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Of all the rest
Promise me that you will never admit defeat
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I have students everywhere
But like you are very rare
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3
INDEX
Chapter Name Page No.
● Achievers' Series - January, 2022 04 - 46
● Vocabulary Editorial Analysis - January, 2022 47 - 55
● Perfection Batch Questions- January, 2022 56 - 101
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4
CHAPTER - 1
Achievers' Series
January , 2022

5
Direction(1-5): Below are three deep political divisions within the

individual sentences. Some of them US and Europe and between them
may or may not contain an on the Russian question.
error(grammatical or contextual).
You've to find the INCORRECT A. Only a and b
sentence(s).
B. Only a and c
Q1.
C. Only b and c
a. India will begin 2022 with a new
D. All a, b and c
phase of Covid inoculation.
E. None of a, b and c
b. Studies point to waning immunity
after eight to nine month of Ans: c
receiving the second shot.
Q3.
c. The regulator’s doubts must clear
urgently to enable a decision on a. The overall picture it gives of
the most effective booster. society is a rather complex one.
A. Only a and b b. The number of baby girls fails to

explain why are there more women
B. Only a than men in India.
C. Only b and c c. Clearly, the local police has no
choice but to comply with the order.
D. All a, b and c
A. Only a and b
B. Only a and c
Ans: c
C. Only b and c
Q2.
D. All a, b and c
a. There is no time to lose in sorting
out sticky matters. E. None of a, b and c
b. Putin sees the value of ending Ans: c
Russia’s prolonged confrontation
with West. Q4.
c. The bad news is that agreements a. It remains to see whether the entry
will be hard to negotiate, giving the of a new player opens up the field,

6
or only ends up underscoring the D. D
limits of political choice.
E. No error in any part
b. Something that is related to space
science, failure or success, is Ans: b
larger than life.
Q6.
c. This has huge implications for
Chinese citizens lashed out online against
OEMs in the space sector in India
billionaire (A) / Tesla founder Elon Musk's
and is a promising venture for
space ambitions on Monday after China
global investors.
complained (B) / its space station was
A. Only a and b forced to take evasive action (1) / to
avoid collision with satellites (C) /
B. Only a and c launched by Mr. Musk's Starlink
programme. (D)
C. Only b and c
A. B
D. All a, b and c
B. C
C. D
Ans: e
D. A
Direction(5-7): In the following
question, a sentence is given, divided E. No error in any part
into 5 parts. Part (1) is grammatically
correct. Out of the other four parts, one Ans: a
part contains an error. Mark the option
Q7.
containing the part with the error. If
none of the parts have errors, mark ‘No The hottest days of summer are here, and
error’ as your answer. (A) / it is time to pay attention (1) / to
stay hydrated while replenishing nutrients;
Q5. It was a competition between the
(B) / there are various healthy summer
world’s great powers, (A) / a test of their
coolers which help us to stay (C) /
ideologies (1), / which proved to be
refreshed and energised as the mercury
synecdoche (B) / of the entire Cold War
rises. (D)
(C) / between the capitalist United States
and the socialist Soviet Union. (D) A. C
A. A B. B
B. B C. A
C. C D. D

7
E. No error in any part III. Skilled negotiators helped diffuse
the crisis.
Ans: a
A. Only III
Direction(8-9): Below are three
different sentences using three B. Both I and III
different words given in bold. You have
to choose the sentence/sentences C. Both II and III
using the word in it INCORRECTLY. If
D. All I, II and III
all the sentences are using the words
in them correctly, choose E as your E. All are correct
answer.
Ans: d
Q8.
Q10. (A) The NSP, therefore, cannot
I. A quiet room is there for people change Pakistan’s unhappy direction.
seeking relief from the overload of
aural stimulus just outside. (B) Thus, irrespective to what the NSP
may state, the Pakistan people can
II. I waited for the results with baited neither have human security nor a
breath. successful economy without cooperative
ties with India.
III. A tree bow fell on my car during
the windstorm. (C) India accounts for one fifths of the
total childbirths in the world, with a
A. Both II and III
maternal mortality rate of 113 per
B. Only I 1,00,000 live births.
C. Both I and II (D) The Pakistan Army and the political

elite are unwilling to had it.
D. Both I and III
(E) None of these
E. All are correct
Ans: a
Ans: a
Q11. (A) But the annual estimate of the
Q9. targeted beneficiaries by the Government
of India has remained the same over the
I. Where's the chord that ties back years.
the curtains?
(B) It is aimed at improving health seeking
II. The expressions on people's faces behaviour and compensate for wage loss
give us visual queues about their for pregnant women, particularly in the
feelings. unorganised sectors.

8
(C) Since its inception, the PMMVY has under the PMKVY to the second birth.
covered 2.01 crore woman nationally,
disbursing a total amount of ₹8,722 crore. (C) Since the primary objective of the
PMKVY is to provide partial wage
(D) This means that we have an exclusion compensation, we need to revisit the
error of at least 60% since 2017, as the maternity benefit amount offered under
target has remained unchanged over the the scheme.
years.
(D) The predecessor scheme, the Indira
(E) None of these Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana along
with other schemes were applicable for
Ans: a two births.
Q12. (A) Odisha’s MAMATA, for instance, (E) None of these
is offering a conditional cash transfer of
₹5,000 as maternity benefit for up to two Ans: c
births for more than a decade now.
Q14. (A) Further, the implementation gaps
(B) In 2020-21, more than 50% of in the PMKVY scheme leads to reduced
registered beneficiaries did not received coverage.
all three instalments and there was a 9%
drop in enrolment under the scheme. (B) Most women continue to work during
and post pregnancy hence they cannot
(C) The overall budget of SAMARTHYA is afford to lose wages; additionally, they
₹2,522 crores, which is nearly equivalent also spend on out of pocket expenses
to the budget of PMKVY alone in the during pregnancy.
previous financial years.
(C) These gaps stems from a lack of
(D) Despite the Government’s continued awareness within targeted beneficiaries
emphasis on maternal and child health, and process level challenges.
the overall budget for women and child
development was reduced by 20% for (D) A simplification of the process can
2021-22. resulted in increased registration of
beneficiaries.
(E) None of these
(E) None of these
Ans: d
Ans: e
Q13. (A) Of the total births in India,
49.5% comprises of first order births and Q15. EXACTION
29.9% are second order births, as per
A. Accuracy
Sample Registration Survey 2018.
B. Left - over portion
(B) It should extent the maternity benefit

9
C. Act of demanding strictly B. Truthful
D. Ignorance C. Artificial
Ans: a D. Causing fatigue
Meaning : the action of demanding and Ans: c
obtaining something from someone,
especially a payment. Meaning : artificially created or
developed.
Synonym : claim, contribution,
extortion, payment Synonym : bogus, false, counterfeit,
fraudulent, spurious
Antonym : genuine
Q16. DELECTATION
Q18. INNUENDO
A. Enjoyment
A. Enquiry
B. Envy
B. Indirect reference
C. Inspiration
C. Innovation
D. Astuteness
D. Inorganic
Ans: a
Ans: b
Meaning : pleasure and delight.
Meaning : an allusive or oblique
Synonym : enjoyment, gratification, remark or hint, typically a suggestive
delight, pleasure, happiness, or disparaging one.
satisfaction
Synonym : insinuation, implication,
Antonym : depression,dislike, hint, suggestion, allusion
gloom, hate, discontent, angry
Q17. FACTITIOUS
A. Humorous

10
Q19. CANARD Ans: c
A. Story Q21. (A) The details of these prefatory
pledge were elaborated and fortified in
B. Humid Part III of the Constitution on people’s
Fundamental Rights.
C. Prison
(B) In retrospect, Vajpayee wanted the
D. Rumor
country to religiously continue treading the
Ans: d path it had choosen for itself while
throwing away the yoke of colonial rule in
Meaning : an unfounded rumour or 1947.
story.
(C) Vajpayee did not live enough long to
Synonym : exaggeration, rumor, spoof, witness the “living traditions of this ancient
civilisation” being thrown into the dustbin
Antonyms : truth, truthfulness, of history.
seriousness
(D) Why are, one may ask, these
provisions of the Code lying totally
inoperative while many people are openly
flouting them in broad daylight?
(E) None of these
Q20. (A) Does not all this attracts
application of the IPC offence of outraging Ans: d
religious feelings?
Q22. (A) It is a mosaic of different
(B) He was referring to some ghastly religions, languages and cultures. Each of
incidents of violence against one of the them have made a mark on Indian polity
largest minority in the country witnessed and India today represents a synthesis of
during those days in various regions. them all.
(C) They are endowed with reason and (B) It is a positive concept of equal
conscience and should act towards one treatment of each religions.”
another in a spirit of brotherhood.”
(C) The Universal Declaration of Human
(D) Would anyone among the present Rights asserted at the outset that “All
masters of the nation’s destiny human being are free and equal in dignity
remembers the solemn assurance their and rights.
tallest ever leader graciously extended to
the nation? (D) Despite the diversity of religion and
language there runs through the fabric of
(E) None of these the nation the golden thread of a basic

11
innate unity.” international law.
(E) None of these (D) Nor the current heroic is in popular
demand in Sudan for a democratic
Ans: e government.
Q23. (A) Does we remember our first (E) None of these
Prime Minister’s optimism that the
Mahatma’s light “will be seen”? Ans: b
(B) Unfortunately, even his sad demise Q25. ENSCONCE
did not act as a sobering reminder to the
powers that were need to translate his A. To surround
pious hope into the ground reality of the
B. To promote
day.
C. To honor
(C) Now, so many years after the
beginning of the constitutional era, many D. To settle
deeply patriotic citizens of the country are
seeing the prevailing ground situation as Ans: d
an antithesis of the Constitution.
Meaning : establish or settle
(D) But do we still have the will and the (someone) in a comfortable, safe place.
determination to let India to remain what
the Father of the Nation wanted it to be, Synonym : settle, establish,
then and always in future? Antonym : display, exhibit.
(E) None of these
Ans: e
Q24. (A) Meaningful summits should be
global in attendance and concentrate on
pressing problems such as inequality, Q26. BAMBOOZLE
climate change and arms control on earth
and space. A. Musical
(B) Diplomacy does not proceed B. Mystify

according to ethical standards; nor does
the global media. C. Thrash
(C) The West’s instrument of choice for D. Relinquish

penalising political adversaries are the Ans: b
unilateral sanctions of dubious legality in

12
Meaning : to deceive by underhanded B. Scrap
methods
C. Nippy
Synonym : trick, deceive, hoodwink,
mislead, cheat, D. Urbane
Antonym : be honest, Ans: c

Meaning : quick and light in motion
Synonym : agile, acrobatic,
light-footed, nimble-footed
Antonym : stiff, clumsy, lumbering
Q27. MOROSE
A. Humble
B. Morsel
C. Sullen
D. Repugnant
Ans: c Q29. VAUNT
Meaning : sullen and ill-tempered. A. Boast
Synonym : sullen, sulky, gloomy, B. Desire

ill-tempered, surly C. Ineptitude
Antonym : cheerful, happy, D. Joke
communicative
Ans: a
Meaning : boast about or praise
(something), especially excessively.
Synonym : acclaim, esteem, revere,
extol,
Antonym : criticized, unsung
Q28. NIMBLE
A. Clamorous

13
Synonym : out of date, unfashionable,
old-fashioned, out of style
Antonym : fashionable
Q30. VITUPERATION
A. Questionable
B. Resistance Q32. PROTAGONIST
C. Absurdity A. Talented child
D. Bitter criticism B. Reserved person
Ans: d C. Leading character
Meaning : bitter and abusive language. D. Fearless
Synonym : invective, Meaning : the leading character or one
condemnation,opprobrium, rebuke of the major characters in a play, film,
Antonym : praise novel, etc.
Synonym : adherent, supporter,
proponent, promoter
Antonym : opponent
Q31. PASSE
A. Lukewarm
B. Old - fashioned
C. Energy
Q33.
D. Fraud
(A) Beside this, China has been heavily
Ans: b investing in port and railway connectivity
in countries such as Indonesia and
Meaning : no longer fashionable; out of Vietnam.
date.,
(B) Ever since the mass protests in late

