open – Roland Garros, Paris (Grand Slam Event)

The French Open is different from the
other major tennis tournaments in that it is
the only one played on clay courts. Clay is
known to be a difficult surface to play on,
due to the slower moving ball. Some players
seem to excel on the clay, most
notably Rafael Nadal, who won has an
incredible twelve French Open
Championships.
One of the best parts about the French Open is the amazing city of Paris. There’s a reason it
is regarded as one of the most beautiful cities in the world. With its charming cafés, amazing
food, great hotels, and stunning architecture, it makes an ideal backdrop for one of the best
tennis tournaments in the world.
The 2020 French Open tennis tournament dates are September 20th to October 4th,
rescheduled from the spring due to COVID-19 concerns, providing a rare opportunity to
experience the tournament in the fall. With a history dating back 128 years, this tournament
has been home to hundreds of memorable moments.
Experience Roland Garros in Person!

The Summer Games – Ariake Tennis Park, Tokyo

The Summer Games is unique in that it’s more than just a major tennis tournament. The
best thing about the Summer Games tennis tournament is that fans can take in so many other
incredible sporting events in one city surrounded by an incomparable atmosphere. Tennis
made its first Summer Games appearance at the inaugural event in 1896 but was later dropped
in 1924. It returned in 1988 and has remained in the lineup ever since.
The 2020 Summer Games are in Tokyo, Japan and will take place July 23 to August 8,
2021, with the tennis tournament taking place during the first half. With just nine days to
complete this famous tennis tournament and players playing for national pride, the action will
be intense.
When tennis fans aren’t checking out the tennis action, they can watch the best athletes in the
world compete in 33 other sports, or explore the incredible country of Japan, recently
named Destination of the Year by Travel + Leisure magazine. Have questions about the
2020 Summer Games? Check out our Summer Games FAQ.
Download a Summer Games Brochure

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BNP Paribas Open – Indian Wells Tennis Garden, Indian Wells
There are many reasons we consider the BNP Paribas Open to be one of the top tennis
tournaments. The first is, of course, the tennis itself. This major tennis tournament attracts the
top players in the world, and is a favorite with fans as well. It regularly draws over 400,000
fans and in fact, set an attendance record at the 2019 tournament with 475,372 fans
experiencing the tournament in person.
Another draw of the BNP Paribas Open is its location. The tournament refers to itself
as “Tennis Paradise” and it’s hard to argue that. The event takes place in Indian Wells, in
the Palm Springs area of California. This stunning tourist destination offers luxury resorts,
world-class golf, incredible shopping and dining, high-end spas, and plenty to appease the
nature lovers. It also boasts wonderful weather, the perfect spot for a late winter getaway.

ATP Finals – O2 Stadium, London

The ATP Finals are another top tennis tournament. The ATP (Association of Tennis
Professionals) Finals date back to 1970, though it has gone through a few different names and
versions since then. Since 2009, the tournament has been held at O2 Stadium in London,
though in 2021 it will move to a new host city: Turin, Italy.
The ATP Finals follow a different format than the grand slams, which use a knock-out/bracket
system. This event follows a group stage format. Each player is put into a group of four and
plays each other player in his group. The top two from each group move on to a semi-final and
then the championship final match.

WTA Finals – Shenzhen Bay Sports Center, Shenzhen

The professional women have their own major tournament to cap off their season. The
Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) Tour concludes with the WTA Finals, scheduled to take
place in Shenzhen, China from October 26 to November 8, 2020. Shenzhen has been awarded
hosting duties until 2028, after taking over from Singapore in 2019.

Similar to the ATP Finals, the tournament is played as a group-stage/round-robin format,

followed by the semi-finals and finals. In 2019, the WTA Finals made history by offering
the biggest prize money in the sport’s history, with a possible $4.75 million for the winner.
To win the full amount, the winner would need to go undefeated in the tournament. In the end,
singles winner Ashleigh Barty walked away with a cool $4.42 million

SELF–CHECK!

1. What are the 4 Professional Tennis Tournaments? Discuss each tournament.

2. What are the 4 Grand Slam Tennis Tournaments? Discuss each tournament.

LET’S TRY THIS!

RECORDED SKILL DEMONSTRATION

Instruction: Using your mobile phone or any camera, make a video recording of your personal
demonstration of six basic strokes in tennis . Submit your output to my fb account in my
personal message (FROILAN PALARUAN LOMBOY) on the set deadline.

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 PERSONAL IMAGE SKETCHING

Instruction: Using the space inside the box, draw a picture of Racket, Ball and Net. Identify
the part of the racket. Submit your output to my fb account in my personal message (FROILAN
PALARUAN LOMBOY) on the set deadline.

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References:
Calicdan, Antonio V. Sison Rpbert G., Coronongan, Melanie B., Physical Education 3. 2013.

Bubod, Josep,Bulatao, Mary Grace . Racket Sports and Athletics.2013.

Andin,Carmen Tabije. Teachoing Physical Education in Philippine Schools.Rex book store,1988

Callo, Lualhati, Dajime,Peter Fermin.Physical education and Health.Rex Bookstore.2016

Belmonte, Pan Cielo. Physical Education Handbook.1999.

^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Hodges 1993, p. 2

^ Jump up to:a b Letts, Greg. "A Brief History of Table Tennis/Ping-Pong". About.com. The New York Times
Company. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.

^ "Member Associations". ITTF. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2

^ Hurt III, Harry (5 April 2008). "Ping-Pong as Mind Game (Although a Good Topspin Helps)". The New York
Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2010.

^ WashingtonPost.com. Accessed 2 August 2012. Archived 3 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine

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