14
2018, the Generals tried everything to accepting anyone the military appoints
protect the military’s privileges. next.
(C) These differing approaches are also (B) Weekslong protests have also
challenging the much vaunted ASEAN paralysed an already enfeeble economy.
centrality in the IndoPacific.
(C) The legislative council was never
(D) They first removed longtime dictator formed and the Sovereignty Council was
Omar al Bashir and took power on their been disbanded.
hands.
(D) A direct takeover of the government
(E) None of these by the military would extremely unpopular.
Ans: c (E) None of these
Q34. Ans: e
(A) But General Abdel Fattah al Burhan Q36. INGRATIATE
disbanded the Council and ousted to Mr.
Hamdok. A. To regret
(B) The validity of the 103rd Constitution B. To provoke

Amendment, through which the EWS
C. Too place oneself in a favorable
quota introduced in 2019, is in any case
position
still before a Constitution Bench.
D. To feel delighted
(C) But the apex court must seek more
clarity on the criteria adopted by the Ans: c
Government committee to set the income
limit for identifying the EWS sections Meaning : bring oneself into favour
eligible for reservations. with someone by flattering or trying to
please them.
(D) As violent clashes continued, Mr.
Hamdok, who was called a “traitor” by the Synonym : cultivate, flatter, attract,
protesters, left with no other option but to captivate,
go.
(E) None of these
Ans: c
Q35.
(A) But if the protesters did not accept Mr.
Hamdok, they are certainly not going to

15
Q37. AUGURY A. To search
A. Dispute B. To trap
B. Alter C. To hide
C. Race to refuge D. To flee
D. Omen Ans: d
Ans: d Meaning : to find (something, such as
information) by careful searching He's
Meaning : a sign of what will happen in good at ferreting out the facts.
the future; an omen.
Synonym : ascertain, descry, detect,
Synonym : auguring, cast, forecast, determine
Q38. TRANSGRESS Antonym: overlook
A. To take loan
B. To go beyond the limit
C. To discuss at length
D. To show a clean pair of heels
Ans: b
Q40. USURP
Meaning : go beyond the limits of
(what is morally, socially, or legally A. To be lazy
acceptable).
B. To climb
Synonym : misbehave, infringe,
violate , contravene, C. To seize power or position illegally
Antonym : obey D. To yield

Ans: c
Meaning : take (a position of power or
importance) illegally or by force.
Synonym : seize, take over,
expropriate, wrest
Q39. FERRET OUT Antonym : give, keep,

16
government.(d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: c
Q44. The State Governor having
appointed (a)/ the Vice Chancellor of
Kannur University in accordance with (b)/
Q41. MERCURIAL the law, made an allegation against the
Kerala government that he (c)/ was being
A. Mechanical under pressure from the Government to
appoint the Vice Chancellor.(d)/.No
B. Heavy Error(e)/
C. Clownish Ans: a
D. Quick - changing Q45. Although B.R. Ambedkar was clear
that (a)/ the Governor should only be a
Ans: c
constitutional head and the executive (b)/
Meaning : subject to sudden or power should vest entirely in the elected
unpredictable changes of mood or government but he promoted (c)/ the idea
mind. of vesting certain discretionary powers in
the Governor. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Synonym : volatile, capricious,
excitable, Ans: c
Antonym : stable, steady, constant Q46. In this respect he was guided by the
thinking that (a)/ the State governments
Q42. Recent media reports about the are in subordination to the Union (b)/
confrontation (a)/ among the Governors government and, therefore, the Governor
and the State governments, in should be (c)/ given discretionary powers
Maharashtra and Kerala, (b)/ have turned to assure that they act so. (d)/.No
the spotlight on the delicate relationship Error(e)/
between (c)/ the constitutional head of
the State and the elected Ans: d
government.(d)/.No Error(e)/
Q47. So, ultimately, the Governor who
Ans: b emerged from the (a)/ Constituent
Assembly was one with certain
Q43. In Maharashtra, for example, the discretionary powers (b)/ proscribed by or
situation (a)/ was indeed bizarre as the under the Constitution unlike the
Governor refused (b)/ to except the date President of (c)/ India who has not been
of election of the (c)/ Speaker given any such powers. (d)/.No Error(e)/
recommended by the State
Ans: c

17
Q48. Under the procedure followed (a)/ in (B) The Governor confessed that he had
all Assemblies, the government fixes the done the wrong thing by yielding
date and conveys (b)/ it to the Secretary governmental pressure.
of the Assembly who forwards it to (c)/ the
office of the Governor for his sign. (d)/.No (C) The relationship between the
Error(e)/ Governor and Chief Minister has, even at
the best of times, not absolutely simple
Ans: d and tension free.
Q49. But it must be said that it could be (D) In fact, there were members in the
for (a)/ the first time in the history of free Assembly whom wanted the Governor to
India that a Governor has (b)/ refused to be as powerful as the colonial era
fix the date of election of the Speaker and, Governors.
(c)/ consequently, the election could not
be holded. (d)/.No Error(e)/ (E) None of these
Ans: d Ans: e
Q50. There was a suggestion from the Q53. Abstruse

(a)/ State government routed through the
A. Placid
Pro Chancellor who has (b)/ the Minister
for Higher Education for the (c)/ B. Obscure
reappointment of the incumbent Vice
Chancellor.(d)/.No Error(e)/ C. Dispassionate
Ans: b D. Analogous
Q51. So the Governor of Kerala needs to Ans: b

(a)/ apply his mind independently to the
case of reappointment, (b)/ evaluate the Meaning : difficult to understand;
performance of the Vice Chancellor and obscure.
satisfied (c)/ himself about the merit of Synonym : obscure, arcane, esoteric,
the appointee before signing the
appointment order. (d)/.No Error(e)/ Antonym : clear, obvious
Ans: c
Q52.
(A) The Maharashtra Governor’s refusal
to accept the date of election of the
Speaker goes against the principals of
constitutional government.
Q54. Abominable

18
A. Original Q57.
B. Detestable Meaning : an official pardon for people
who have been convicted of political
C. Preferable offences.
D. Complimentary Synonym : pardon, pardoning,
reprieve, release
Ans: b
Antonym : penalty, retaliation,
Meaning : causing moral revulsion.
punishment
Synonym : loathsome, detestable,
hateful, odious
Antonym : good, admirable
Q55. Accentuate
A. Increase speed
Q58. Anomaly
B. Encourage
A. Annihilation
C. Increase growth
B. Anarchy
D. Underscore
C. Disturbance
Ans: d
D. Deviation
Meaning : make more noticeable or
prominent. Ans: d
Synonym : underscore, highlight, Meaning : something that deviates
spotlight from what is standard, normal, or
expected.
Q56. Amnesty
Synonym : oddity, peculiarity,
A. Happiness
abnormality, irregularity
B. Pardon
Antonym : conformity
C. Interest
D. Passion
Ans: b

19
Q59. Ardour
A. Enthusiasm
B. Candidness
C. Discipline
Q61. Abstain
D. Fairness
A. Spoil
Ans: a
B. Refrain
Meaning : great enthusiasm or
C. Derive
passion.
D. Put trouble
Synonym : passion, avidity, fervour,
zeal Ans: b
Antonym : apathy, lethargy, Meaning : restrain oneself from doing
or enjoying something.
Synonym : sit on the fence,
Q62. Affront
A. Exile
Q60. Acute B. Contour
A. Sharp C. Eruption
B. Beautiful D. Indignity
C. Smart Ans: d
D. Moderate Meaning : an action or remark that
causes outrage or offence.
Ans: a
Synonym : offence, indignity, snub,
Meaning : (of an unpleasant or
unwelcome situation or phenomenon) Antonym : compliment
present or experienced to a severe or
intense degree.
Synonym : severe, critical, drastic, dire
Antonym : negligible, slow-witted

20
Q62. If Prime Minister Narendra Modi the past decade, (a)/ symbolised by its
hosts the five (a)/ Central Asia leaders at National Maritime Strategy, the Security
the Republic Day Parade on January 26, and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)
(b)/ it will send a strong signal — of the (b)/ initiative for the Indian Ocean Region
new prominent (c)/ of the Central Asian and major initiatives relating to the Indo
region in India’s security calculations. (c)/ Pacific and the Quad, in which
(d)/.No Error(e)/ maritime security figure prominently.
(d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: c
Ans: d
Q63. In 2015, Mr. Modi visited all the five
(a)/ Central Asian states. Recently, Q67. It may also be a byproduct of the
National Security Adviser Ajit (b)/ Doval oversized (a)/ influence over our
and External Affairs Minister S. thinktank community of Anglo Saxon
Jaishankar also (c)/ hosted their Central strategic (b)/ thinking, which has tended
Asian counterparts in Delhi. (d)/.No to emphasise the (c)/ maritime
Error(e)/ dimensions of China’s military rise more
than all the countries of the world. (d)/.No
Ans: c Error(e)/
Q64. The collapse of American military Ans: d
power in (a)/ Afghanistan, the subsequent
takeover of Kabul by the Taliban and (b)/ Q68. However, maritime security and
the consequent rise in the influence of associated (a)/ dimensions of naval power
Pakistan and China (c)/ is a development are not sufficient instruments of statecraft
of high concern for India’s continental as (b)/ India seeks diplomatic and
security interests. (d)/.No Error(e)/ security constructs to strength deterrence
(c)/ against Chinese unilateral actions and
Ans: d the emergence of a unipolar Asia. (d)/.No
Error(e)/
Q65. India’s continental strategy, in which
the Central (a)/ Asian region is an Ans: c
indispensable link, progressed
intermittently for (b)/ the past two decades Q69. It is expanding on the Eurasian
— promoting connectivity, incipient continent — its Belt and Road Initiative
defence and (c)/ security cooperation, projects in Central Asia up to Central and
enhancing India’s soft power and boosting (a)/ Eastern Europe and the Caucasus,
trade and investment. (d)/.No Error(e)/ undercutting traditional Russian influence,
its gaining access of energy and other (b)/
Ans: b natural resources, and its dependency
creating investments, cyber and digital
Q66. India’s maritime vision and
penetration and (c)/ expanding influence
ambitions have grown dramatically during
among political and economic elites

21
across the continent. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: b
Q70.
Avarice
Q72.
A. Loftiness
Assay
B. Cleverness
A. Attack
C. Voracious
B. Accept
D. Greediness
C. Case
Ans: d
D. Evaluate
Meaning : extreme greed for wealth or
Ans: d
material gain.
Meaning : the testing of a metal or ore
Synonym : greed, rapacity
to determine its ingredients and
quality.
Synonym : evaluation, assessment,
analysis, examination
Q73.
Q71. Antagonism
Assiduously
A. Empathy
A. Persistently
B. Unwillingness
B. Hastily
C. Confusion
C. Freely
D. Hostility
D. Deliberately
Ans: a
E. Innocently
Meaning : active hostility or
opposition. Ans: a
Synonym : hostility,afriction, enmity Meaning : with great care and

perseverance.
Antonym : friendship
Synonym : actively, busily, diligently,

22
industriously Antonym : indifferent, Meaning : the consequences or
negligent, after-effects of a significant unpleasant
event.
Synonym : repercussions,
after-effects,
Q74.
Attenuate Q76. Bulwarks against Chinese maritime
(a)/ expansionist gains are relatively
A. Clever
easier to build and its gains are easier (b)/
B. Harvest to reverse than the long term strategic
gains (c)/ that China hopes to secure on
C. Weaken continental Eurasia. (d)/.No Error(e)/
D. Recommend Ans: b
Ans: c Q77. Even with the rise of China’s military
power, over (a)/ the past decade, the
Meaning : reduce the force, effect, or U.S. which had about 1,00,000 troops in
value of. the early 1990s (b)/ under what is now
Synonym : weakened, reduced, called the IndoPacific Command,
decreased, diminished Antonym : currently has (c)/ about 90,000 troops
strengthened mostly committed to secure the territorial
regions. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Q75.
Ans: d
Aftermath
Q78. It has been claimed that the
A. Devastation implementation (a)/ of the Goods and
Services Tax (GST) in India was a grand
B. Disharmony experiment (b)/ in cooperative federalism
in which both the Union and the States
C. Incidence
joined hands (c)/ to rational cascading
D. Consequence domestic trade taxes and evolve a value
added tax on goods and services. (d)/.No
E. Contemporary Error(e)/
Ans: d Ans: d

23
Q79. To allay the fears of States of by June 2022; and considering the
possible (a)/ revenue loss by uncertainty (b)/ in revenue collections
implementing GST in the short term, the faced by the States, they want (c)/ that the
Union (b)/ government promised to pay compensation scheme to continue for
compensation for any loss (c)/ of revenue another five years.(d)/.No Error(e)/
in the evolutionary phase of five
years.(d)/.No Error(e)/ Ans: d
Ans: e Q84. It has been pointed out by many

including the (a)/ Fifteenth Finance
Q80. To finance the compensation (a)/ Commission that the compensation
requirements, a GST compensation cess scheme (b)/ of applying 14% growth on
levied on certain (b)/ items such as the base year (c)/ revenue provided for
tobacco products, automobiles, coal and the first five years were very generous.
solid (c)/ fuels manufactured from lignite, (d)/.No Error(e)/
pan masala and aerated waters. (d)/.No
Error(e)/ Ans: d
Ans: b Q85. Ever since the UNDP took up

computation (a)/ of the HDI driven by the
Q81. In 2018-19, the shortfall in the vision of Mahbub ul Haq (b)/ and
payment (a)/ requirement from the cess articulated by Amartya Sen in 1990, there
collections was ₹24,947 crore (b)/ which (c)/ are adjustments such as inequality
could be met by the surpluses of the adjusted HDI. (d)/.No Error(e)/
previous two (c)/ years kept as balance in
the compensation fund. (d)/.No Error(e)/ Ans: d
Ans: c Q86.
Q82. Of the remaining ₹2.35 lakh crore, (A) However, the entire compensation
the (a)/ Union government decided to pay payment episode plunged the UnionState
₹1.1 lakh crore by borrowing from the (b)/ relationship of a new low, creating
Reserve Bank of India under a special humongous mistrust.
window and the interest and repayment
(B) Although the rate structure was
were (c)/ to pay from the collections from
presumed to be revenue neutral, the
compensation cess in the future. (d)/.No
States agreed to forgo their revenue
Error(e)/
autonomy in favour of tax harmonisation.
Ans: d
(C) This was estimated by taking the
Q83. The agreement to pay compensation revenue from the merged taxes and
for the loss of revenue was for a period of applying the growth rate of 14% every
five years which (a)/ will come to an end years.

24
(D) First, the technology platform could Ans: b
not be firmed up for a long time due to
which the initially planned returns could Meaning : provide or serve as clear
not be filled. evidence of.
(E) None of these Synonym : authenticate, avouch,

certify Antonym : conceal, disprove
Ans: b
Q87.
Annotation
A. Prologue
B. Explanatory note Q89.
C. Translation Adamant
D. Equip A. Annoyed
Ans: b B. Unyielding
Meaning : a note by way of explanation C. Strict

or comment added to a text or
D. Mandatory
diagram.
Ans: b
Synonym : comment, gloss, footnote,
explanation Antonym : no comment, Meaning : refusing to be persuaded or
to change one's mind.
Synonym : immovable, inflexible,
inflexible
Antonym : unsure
Q88.
Attest
A. Allure
B. Corroborate
Q90. Archaic
C. Assign
A. Modern
D. Enlarge

25
B. Decent Blase
C. Primitive A. Blank
D. Absorb B. Beautiful
Ans: c C. Indifferent
Meaning : very old or old-fashioned. D. Credible
Synonym : obsolete, obsolescent, out Ans: c
of date
Meaning : unimpressed with or
Antonym : new, modern indifferent to something because one
has experienced or seen it so often
before.
Synonym : apathetic , bored
Antonym : responsive, excited
Q93.
Q91.
Assimilate
Abrogate
A. Absorb
A. Elope
B. Assemble
B. Gatecrash
C. Receive
C. Abolish
D. Arrange
D. Destroy
Ans: a
Ans: c Meaning : take in and understand fully
Meaning : repeal or do away with a law, (information or ideas).
right, or formal agreement. Synonym : comprehend, understand,
Synonym : repudiate, revoke, repeal, sense
rescind
Antonym : introduce Antonym : exclude, mistake,
misunderstand,
Q92.

26
Q94. The latest COVID19 testing strategy Government (a)/ announcement, 800
(a)/ replaced the previous advisory million Indians are eligible and dependent
(Version VI), released on September 4, on (b)/ free ration during the pandemic;
(b)/ 2020 and inter alia, had the provision they cannot be (c)/ expected to purchase
of COVID19 testing on (c)/demand for ‘all testing kits and will not likely to use them.
individuals who wish to get themself (d)/.No Error(e)/
tested’. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: d
Ans: d
Q99. Testing asymptomatic people has a
Q95. When the novel coronavirus (a)/ very limited marginal benefit and can
pandemic (a)/ began, the virus was new overburden an already stretch (b)/ testing
to any setting and every country (b)/ system — which could essentially mean a
including India followed a ‘containment delay in (c) the COVID19 test report for
strategy’ to stop the virus (c)/ spread and those with a high risk of getting moderate
preventing community transmission. to severe disease./(d)/.No Error(e)/
(d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: b
Ans: d
Q100. India’s pandemic response has
Q96. India, following this approach, received criticism for being guided by
ramped (a)/ up COVID19 testing capacity clinical experts and being medical (a)/
and two years on, India has set (b)/ nearly care oriented with excessive attention (b)/
3,100 laboratories conducting COVID19 on hospital beds and intensive care unit
testing with (c)/ daily capacity of nearly (c)/ facilities and with a focus on care of
two million RT PCR tests. (d)/.No Error(e)/ sick. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: c Ans: d
Q97. However, with a decoupling of Q101. There is a need for developing (a)/
‘infection’ from ‘moderate to severe detailed COVID19 hospital admission
COVID19’ and a more better (a)/ criteria and ensuring a better adherence
understanding of disease epidemiology, it (b)/ for COVID19 treatment guidelines, to
is known that for most asymptomatic or prevent (c)/ unnecessary admission and
even mild (b)/ symptomatic individuals avoid unproven therapies that are not
(i.e., fully vaccinated, young adults, or (c)/ recommended. (d)/.No Error(e)/
those without comorbidities), a
confirmatory COVID19 testing would not Ans: c
alter the treatment. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Q102. To respond to the current surge,
Ans: a (a)/ there is a need to bring epidemiology
and public health approaches to (b)/ the
Q98. However, in India, as per the forefront and ignore the ‘opinion’ of

27
‘mushrooming experts’ (c)/ vocal and Q105. Caterwaul
visible on television and omnipresence on
social media. (d)/.No Error(e)/ A. Serve
Ans: d B. Howl
Q103. A surging tide of nationalism and C. Scribble

(a)/ authoritarianism has imperilled
D. Salute
democracy globally, and within (b)/
presumptively democratic nations — the Ans: b
United States, India, (c)/ the United
Kingdom, and the European Union — too. Meaning : make a shrill howling or
Economies are not doing good. (d)/.No wailing noise like that of a cat.
Error(e)/
Synonym : howl, wail, cry, yell, scream,
Ans: d screech, yelp
Q104. Beguile Antonym : low voice, soft voice
A. Dissent
B. Refuse
C. Deny
D. Deceive Q106. Bestowed
E. None of these A. Conferred
Ans: d B. Accommodated
Meaning : charm or enchant C. Trusted
(someone), often in a deceptive way.
D. Withdrawn
Synonym : charm, attract, spellbind,
hypnotize E. Directed
Antonym : unappealing, Ans: a

Meaning : confer or present (an
honour, right, or gift).
Synonym : give, grant, vouchsafe
Antonym :withhold

28
presenting a dystopian picture (b)/ of
ambulance sirens wailing in still traffic,
people deserting vehicles (c)/ to walk to
rail terminals in blinding rain and workers
Q107. Baffle unable to return home until late in the
night. (d)/.No Error(e)/
A. Puzzle
Ans: a
B. Orthodox
Q110. Suburban gated communities on
C. Sink the (a)/ city’s IT corridor and inner city
residents alike (b)/ were affected, and
D. Gratitude COVID19 was momentarily forgotten, (c)/
as rail and Metro lines were quickly
Ans: a
overwhelming.(d)/.No Error(e)/
Meaning : totally bewilder or perplex.
Ans: d
Synonym : perplex, puzzle, bewilder,
Q111. External Affairs Minister S.
Antonym : enlighten, clear,
Jaishankar’s virtual meeting with Sri
comprehensible
Lanka’s Finance Minister Basil Rajapaksa
(a)/ on Saturday, with an assurance that
India will support Sri Lanka (b)/ “in all
possible ways for overcoming the
economic and (c)/ other challenges
posed by COVID19 pandemic”, were
significant and timely. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Q108. The unpredicted spell of staggering Ans: d
rain (a)/ over Chennai on December 30,
2021 capped a season of repeated Q112. Amongst other issues, the friction
monsoon (b)/ inundation and urban over (a)/ fishermen’s rights and pending
paralysis, coming as a stark reminder to political solution for wartorn Tamil (b)/
political (c)/ leaders that they are areas remain sticking points, while
underestimating the risk of urban collapse concerns over Colombo’s (c)/ strategic
due to extreme weather events. (d)/.No ties with China have often lead to open
Error(e)/ disagreements.(d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: e Ans: d
Q109. Tamil Nadu’s capital, with an Q113. In spite of immense community
international airport and a major seaport, support and (a)/ active mobilisation for
was gridlocked after heavily rain at the change, both cities witnessed a
(a)/ tail end of the northeast monsoon,

29
regression, (b)/ as informality remained Synonym : prattle, rattle on, gabble,
dominant, laws were just in paper, and chatter, jabber
unsustainable (c)/ changes were made to
the urban environment. (d)/.No Error(e)/ Antonym : sense, silence
Ans: c
Q114. The monsoon of 2021 in Chennai,
with (a)/ its black swan evening of 24 cm
rain, raises a question: (b)/ would urban
development be more sustainable (c)/ and
equitable if the guiding principle is climate
change? (d)/.No Error(e)/ Q117.
Ans: c Baneful
Q115. In its report on ‘Reforms in Urban A. Loss

Planning (a)/ Capacity in India’ , NITI
Aayog cites the COVID19 pandemic (b)/ B. Evil
as a revelatory moment that underscores C. Profit
the direly (c)/ need for all cities to become
healthy cities by 2030. (d)/.No Error(e)/ D. Benefit
Ans: c Ans: b
Q116. Meaning : harmful or destructive.
Babble Synonym : baleful, damaging,
dangerous, deleterious, detrimental,
A. Virulence Evil
B. Chatter Antonym : innocuous,
C. Source
D. Advantage
E. Civility
Ans: b
Q118.
Meaning : talk rapidly and
continuously in a foolish, excited, or Browbeat
incomprehensible way.
A. Ambitious

30
B. Challenging
C. Intimidate
D. Tarnish
Ans: c
Meaning : intimidate (someone), Q120.
typically into doing something, with Benevolence
stern or abusive words.
A. ill - will
Synonym : bully, intimidate, force,
coerce, compel, badger B. Morbidity
Antonym : aid, assist, help, C. Kindness
D. Vision
Ans: c
Meaning : the quality of being well
meaning; kindness.
Q119. Synonym : kindness, goodness,

goodwill, benignity, compassion
Bashful
Antonym : spite, miserliness
A. Haughty
B. Discreet
C. Shy
D. Upset
Ans: d Q121.
Meaning : reluctant to draw attention to Conciliatory
oneself; shy.
A. Foolish
Synonym : shy, reserved, diffident,
B. Soothing
Antonym : bold, confident
C. Advisory
D. Over proud

31
Ans: b C. Frankness
Meaning : intended or likely to placate D. Vocation
or pacify.
E. Detraction
Synonym : placatory, appeasing,
pacifying, pacific, mollifying Ans: c
Antonym : antagonistic Meaning : the quality of being open

and honest; frankness.
Synonym : frankness, openness,
honesty,
Antonym : insincerity
Q124.
Q122.
Confine
Clemency
A. Circumscribe
A. Empathy
B. Enclose
B. Kindness
C. Allow
C. Sympathy
D. Limit
D. Forgiveness
E. Regularize
Ans: c
Ans: b
Meaning : deliberately hurtful in one's
Meaning : keep or restrict someone or
remarks; spiteful.
something within certain limits of
Synonym : leniency, mercy, lenience, (space, scope, or time).
mildness
Synonym : enclose, incarcerate,
Antonym : ruthlessness, strictness imprison,
Q123. Antonym : release
Candour
A. Emotion
B. Concern

32
Q124. planning (c)/ tools, surveys and focus
group discussions to access the needs
Coercion and aspirations of citizens. (d)/.No
Error(e)/
A. Consensus
Ans: d
B. Compulsion
Q127. In Tamil Nadu, urban local bodies
C. Deferment
have (a)/ no elections for a decade, while
D. Cruelty the long (b)/ coastline of the State has
been hit by cyclones (c)/ that have
E. Victimization crippled Chennai and other towns. (d)/.No
Error(e)/
Ans: b
Ans: b
Meaning : the practice of persuading
someone to do something by using Q128. With higher taxes until the 1970s,
force or threats. (a)/ the U.S. and many countries in
Europe (b)/ built up their public health and
Synonym : force, compulsion, education infrastructure (c)/ and
constraint, duress, strengthen social security systems.
Antonym : persuasion (d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: c
Q129. History shows that whenever (a)/
hopelessness spreads in societies, they
are fertile grounds for (b)/ messianic
saviours who whip up pride in (c)/
citizen’s identities to distract them from
Q125.The M.K. Jain Committee Report their woes. (d)/.No Error(e)/
has (a)/ highlighted that livestock farmers
face greater (b)/ challenges in comparison Ans: d
to traditional agricultural farmers
especially (c)/ while assessing credit and Q130. Less than half of all cities have
livestock insurance. (d)/.No Error(e)/ master plans, and (a)/ even these are
ruled by informality, since both influential
Ans: d elites (b)/ and poor encroach upon
commons such as (c)/ wetlands and river
Q126. Consistent with the approach of the banks, as Chennai and Mumbai have
present (a)/ Central government, NITI witnessed. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Aayog recommends 500 priority cities to
(b)/ be included in a competitive Ans: c
framework, adopting participatory

33
Q131. A toplevel department for climate Ans: c
change adaptation is suited to serve as a
unifier, bringing all relevant (a)/ Q135. Now that Chennai is working on a
departments in a State, such as housing (a)/ new master plan and a climate action
and urban development, (b)/ transport, plan, with planned investments (b)/ in
water supply, energy, land use, public infrastructure including Metro rail links to
works and irrigation to (c)/ work with the western (c)/ and southern suburbs, it
elected local governments that sets should introduced regulation to ensure
priorities and becomes accountable. value capture.(d)/.No Error(e)/
(d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: d
Ans: d
Q136. In Chennai’s case, unplanned
Q132. In Chennai, the focus after every densification (a)/ is occurring in three
flood has (a)/ on the storm water drain neighbouring districts which (b)/ are linked
network, while commercial (b)/ to the core city by local transport and (c)/
encroachment of the vast marshland in is hence part of a larger metropolitan
Pallikaranai, a (c)/ natural sponge for the area. (d)/.No Error(e)/
city, gets insufficient attention. (d)/.No
Ans: d
Error(e)/
Q137. India’s cities will continue to be
Ans: b
drivers of (a)/ economic growth with
Q133. This experience echoes the fate of significant production and consumption,
(a)/ encroachments along Mumbai’s Mithi (b)/ but that sunrise story is threaten by
river, where the Mithi River (b)/ (c)/ unsustainable urban development in
Development and Protection Authority, the era of climate change. (d)/.No
after the 2005 flood, favoured (c)/ Error(e)/
removal of dwellings, while sparing
Ans: c
‘permanent structures’ that were very big
to touch.(d)/.No Error(e)/ Q138.
Ans: d Confiscate
Q134. Most of these suburban A. To confuse
investments do not (a)/ reflect their true
value, even if they are layouts ‘approved’ B. To obscure
by the (b)/ Chennai Metropolitan
Development Authority, because outlying C. To seize by authority
town panchayats have a little capacity or D. To steal
funds to create even (c)/ basic
infrastructure such as water supply, Ans: c
sanitation and roads. (d)/.No Error(e)/

34
Meaning : take or seize (someone's B. Representative
property) with authority.
C. Beneficiary
Synonym : impound, seize,
commandeer, D. Messenger
Antonym : return Ans: c

Meaning : the person or company to
whom goods or documents are
officially sent or delivered:
Synonym : beneficiary, collector,
payee, casher
Q139. Antonym : almsgiver, altruist
Collateral
A. Pathetic
B. Tiresome
C. Guarantee
Q141.
D. Magnanimous
Commiseration
Ans: c
A. Commission
Meaning : something pledged as
security for repayment of a loan, to be B. Vastness
forfeited in the event of a default.
C. Sympathy
Synonym : security, surety, guarantee,
pledge, indemnification D. Commendation
Ans: c
Meaning : sympathy and sorrow for the
misfortunes of others; compassion.
Q140. Synonym : compassion, condolence,

pity, sympathy
Consignee
Antonym : disdain, indifference
A. Delegate

35
Ans: b
Meaning : time spent recovering from
an illness or medical treatment;
recuperation.
Synonym : recuperation, recovery,
rehabilitation, improvement
Q142. Cogent
Antonym : relapse
A. Force
B. Objectionable
C. Convincing
D. False
Ans: c Q144.
Meaning : clear, logical, and Cherished
convincing.
A. Maintained carefully
Synonym : convincing, compelling,
strong, plausible B. Available abundantly
Antonym :vague, unconvincing, C. Managed tactfully

muddled
D. Accepted happily
E. Protected lovingly
Ans: e
Meaning : protect and care for
(someone) lovingly.
Q143.
Synonym : adore, love, dote on, revere,
Convalescence
Antonym : abhor, condemn, despise
A. Continued hostile attitude
B. Gradual recovery of health
C. Gradual recovery of people
D. Summary

36
Q145. Contaminated defy
A. Rejected Antonym : avoid
B. Respected
C. Seen
D. Polluted
Ans: d
Meaning : having been made impure by Q147.
exposure to or addition of a poisonous
or polluting substance. Connote
Synonym : pollute, adulterate, defile, A. Help
Antonym : purify B. Cure
C. Follow
D. Confirm
E. Imply
Ans: d
Q146. Meaning : (of a word) imply or suggest

(an idea or feeling) in addition to the
Confront literal or primary meaning.
A. Involve Synonym : imply, suggest, indicate
B. Oppose Antonym : denote, mean
C. Count Q148.
D. Ignore Coerce
Ans: b A. Persuade
Meaning : come face to face with B. Insist
(someone) with hostile or
argumentative intent. C. Argue
Synonym : challenge, oppose, resist, D. Compel

37
Ans: d was the Tsarist capital, is less than 160
kilometers. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Meaning : persuade to do something
by using force or threats. Ans: c
Synonym : pressure, pressurize, Q152. So, in 2008, Mr. Putin sent troops
constrain, force, to Georgia over the separatist conflict in
South Ossetia and (a)/ Abkhazia; and in
Antonym : persuade 2014, when the Kremlin Friendly regime
of Ukraine had (b)/ toppled by pro western
protesters, he moved to annex the
Crimean peninsula, expanding Russia’s
(c)/ Black Sea coast, thereby protecting
its fleet based in Sevastopol in Crimea.
Q149. And her axiom continued to be a (d)/.No Error(e)/
guiding (a)/ principle for several of her Ans: b
famed successors, from Joseph Stalin,
who (b)/ defeated the Nazis and Q153. And this month, when violent
expanded the Soviet boundaries, to unrest broke out in Kazakhstan, the
Vladimir (c)/ Putin, who had annexed largest and wealthiest country in (a)/
Crimea in 2014 and has now mobilised Central Asia, its leader turned to Russia
100,000 troops on the Ukraine border. for helping and a willing Mr. Putin (b)/
(d)/.No Error(e)/ immediately dispatched troops (c)/
(under the banner of the Collective
Ans: d Security Treaty Organization, or CSTO) to
Q150. In the last months of the Soviet quell the protests.(d)/.No Error(e)/
Union, to (a)/ calm the nerves of a bad Ans: b
hurt but still (b)/ breathing Russian bear,
the West promised that the (c)/ North Q154. By destabilising Georgia and
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Ukraine (a)/ and reestablishing Russia’s
would not “expand an inch to the east”. hold in Belarus, Caucasus and (b)/
(d)/.No Error(e)/ Central Asia, Moscow has effectively
stalled (c)/ NATO’s further expansion into
Ans: b it’s backyard. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Q151. If in the early 1990s, NATO’s Ans: d
border (a)/ with Russia was limited to the
northern strip of Norway, now, the Q155. But Mr. Putin, who has already
distance (b)/ from NATO’s Estonian deepened (a)/ Russia’s ties with China, a
border and St. Petersburg, the second Cold War rival, to balance against (b)/ the
most (c)/ populous city in Russia that West’s economic coercion, seems to

38
ready to pay the (c)/ economic price to irritable, grumpy
meet his strategic goals. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Antonym : good-natured, affable
Ans: c
Q156. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in
a report, “State Finances, Study of
Budgets of 202122”, released in
November (a)/ 2021 wrote: “With the
governments in India playing a frontline
role in combating the pandemic by (b)/
implementing containment strategies, Q159.
their finances have come under severe
strain, (c)/ forcing them to cut Contiguous
expenditures and mobilise funding from
A. Tedious
various sources.”(d)/.No Error(e)/
B. Quarrelsome
Ans: d
C. Arduous
Q157. It is interesting that the RBI did
echo (a)/ the recommendations of the D. Adjoining
15th Finance Commission report on (b)/
local bodies that emphasised on city Ans: b
governance (c)/ structures and financial
empowerment.(d)/.No Error(e)/ Meaning : sharing a common border;
touching.
Ans: c
Synonym : adjacent, adjoining,
Q158. bordering, abutting
Choleric Antonym : distant
A. Hot - headed 21 JAN, 2022
B. Sick Q160. (A) As nearly two years have

been lost due to COVID19, the
C. Pleasant Government may consider extending
the time limit for availing of this benefit.
D. Brave
(B) In October and November 2021, the
Ans: a
average growth in the Centre’s GTR felled
Meaning : bad-tempered or irritable. to about 17.4% as the base effect was
weakening.
Synonym : bad-tempered, irascible,

39
(C) This would still compare good with the to come.
Centre’s GTR growth performance in the
preCOVID19 years which averaged only (C) Revival of the economy in 2022-23
5.6% during 201718 to 201920. would critically depend on containing the
adverse economical impact of the third
(D) There may be some slippage in wave of COVID19 — and subsequent
disinvestment targets and supplementary waves — to a minimum.
expenditure demands have also to be
accommodate. (D) It may be a prudent to limit the
reduction in fiscal deficitGDP ratio to
(E) None of these about 1% of GDP in 2022-23.
Ans: e (E) None of these
Q161. (A) Expenditure prioritisation in Ans: b
2022-23 should focus on reviving both
consumption as well as investment Q163. (A) As in any match, winning the
demand. semifinals guarantee a spot to play in
the final, though it does not guarantee a
(B) The GST compensation provision victory in the final match.
would also come to an and in June 2022.
(B) From here on, a stepwise reduction of
(C) While these matter may be considered 0.5% point per year would enable a level
by the GST Council, the compensation up of about 4% of GDP by 2025-26.
arrangement should be extended by two
years in some modified form. (C) The Fifteenth Finance Commission
suggested a fiscal consolidation path how
(D) This would cause a major revenue the Centre’s fiscal deficit was
shock at least for some States such as benchmarked at 5.5% of GDP for
Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. 2022-23.
(E) None of these (D) And by the end of this year, Assembly
elections will also be holded in Gujarat
Ans: d and Himachal Pradesh.
Q162. (A) At this point, while supporting (E) None of these
growth is critical, signalling a return to
fiscal consolidation is also being Ans: a
important.
Q164. (A) There is no evidence to
(B) It would be appropriate now to suggest that these patterns would have
consider a graduated return to fiscal changed over the last few year.
consolidation while using fiscal policy to
lay the base for faster growth in the years (B) But this does not suggest that the
verdicts in these Assembly elections will

40
not have any impact on how politics in B. Peaceful
India might take shape in the coming
future. C. After death
(C) Many State elections will take place in D. Wonderful

2023 and the number would be much
Ans: a
closer to that of 2024.
Meaning : causing or involving great
(D) So, in my opinion, the verdict of the
suffering, fear, or unhappiness;
State Assembly elections will not be any
extremely bad or serious.
indicator of what might happen in 2024.
Synonym : terrible, frightful, horrible,
(E) None of these
grim
Ans: c
Antonym : mild
Q165. Contentious
A. self -restraint
B. Quarrelsome
C. Ignorant Q167. Diligent
D. Understanding A. Honest
Ans: b B. Clever
Meaning : causing or likely to cause an C. Industrious
argument; controversial.
D. Damaging
Synonym : controversial, disputable,
debatable, disputed Ans: c
Antonym : uncontroversial Meaning : having or showing care and
conscientiousness in one's work or
duties.
Synonym : industrious, assiduous,
conscientious, particular
Q166. Dreadful Antonym : lazy, casual
A. Terrible

41
Q168. Diplomatically Q170. Since then, Omicron has been

identified in 171 (a)/ countries; it has
A. Silly become the dominant variant in many
B. Slowly countries, and (b)/ the world is
experiencing the highest daily new
C. Tactfully COVID19 infections (c)/ since the start of
the novel coronavirus pandemic. (d)/.No
D. Clearly Error(e)/
Ans: c Ans: c
Meaning : in a way that relates to Q171. As an example, while two doses of
diplomacy or international relations. vaccine continues (a)/ to provide
Synonym : civilly, courteously, politely, protection from the severe disease,
tactfully hospitalisation (b)/ and deaths,
administering a booster dose to keep
antibody levels (c)/ high is a
‘medicalisation’ of a public health
intervention.(d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: a
Q169. Descend Q172. Following the Omicron surge,
South (a)/ Africa decided to introduce
A. Go up COVID19 vaccine booster dose; (b)/
B. Come down however, a reason was that one of the
vaccine being used in (c)/ the country is a
C. Pass on single dose vaccine (Johnson & Johnson),
with lower efficacy. (d)/.No Error(e)/
D. Look into
Ans: c
Ans: b
Q173. First, do not merely continue with
Meaning : move or fall downwards. (a)/ the old strategies of ‘test, trace,
isolate or treat’ (b)/ but review and update
Synonym : go down, come down, drop,
all public health policies (c)/ to factor in
subside
new epidemiological and scientifical
Antonym : ascent, climb evidence. (d)/.No Error(e)/

42
Ans: d (a)/ focus upon developing science and
evidence based case (b)/ identification
Q174. Considering the many similarities and treatment plans which are strictly
with (a)/ South Africa (than European adhered (c)/ , by both public and private
countries) — such as median age, (b)/ healthcare providers. (d)/.No Error(e)/
population density, health system
infrastructure and natural infection (c)/ Ans:d
rate — India is more likely to follow an
Omicron wave trajectory that is similar to Q179. The number of new infections in
South Africa. (d)/.No Error(e)/ the ongoing (a)/ Omicron wave might
have been very similar to previous waves
Ans: d driven by (b)/ the Alpha, the Beta or the
Delta variants; however, there is sufficient
Q175. As the third wave is likely to affect epidemiological evidence to finally
(a)/ Indian States in phased manner (b)/ conclude that (c)/ Omicron does not
(major cities, followed by urban settings cause severe disease, at least in fully
and then rural areas), States (c)/ can vaccinated individuals. (d)/.No Error(e)/
benefit by putting the learnings so far into
practise.(d)/.No Error(e)/ Ans: b/c
Ans:d Q180. The governments should consider
incentives (a)/ to increase adherence at
Q176. First, considering the infection and COVID appropriate behaviour (b)/ and
(a)/ hospitalisation ‘decoupling’ in this explore public subsidies for masks (c)/
wave, the old (b)/ indicators, i.e., new including provisions for free mask
daily COVID19 cases and test positivity distribution. (d)/.No Error(e)/
(c)/ rates are not the better parameters for
decision making. (d)/.No Error(e)/ Ans:b
Ans: d Q181. Deplete
Q177. The new indicators to track the A. Take away
pandemic (a)/ should emphasize on daily
symptomatic cases, hospital bed B. Fill
occupancy, intensive care unit admissions
C. Make greater
and a few more refined (b)/ stratifiers of
pattern and outcome of infection (c)/ in D. Exhaust
high risk groups (unvaccinated, comorbid
or elderly) and non high risk groups, Ans:d
amongst others. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Meaning : use up the supply or
Ans: b resources of.
Q178. Second, the Government should Synonym : exhaust, consume, expend,

43
Antonym : augment, increase remains,
Q184.
Doleful
A. Mournful
B. Sober
Q182. Degeneration
C. Regretful
A. Deterioration
D. Cheerful
B. Gradation
Ans: a
C. Motion
Meaning : expressing sorrow;
D. Humiliation mournful.
Ans: a Synonym : mournful, sorrowful, sad,
unhappy, depressed , melancholy
Meaning : the state or process of being
or becoming degenerate; decline or Antonym : cheerful
deterioration.
Synonym : deterioration, decline,
decay, debasement
Antonym : improvement
Q185.
Q183. Dregs
Collude
A. Cream
A. Conspire
B. Power
B. Conceal
C. Remains
C. Strike
D. Accoutrements
D. Allege
Ans: c
Ans: a
Meaning : the remnants of a liquid left
in a container, together with any Meaning : cooperate in a secret or
sediment. unlawful way in order to deceive or
gain an advantage over others.
Synonym : sediment, deposit, residue,

44
Synonym : conspire, connive, intrigue, Meaning : disappear or cause to
be hand in glove disappear.
Antonym : forget Synonym : vanish, evaporate, dissolve,
Q186. Antonym : save, grow, develop,
Debenture Q188.
A. Voucher Defile
B. Service A. Pollute
C. Trick B. Disapprove
D. Ill- will C. Delay
Ans: a D. Reveal
Meaning :a long-term security yielding Ans: a
a fixed rate of interest, issued by a
company and secured against assets. Meaning : damage the purity or
appearance of; mar or spoil.
Synonym : bond, voucher, promise to
pay Synonym : spoil, sully, impair,
pollute,dirty
Antonym : purify
26 JAN, 2022
Q189. Being republican is an ideal to
which (a)/ we are mean to consistently
aspire, and when (b)/ we go astray, we
Q187. should know that we have done
Dissipate something (c)/ wrong, feel remorse, and
make amends. (d)/.No Error(e)/
A. Evaporate
Ans: b
B. Distribute
Q190. Political liberty doesn’t mean
C. Divide unbridled (a)/ freedom to do whatever one
pleases (negative liberty), (b)/ but it
D. Waste means to live by laws made by citizens
themself, that are a (c)/ product of their
Ans: a
own will, not the arbitrary will of

45
others.(d)/.No Error(e)/ Q195. When the farmers came out on the
streets to (a)/ peacefully challenge the
Ans: c three farm laws made by the current (b)/
government, they exercised not only their
Q191. The willingness to live by selfmade
democratic (c)/ rights but also exhibited
regulations but (a)/ enforced by public
the highest of republican virtues. (d)/.No
power or the state also means that those
Error(e)/
who (b)/ value a republic are not against
states but (c)/ have against those that Ans: c
take away our political freedom.(d)/.No
Error(e)/ Q196. Republic Day is not only an
occasion to take (a)/ pride in our identity
Ans: d as Indians but also an occasion for (b)/
the citizens of our country to reiterate our
Q192. Indeed, for many Greek thinkers,
resolve again to (c)/ promote equality and
democracy (a)/ had a negative
brotherhood in the country. (d)/.No
connotation precisely because it was (b)/
Error(e)/
belief to involve everyone, including
plebeians, (c)/ what we contemptuously Ans: c
call ‘the mob’.(d)/.No Error(e)/
Q197. The Constituent Assembly
Ans: c undertook (a)/ intensive deliberations over
a period of two years, 11 (b)/ months and
Q193.At the same time, if voting, for
18 days spread over 11 sessions, during
practical reasons, is (a)/ restricted only to
which the Constitution (c)/ of India took
choosing representatives who, in the
shape which was than adopted on
name of the (b)/ people, make laws and
November 26, 1949. (d)/.No Error(e)/
policies, every citizen must at least has
the right to be (c)/ properly informed, seek Ans: d
transparency and accountability from their
government. (d)/.No Error(e)/ Q198. January 26, 1950 was the
momentous (a)/ day when, at last,
Ans: c/d decades of struggle for true Swaraj finally
(b)/ born fruit and the supremacy of the
Q194. A republic must, at the very least,
sovereign will (c)/ of the people was truly
have (a)/ perpetually vigilant citizens who
established. (d)/.No Error(e)/
act as watchdogs, monitor (b)/ their
representatives, and retain the right (c)/ Ans: c
for contest with respect to any law or
policy made on their behalf. (d)/.No Q199. It is an interesting historical fact
Error(e)/ that Dr. Rajendra (a)/ Prasad chaired the
sittings of the House when it met as the
Ans: d (b)/ Constituent Assembly while Ganesh

46
Mavalankar presided (c)/ over as
Speaker when the House meets as the
legislature. (d)/.No Error(e)/
Ans: d
Q200. Our Constituent Assembly had
performed the functions (a)/ of the
provisional Parliament of India in the
interval between the time our (b)/
Constitution was enforced and the day
when the new Parliament (c)/ was formed
following the first General Elections
(October 25, 1951February 21, 1952).
(d)/.No Error(e)/

47
CHAPTER - 2
Editorial Analysis -
January , 2022

48
1. Provocation: उकसावा: action or speech that announces or signals the approach

that makes someone angry, especially of another.
deliberately.
14. Rollback: a reduction or decrease.
2. Adhere: पालन करना: believe in and
follow the practices of. 15. kick in: to begin operating or having an
effect
3. Status quo: the existing state of affairs,
especially regarding social or political 16. Ostensibly: जाहिरा तौर पर: apparently.
issues.
17. Sought to: attempt to find (something).
4. Ostensibly: जाहिरा तौर पर: as appears or
18. Alleviate: make (suffering, deficiency, or
is stated to be true, though not
a problem) less severe.
necessarily so; apparently.
19. Parleys: a conference between
5. Depicted: वर्णन करना: represent by a
opposing sides in a dispute, especially
drawing, painting, or other art form.
a discussion of terms for an armistice.
6. Elicited: हासिल: evoke or draw out (a
20. hold off : resist an attacker or
reaction, answer, or fact) from
challenge.
someone.
21. Anomaly: something different,
7. Reiterate: बार बार दह
ु राना: say something abnormal, peculiar, or not easily
again or a number of times, typically for
classified
emphasis or clarity.
22. to move the needle: To cause a
8. Stalled:ठप: stop or cause to stop
noticeable change in something.
making progress.
23. Deftly:चतरु ाई से: in a way that is neatly
9. propping up: o stop (something) from
skilful and quick in movement.
falling or slipping by placing something
under or against it . 24. fortuitous : आकस्मिक: happening by
chance rather than intention.
10. Culminating: समापन: reach a climax or
point of highest development. 25. Rollout: the official launch or
introduction of a new product or
11. Soaring: increasing rapidly above the
service.
usual level.
26. Surge: a sudden powerful forward or
12. Tapering: the process of gradually
upward movement, especially by a
lessening or reducing something.
crowd or by a natural force such as the
13. Harbinger: अग्र-दत
ू : a person or thing tide.

49
27. Immunogenic: relating to or denoting stereotype
substances able to produce an immune
response. 40. Cumulative: विचार-विमर्श: increasing or
increased in quantity, degree, or force
28. Consensus: आम सहमति: a general by successive additions.
agreement.
41. deliberating : विचार-विमर्श: engage in
29. Comorbidities: the simultaneous long and careful consideration.
presence of two or more diseases or
medical conditions in a patient. 42. Behest: आज्ञा: a person's orders or
command.
30. Reliance: dependence on or trust in
someone or something. 43. Asserting: जोर दे ते हुए: state a fact or
belief confidently and forcefully.
31. Impending: आसन्न: (of an event
regarded as threatening or significant) 44. Stringent: कड़ी से कड़ी: (of regulations,
about to happen; forthcoming. requirements, or conditions) strict,
precise, and exacting.
32. Unabated: without any reduction in
intensity or strength. 45. Infeasible: अव्यवहार्य: not possible to do
easily or conveniently; impracticable.
33. Relentless: लगातार: unceasingly
intense. 46. Rendering: to give, present, or perform
something
34. Vigil: जागत
ृ होना: a period of keeping
awake during the time usually spent 47. Apex: the highest point or most
asleep, especially to keep watch or successful part of something
pray.
48. Arbitrary: मनमाना: based on random
35. Aberrations: विपथन: a departure from choice or personal whim, rather than
what is normal, usual, or expected, any reason or system.
typically an unwelcome one.
49. Denting: have an adverse effect on;
36. Usher in: to serve to bring into being a diminish.
discovery that ushered in a period of
50. Poised: having a composed and
change.
self-assured manner.
37. Levied: कर लगाने योग्‍
य: impose (a tax,
51. bumpy : (of a journey or other
fee, or fine).
movement) involving sudden jolts and
38. Calibrated: carefully assessed, set, or jerks.
adjusted.
52. Persistent: दृढ़: continuing firmly or
39. Pegged: expected to do or be obstinately in an opinion or course of
something, based on an assumption or action in spite of difficulty or

50
opposition. 67. Raged: नाराजगी जताई: feel or express
violent uncontrollable anger.
53. upending :ऊपर आना: set or turn
(something) on its end or upside down. 68. Verdict: निर्णय: a decision on an issue of
fact in a civil or criminal case or an
54. Conjure up: to present to the mind; inquest
evoke or imagine
69. Conferred: grant (a title, degree, benefit,
55. Bracing: fresh and invigorating. or right).
56. Demonstrably: in a way that is clearly 70. Immaterial: unimportant under the
apparent or capable of being logically circumstances; irrelevant.
proved.
71. Notwithstanding: in spite of.
57. Disbursals: संवितरण: the act of
spending or disbursing money. 72. Relentless: लगातार: unceasingly
intense.
58. Albeit: although
73. Elite: a select group that is superior in
59. Debilitating: दर्ब
ु ल: tending to weaken terms of ability or qualities to the rest of
something. a group or society.
60. Traction: the extent to which an idea, 74. Soar: बढ़ना: increase rapidly
product, etc. gains popularity or above the usual level.
acceptance.
75. Quell: put an end to (a rebellion or other
61. Topsy-turvy: upside down. disorder), typically by the use of force.
62. throwing caution to the wind : to stop 76. Embodies: be an expression of or give
being careful and do something that is a tangible or visible form to (an idea,
dangerous quality, or feeling).
63. Overwhelmed: have a strong emotional 77. Snowballed: increase rapidly in size,
effect on. intensity, or importance.
64. Gamble: take risky action in the hope of 78. to pull the strings: set something tense
a desired result or exciting in motion.
65. Morbidities: the simultaneous presence 79. Resentment: नाराज़गी: bitter indignation
of two or more diseases or medical at having been treated unfairly.
conditions in a patient.
80. Swift: तीव्र: happening quickly or
66. Roll out: officially launch or introduce a promptly.
new product or service.
81. Emboldened: उनका हौसला बढ़ाया: give

51
(someone) the courage or confidence to insufficient for a purpose.
do something.
95. Regime: प्रशासन: a government,
82. Consensus: आम सहमति: a general especially an authoritarian one.
agreement.
96. Inclusion: समावेश: the action or
83. light the fuse: set something tense or state of including or of being
exciting in motion. included within a group or
structure.
84. On the boil: very strong or talked about
a lot. 97. rolled out: officially launch or
introduce a new product or
85. Deployment: परिनियोजन: the service.
action of bringing resources into
effective action. 98. Homologous: having the same
relation, relative position, or
86. In vain: without success or a structure.
result.
99. Comorbidities: the simultaneous
87. Spelt out: to explain something presence of two or more
in a very clear way with details diseases or medical conditions
in a patient.
88. Tweaked: improve (a mechanism
or system) by making fine 100. Efficacious: (of something inanimate or
adjustments to it. abstract) successful in producing a
desired or intended result; effective.
89. giving the push: dismiss
someone 101. Mitigate: make (something bad) less
severe, serious, or painful.
90. Adduced: cite as evidence.
102. Confer: grant (a title, degree, benefit, or
91. Pendency: the state, condition,
right).
or period of being pending or
awaiting settlement. 103. let one’s guard down: : to relax and stop
being careful and alert.
92. Uphold: confirm or support
(something which has been 104. Sterilising: make (something) free from
questioned). bacteria or other living microorganisms.
93. on one’s part: used to ascribe 105. silver bullet: a simple and seemingly
responsibility for something to magical solution to a complicated
someone. problem.
94. Inadequate: अपर्याप्त: lacking the 106. Augmented: having been made greater in
quality or quantity required; size or value.

52
107. Devolution: the transfer or delegation of situation).
power to a lower level, especially by
central government to local or regional 121. Alleged: कथित तौर पर: said, without proof,
administration. to have taken place or to have a specified
illegal or undesirable quality.
108. Prodigies: an outstanding example of a
particular quality. 122. Snippets: a small piece or brief extract.
109. Abdicate: त्यागना: fail to fulfil or undertake 123. Arbitrarily: मनमाना: on the basis of
(a responsibility or duty). random choice or personal whim, rather
than any reason or system.
110. exaggeration : अतिशयोक्ति: a statement
that represents something as better or 124. Sought: attempt to find (something).
worse than it really is.
125. in quest for: try to find or obtain it.
111. Strides: प्रगति: walk with long, decisive
126. Overemphasized: place excessive
steps in a specified direction.
emphasis on.
112. Elite: a select group that is superior in
127. Fortunes: a large amount of money or
terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a
assets.
group or society.
128. Denigrate: criticize unfairly; disparage.
113. Strides: walk with long, decisive steps in a
specified direction 129. Disrupt: बाधित: interrupt (an event, activity,
or process) by causing a disturbance or
114. Pit: set someone or something in conflict
problem.
or competition with.
130. rein in: to limit or control (someone or
115. Spurt: उछाल: gush out in a sudden and
something)
forceful stream.
131. at the helm: in charge or in
116. Roll out: officially launch or introduce a
leader's position.
new product or service.
132. Unfurling: make or become
117. Surge: तरं ग: (of a crowd or a natural force)
spread out from a rolled or
move suddenly and powerfully forward or
folded state, especially in order
upward.
to be open to the wind.
118. Compliance: अनपु ालन: the action or fact of
133. Morphed: undergo or cause to
complying with a wish or command.
undergo a gradual process of
119. Enormous: विशाल: very large in size, transformation.
quantity, or extent.
134. Cryogenic: relating to or
120. Watchdog: monitor (a person, activity, or involving the branch of physics

53
that deals with the production 147. Whip up: to excite (someone or
and effects of very low something)
temperatures.
148. presumptive : अनमु ान से सिद्ध: of the
135. Spin-offs: a by-product or nature of a presumption; presumed in
incidental result of a larger the absence of further information.
project.
149. Sucked up: behave obsequiously,
136. Venture: a risky or daring especially for one's own advantage.
journey or undertaking.
150. Morass: a complicated or confused
137. Breach: उल्लंघन: an act of situation.
breaking or failing to observe a
law, agreement, or code of 151. Erstwhile: former
conduct.
152. Rumblings: a continuous deep,
138. up to speed: operating at full resonant sound.
speed.
153. Resurgence: पन ु रुत्थान: an increase or
139. Immense: अत्यधिक: extremely revival after a period of little activity,
large or great, especially in scale popularity, or occurrence.
or degree.
154. Lament: विलाप: a passionate expression
140. Deleveraging: the process or of grief or sorrow.
practice of reducing the level of
155. Purview:क्षेत्र: the scope of the
one's debt by rapidly selling
influence or concerns of
one's assets.
something.
141. On-lend: to borrow money and
156. Backdrop: the things that can be
lend it to someone
seen behind something
142. on the wane: becoming weaker
157. Insurgence: an act of rising in
or less extensive.
active revolt.
143. Imperilled: संकट में डालना: put at risk of
158. Resilient: (of a person or animal) able to
being harmed, injured, or destroyed.
withstand or recover quickly from
144. trickle down: (of wealth) gradually difficult conditions.
benefit the poorest as a result of the
159. War-torn: (of a place) racked or
increasing wealth of the richest.
devastated by war.
145. Pauper: a very poor person.
160. Adage: कहावत: a proverb or short
146. Hamstrung: severely restrict the statement expressing a general truth.
efficiency or effectiveness of.

54
161. precarious : अनिश्चित: not securely held 174. stands in stark: to be very
or in position; dangerously likely to fall different from something else.
or collapse.
175. Insurgence: an act of rising in
162. Slump: मंदी: undergo a sudden severe active revolt.
or prolonged fall in price, value, or
amount. 176. Resilient: (of a person or animal)
able to withstand or recover
163. Deferrals: a postponement of an action quickly from difficult conditions.
or event.
177. steepest : तेज: (of a price or
164. Peril: जोखिम: serious and immediate demand) not reasonable;
danger. excessive.
165. In a bind : In a difficult, 178. Conjure up: to present to the
threatening, or embarrassing mind; evoke or imagine
position
179. Stuttering: progressing in a
166. De-escalate: reduce the intensity hesitant or irregular way.
of (a conflict or potentially
violent situation). 180. Spur: प्रेरणा: a thing that prompts
or encourages someone; an
167. Purview:क्षेत्र: the scope of the incentive.
influence or concerns of
something. 181. Deferrals: स्थगन: a postponement
of an action or event.
168. keeps one eye on: To focus part
of one's attention on someone or 182. Headwind: a wind blowing from
something else. directly in front, opposing
forward motion.
169. Recalibrate: पन
ु : जांचना: calibrate
(something) again or differently 183. Stance: a way of thinking about
something, especially expressed
170. Backdrop: the things that can be in a publicly stated opinion
seen behind something.
184. Augur: (of an event or
171. Vivendi: of living circumstance) portend a good or
bad outcome
172. Eschews: deliberately avoid
using; abstain from. 185. Hovered: to stay in the same
position in the air without
173. Hegemony: नायकत्व: leadership moving forwards or backwards.
or dominance, especially by one
state or social group over others. 186. Surge: a sudden powerful

55
forward or upward movement, 198. Vigour: ताक़त: effort, energy, and
especially by a crowd or by a enthusiasm.
natural force such as the tide.
199. Apprehensive: भयभीत: anxious
187. Conundrum: पहे ली: a confusing or fearful that something bad or
and difficult problem or question. unpleasant will happen.
188. Wrecking: नष्ट: to destroy or 200. Articulate: स्पष्ट: having or
badly damage something showing the ability to speak
fluently and coherently.
189. Altimeter: an instrument for
determining altitude attained,
especially a barometric or radar
device fitted in an aircraft.
190. roll out: officially launch or
introduce a new product or
service.
191. Citing: praise (someone,
typically a member of the armed
forces) in an official report for a
courageous act.
192. Aviation: the flying or operating
of aircraft.
193. Peculiar: विशेष: different to what
is normal or expected; strange.
194. At the heart of: to be the most
important part of something
195. Impasse: गतिरोध: a situation in
which no progress is possible,
especially because of
disagreement; a deadlock.
196. Asserted: state a fact or belief
confidently and forcefully.
197. Deployment: परिनियोजन: the
action of bringing resources into
effective action.

56
CHAPTER - 3
Perfection Questions
January , 2022

57
Direction(1-2): The passage given below is D. Packard held that advertising as a

followed by four alternate summaries. ‘hidden persuasion’ understands the
Choose the option that best captures the hidden motivations of consumers and
essence of the passage. works at the supraliminal level, though
1. Vance Packard’s The Hidden Persuaders the people targeted have no awareness
alerted the public to the psychoanalytical of being persuaded.
techniques used by the advertising industry. Its E. None of the above options
premise was that advertising agencies were (Answer - D
using depth interviews to identify hidden There is a clear difference between the
consumer motivations, which were then used choices with respect to supraliminal and
to entice consumers to buy goods. Critics and subliminal. The passage clearly tells us
reporters often wrongly assumed that Packard that Packard believed in supraliminal
was writing mainly about subliminal images, not subliminal.
advertising. Packard never mentioned the Thus C and A is eliminated. We have to
word subliminal, however, and devoted very choose between D and B.
little space to discussions of “subthreshold” Statement B says people are aware, while
effects. Instead, his views largely aligned with statement D says that people are not
the notion that individuals do not always have aware. The passage too says that people
access to their conscious thoughts and can be are not aware.
persuaded by supraliminal messages without Thus option D is the best choice.)
their knowledge. 2. A distinguishing feature of language is our
A. Packard argued that advertising as a ability to refer to absent things, known as
‘hidden persuasion’ understands the displaced reference. A speaker can bring
hidden motivations of consumers and distant referents to mind in the absence of any
works at the subliminal level, on the obvious stimuli. Thoughts, not limited to the
subconscious level of the awareness of here and now, can pop into our heads for
the people targeted. unfathomable reasons. This ability to think
B. Packard argued that advertising as a about distant things necessarily precedes the
‘hidden persuasion’ works at the ability to talk about them. Thought precedes
supraliminal level, wherein the people meaningful referential communication. A
targeted are aware of being persuaded, prerequisite for the emergence of human-like
after understanding the hidden meaningful symbols is that the mental
motivations of consumers and works. categories they relate to can be invoked even
C. Packard held that advertising as a in the absence of immediate stimuli.
‘hidden persuasion’ builds on peoples’ A. Thoughts are essential to
conscious thoughts and awareness, by communication and only humans have
understanding the hidden motivations of the ability to think about objects not
consumers and works at the subliminal present in their surroundings.
level.

58
B. The ability to think about objects not percent of all ski-related injuries in 1950 to 25
present in our environment precedes percent in 1980. The incidence of these
the development of human injuries, including accidents such as falling
communication. down steps, increases with the amount of
C. Displaced reference is particular to alcohol consumed per skier.
humans and thoughts pop into our A. As the number of ski injuries that occur
heads for no real reason. on the slopes decreases, the number of
D. Thoughts precede all speech acts and injuries that occur on the premises of
these thoughts pop up in our heads ski resorts increases.
even in the absence of any stimulus. B. The amount of alcohol consumed per
E. None of the above options skier increased between 1950 and
(Answer - B 1980.
Everything is good with option A except C. The technology of ski boots and
that it says only humans have the ability to bindings affects the incidence of each
think, something that is nowhere to found type of ski-related injury.
in the passage. A can be ruled out. D. If the technology of ski boots and
Option C is eliminated because displaced bindings continues to advance, the
reference is a distinguishing feature of incidence of ski-related injuries will
language, not of humans. Option C can be continue to decline.
ruled out. E. Injuries that occurred on the slopes of
Option D is eliminated because the ski resorts made up a smaller
passage says that thought precedes all percentage of ski-related injuries in
meaningful communication, while option D 1980 than in 1950.
says that thought precedes all speech acts, (Answer - E
something that may not always be the We’re told that, from 1950 to 1980, the
case. Thus option D too is eliminated. percentage of all ski-related injuries at ski
Option B is concise and does not have any resorts that did not occur on the slopes
distortions or misrepresentations.) increased from 10% to 25%. That must
mean that the percentage of ski-related
Direction(3-4): In the following question, a injuries at ski resorts that did occur on the
paragraph is given. You've to choose the slopes must have decreased over that
statement that can be logically inferred same period. Think about it this way: there
from that paragraph. are only two possible alternatives for a
3. The advanced technology of ski boots and skirelated injury: either it occurs on the
bindings has brought a dramatic drop in the slopes or it does not occur on the slopes.
incidence of injuries that occur on the slopes of So if the share of ski-related injuries
ski resorts: from 9 injuries per 1,000 skiers in represented by one type of injury goes up,
1950 to 3 in 1980. As a result, the remainder the share represented by the other type
of ski-related injuries, which includes all MUST go down. That’s choice (E).
injuries occurring on the premises of a ski (A) We have no information about the
resort but not on the slopes, rose from 10 number of the different types of ski-related

59
injuries occurring, only about the European countries, Japan has far too many
percentage of total injuries represented by workers qualified to perform only menial tasks.
the two different types of injuries. Since we A. There is a greater worldwide shortage
don’t know how or whether the total of research scientists than there is of
number of injuries changed, we can’t infer engineers.
(A). B. Japan is not the best country against
(B) We can infer nothing about the amount which to measure a country’s economic
of alcohol consumed. It’s true that success.
increased alcohol consumption causes an C. Japan’s successful economy depends
increase in injuries off the slopes, but we upon an uncommonly narrow base of
don’t know that those injuries have highly skilled labour.
increased numerically, nor do we know that D. To be economically more successful,
alcohol consumption is the only thing that Europe needs to train more people in
could bring about an increase. the new technologies.
(C) Although the stimulus says improved E. European countries have economies
ski boots and bindings have decreased the that are more successful than those of
incidence of injuries on the slopes, it never most other countries.
implies that they have any effect on (Answer - D
off-slope injuries. Successful economies have been the ones
(D) is unwarranted for two reasons: first, that have included a high level of technological
the fact that better boots and bindings have training. Moreover, we’re told in the first
reduced the incidence of on-slope injuries sentence that this will continue to be the case.
in the past is no guarantee that they will do Japan is good in this respect, certainly better
so in the future and, second, (D) speaks of than Europe, but even Japan has a high
“ski-related injuries” in general, and we number of people lacking essential skills. What
have no reason to believe that boots and can we infer from this?
bindings have any effect on the incidence Certainly (D) follows logically: Europe needs
of off-slope injuries.) to get its technical training act together if it
4. The most successful economies have been, wants a more successful economy. This is
and will continue to be, those that train as borne out by the fact that Europe is lacking
many people as possible in the human skills in one respect (technological proficiency)
required to research, to develop, and to apply that “will continue to be” needed for a
new technology. Japan is a model for this sort successful economy.
of training effort. Europe as a whole is in a (A) offers an unwarranted comparison that we
weaker position: there is a shortage of skilled have no way of corroborating based solely on
labour trained to use the new technologies, the evidence in the passage. Engineers aren’t
and there are not enough scientists able to even mentioned by name, so we certainly can’t
develop and apply the technology. However, infer a comparison like this.
even in Japan there is a shortage of (B) Even with its flaws, what evidence exists
technically qualified people, and, like most that there’s a better country to serve as the

60
role model of technological proficiency and B. (a)By offering to E. sovereignty over
training? (B), without support, is not inferable. forgo its claims in disputed areas.
(C) We can practically infer that Japan’s (b)A relatively
economic success is due to a narrow band of smaller area in West
highly skilled labour; the last sentence Bhutan and this
suggests that since so many of the workers seeming (c)China
are skilled in manual labour only, only a has now changed its
relative few are highly skilled in the new strategy of dealing
technology. But is this distribution uncommon? with Bhutan (d)The
Certainly not; this distribution of skilled vs. larger parts of North
unskilled labour is typical in most European Bhutan in lieu of
countries, and we have no basis to infer it’s
gaining
much different anywhere else, since Japan is
the cream of the crop in this respect (“the C. (a)For using F. magnanimity is
model for this sort of training effort”). newly-constructed calculated to expand
(E) contains another comparison that has no border villages close into the Chumbi
basis in the facts of the passage. The scope of to the LAC for Valley in the South.
the passage includes Europe and Japan, claiming (b)The law
period—we know nothing of the relative formalises and
economic success of “most other countries.”) legalises (c)Parts of
Direction(5-7): In the following questions, a eastern Ladakh and
table is given with two columns. In column creates conditions
I, the first part of the sentence is jumbled. (d)China’s
Find the correct order of the first part and geographic creep
link that with column II part to make a towards Tawang,
coherent sentence. Arunachal Pradesh
Q5. and
Column I Column II All A-F, B-D and C-E
A. All A-D, B-F and C-E
A. (a)China has D. sovereignty
B. Only A-F and B-D
attempted to use the dependent on India’s C. All A-E, B-D and C-F
same strong-arm security umbrella. D. None of the above options
tactics (b)Having (Answer - B. All A-D, B-F and C-E
operated from a A - bdac
maximalist position to B - cadb
settle its borders C - bdca
(c)With both India Q6.
and Bhutan, with the
latter’s (d)With 12 of Column I Column II
its 14 neighbours so
far, A. (a)The D. a confrontation if

61
government that it the government was interests of avoiding
would consider prepared to repeal
A. All A-E, B-F and C-D
postponement of ESMA. B. All A-D, B-E and C-F
(b)The January 19 C. Both B-E and C-F
country wide general D. Both A-D and B-E
strike only if (c)Trade E. None of the above options
unions has (Answer - A. All A-E, B-F and C-D
categorically told A - dcab
(d)The national B - bacd
campaign committee C - cbad)
of Q7.
B. (a)The Union E. the government Column I Column II
Labour Minister N D agreed to repeal the
Tiwari, the committee Essential Services A. (a)Considering D. translate to a
issued (b)After a Maintenance Act that the economy growth of around 5.6
hurriedly convened (ESMA). grew just shy of 14 per cent in the
meeting following per cent in second half.
their talks with (c)A (b)According to the
statement setting first advance
conditions for a estimates released
positive response to by the National
(d)The Minister’s Statistical Office on
appeal to them to Friday, (c)The first
cancel or defer half of the year, these
estimates (d)The
C. (a)The trade union F. the strike in the Indian economy is
leaders said that they interest of the expected to grow at
were prepared to national economy. 9.2 per cent in
relegate (b)The 2021-22 and
Labour Minister’s
appeal to withdraw or B. (a)The Indian E. are likely to
postpone the economy would have remain subdued in
January 19 industrial just about managed the second half of the
general strike to reach its 2019-20 year.
decision and (c)The level (real terms),
national campaign (b)However, trade,
committee had hotels, transport and
considered (d)12 of communication,
the 13 demands for which (c)The
negotiation in the advance estimates

62
confirm that by the C - bdca)
end of 2021-22, Direction(8-13): Read the given passage
(d)Growing by just carefully and answer the questions that
1.3 per cent and the follow.
disaggregated data Suppose you are about to make a speech
shows that most attempting to persuade your audience that
sectors are expected more spending on education is necessary or
to recover to their that the budget deficit should be reduced
pre-Covid levels; through cuts in domestic spending. There are
a few different ways you might approach your
C. (a)These numbers F. have been badly argument. When it comes down to it, though,
also suggest that hit by the pandemic, you must find a way of presenting your
both private continue to struggle. material to your audience that is most
consumption and effective. What factors make a one—sided
investment activity argument so effective that they seem to be the
(b)While the growth tactic of choice for most modern
numbers for the full propagandists?
year are aided by the If a communicator mentions the opposition's
low base effect, arguments, it might indicate that he or she is
(c)The implied an objective, fair—minded person; this could
estimates for the enhance the speaker's trustworthiness and
second half of the thus increase his or her effectiveness. On the
year are not very other hand, if a communicator so much as
encouraging and mentions the arguments of the other side of
(d)For sectors such the issue, it might suggest to the audience that
as manufacturing, the issue is a controversial one; this could
construction, make members of the audience vacillate.
financial, real estate With these possibilities in mind, it should not
and professional come as a surprise that there is no simple
services, relation between one—sided arguments and
the effectiveness of the communication. It
depends to some extent upon how well
informed the audience is and on the
audience's initial opinions on the issue. Citing
A. All A-F, B-D and C-E research contrary to one's thesis must be a
B. All A-D, B-F and C-E measured risk. If the audience is not already
C. Only A-F and B-D aware of this research, they might be unduly
D. All A-E, B-D and C-F swayed in the wrong direction. Research
E. None of the above options generally finds that the more well informed the
(Answer - B. All A-D, B-F and C-E members of the audience are, the less likely
A - bdac they are to be persuaded by a one—sided
B - cadb

63
argument and the more likely they are to be expect, if a member of the audience is already
persuaded by an argument that brings out the predisposed to believe the communicator's
important opposing arguments and then argument, a one—sided presentation has a
attempts to refute them. We should greater impact on his or her opinion than a
underscore that the research does not favor two—sided presentation.
the effectiveness of a simple two—sided Q8. Suppose that the President of the
argument: It favors the effectiveness of United States wants to persuade foreign
presenting both sides and pointing out the policy experts in Congress to support the
weaknesses in your opponent's position. deployment of American troops overseas.
This makes sense: A well—informed person is The President should do which of the
more likely to know some of the following to convince these experts to
counterarguments; when the communicator support troop deployment?
avoids mentioning these, the knowledgeable A. Make a one-sided argument that
members of the audience are likely to addresses only the potential benefits of
conclude that the communicator is either unfair such a policy
or unable to refute such arguments. On the B. Make a one-sided argument that
other hand, an uninformed person is less apt addresses only the potential costs of
to know of the existence of opposing such a policy
arguments. If the counterargument is ignored, C. Make a two-sided argument that
the less well—informed members of the addresses both the potential benefits
audience are persuaded; if the and potential costs of such a policy
counterargument is presented, they might get D. Make an argument that appeals to
confused. emotions rather than one that
The message—dense nature of the mass addresses the facts
media often makes it difficult to respond E. None of the above options
intelligently to what we receive. It takes
considerable mental effort to process
effectively the stream of one short message
after another. Advertisers have observed that (Answer - C
consumers frequently find comparative What does the effectiveness of an
advertising confusing; they mistake one brand argument depend on according to an
for another, leading to a situation in which the author? The knowledge and
advertiser is publicizing the competition. For preconceptions of the audience. Foreign
this reason, comparative advertising is rarely policy experts are by definition
used by the leading brand (why give an upstart knowledgeable about the subject, and so a
free publicity?); it is used mostly by a two—sided argument that points out the
challenger that might gain from being confused weaknesses in the opposing position will
with the leader. be most effective according to the author.
Another factor influencing the effectiveness of (C) repeats this.
one— versus two—sided persuasion is the
partisanship of the audience. As we might

64
(A): Opposite. This sort of argument would (A): Opposite. There is no comparison in
be better—suited to an uninformed or this answer choice.
partisan audience. (C): Opposite. As above.
(B): Opposite. Arguing against his own (D): Opposite. As above.)
policy wouldn't help the President. Q10. Implicit in the authors' discussion of
(D): Out of Scope. The author never argues audience receptivity to messages is the
the merits of this type of argument.) assumption that:
Q9. With respect to the sentence, A. advertisements are an ineffective
"Advertisers have observed that means to get people to buy consumer
consumers frequently find comparative products.
advertising confusing; they mistake one B. the mass media attempt to shape public
brand for another, leading to a situation in opinion to suit their own interests.
which the advertiser is publicizing the C. most people do not generally think
competition, " which one of the following is carefully about what they are told by
an example of "comparative advertising? " others.
A. The manufacturer of Brand V explains D. the less people know about an issue,
why consumers should prefer its the more likely they are to accept the
product opinion of others.
B. The manufacturer of Brand W explains E. None of the above options
why its product is superior to Brand X's (Answer - D
product The author argues that audiences are
C. The manufacturer of Brand Y explains receptive to one-sided arguments if they're
why its product is the cheapest on the not knowledgeable about the subject, vice
market versa if they are. What assumption is
D. The manufacturer of Brand Z explains implicit in this and necessary to make the
why its product is better than those of argument work? That audiences without
unnamed competitors knowledge are willing to be convinced one
E. None of the above options way or the other.
(Answer - B Choice (D) matches well with this. If in
An easy way to answer this question is to note doubt, use the denial test. If people who
the word "comparative "—a comparison don't know much about an issue are
needs two things to compare. unlikely to accept the opinions of others, a
Only (B) mentions two Brands. You can also one—sided argument wouldn't be at all
jump back to the paragraph about comparative effective. The author's argument falls apart,
advertising to review the author's main points and the answer as it is written must
on the practice: Comparative advertising therefore be a necessary assumption.
confuses consumers, and so it usually only (A): Distortion. The author mentions one
helps an underdog who would benefit from ineffective method of advertising in
the confusion. Looking for an instance in paragraph 5, but that doesn't mean that all
which one product is compared to another advertising is ineffective.
turns up (B) alone.

65
(B): Out of Scope. The author never consider the communicator unfair, but
mentions the concerns of mass media. doesn't suggest anywhere that this is
(C): Out of Scope. While some people have actually the case.)
less knowledge than others, that doesn't Q13. If the claims made in the passage are
mean that most people don't listen correct, how would a communicator who is
carefully.) aware of these claims be expected to react
Q11. Based on the arguments and to a knowledgeable, open-minded
information put forth by the author in the audience?
passage, which of the following statements A. The communicator would not try to
is true? make an argument.
A. One-sided arguments are generally less B. The communicator would present a
effective than two-sided arguments one-sided argument.
when the message is being delivered to C. The communicator would present a
a knowledgeable audience. two-sided argument.
B. Comparative advertising is always an D. The communicator would appeal to the
effective way for a company to sell audience's emotions.
more of its products. E. None of the above options
C. Highly educated people are more (Answer - C
receptive to two-sided arguments than If a communicator knows the author's
less highly educated people. arguments are true and is speaking to a
D. Communicators who employ one-sided knowledgeable and unbiased audience,
arguments are usually not fair—minded which argument will she choose? The
people. two-sided one.
E. None of the above options (C) gives you the quick points.
(Answer - A (A): Opposite. The situation fits the
It's an inference question. author's two—sided scenario perfectly.
Review the author's main points about (B): Opposite. This would fit the profile of a
arguments before hitting the answer communicator speaking to the opposite
choices. A good grasp of these will type of audience.
immediately lead to (A), which although not (D): Out of Scope. The author never argues
explicitly stated, is just the converse of the that arguments should appeal to emotions.)
author's argument.
(B): Opposite. The author argues that Direction(14-19): Read the given passage
comparative advertising only works in carefully and answer the questions that
certain situations and is rarely used. follow.
(C): Distortion. The author is talking about In Manhattan, the beauty of the night sky is
knowledgeable audiences, not only a faded metaphor, the shopworn verse of
highly-educated ones. It may sound similar an outdated love song. The stars shine no
but is out of scope. brighter at midnight in midtown than the ones
(D): Distortion. This author suggests in depicted on the time—dimmed ceiling of the
paragraph 4 that the audience may waiting room at Grand Central Terminal. The

66
eternal orange glow of the city lights leaves fullness of the sky, it is all one can do to
only the faintest hints of the blackness beyond. imagine the simplest of celestial motions—the
And when the sky is truly clear and the clouds pivoting of constellations around the North
do not reflect this amber aura, the brightness Star. To impart to each point of light the
of the city environs constrict the pupils so motions that are proper to it—to do the
much that only the moon can be seen on most unimaginable calculus of all those interfering
evenings. But over the last few weeks it has rotations, those intersecting gravities—is
been possible, even in Manhattan, to watch simply impossible. It is easier to imagine that
the evening star—Venus—descending in the one is staring at the ceiling of a celestial
west, presenting her orbit, edgewise, to waiting room, forever spinning around and
viewers on Earth. around above our heads.
Venus is the luminous body hanging over New But at the moment, one can almost picture the
Jersey to the west in the early evening. In spite motion of Venus in its orbit, as if one were
of the fact that it emanates no light of its looking at a diagram of the solar system.
own—only reflecting light from its neighbor and Imagine a line between the sun, at sunset, and
provider, the sun—it is brighter than any Venus, glittering high above the horizon. That,
heavenly object visible from Earth except the roughly speaking, is the path of the Venusian
sun and the moon. For the moment, Venus orbit. When Venus moves toward Earth, as it is
becomes apparent at twilight, about a third of doing now, it is the evening star, and when it
the way up the western sky, and it sets around moves away from Earth, it is the morning star.
11. Every night people go to bed wondering Even this, to some, might seem like a stretch
what strangely bright star that is. To those who of the abilities of conceptualization, but it is
live in New York City, it may be the only star worth the challenge. For if one can muddle
they see when trapped on this tiny little island. through this mental errand for a moment, it will
Whatever the case, in the morning no one become clear that a change is about to take
remembers that luminous body any longer. place. The moment of transition will occur on
To say, as one must, that Venus is not a star June 10, when Venus passes between the sun
but a planet seems ungrateful, almost and Earth. As May wears on, Venus will
pedantic. Astronomers might have us know appear nearer and nearer the sun, until the
that this distinction is not a mere splitting of planet is engulfed by twilight. Venus will come
hairs, but the most basic of divisions, not back into view, at dawn, sometime in late July.
unlike that of plants and animals. Be that as it For now, the evening star—Hesperus, as it
may, it is the kind of technicality the English was anciently known—is a steadily waning
essayist Charles Lamb had in mind when crescent, no matter how star—like or globular
defending the generosity of his personal its light appears. It will not return to its present
ignorance almost 200 years ago. "I guess at position until sometime in December 1997.
Venus, " he wrote, "only by her brightness. " And who knows where we will be by then?
Lamb was no Copernican, and neither are Surely someone, but not me, not one of the
most of us. We are little Ptolemies every one. little Ptolemies, that stares up into the night
The sun rises and sets upon us. When one lies sky and sees a most beautiful display,
upon a meadow late at night, etherized by the

67
arranged every night for his personal Q15. Taking into account all the points
enjoyment. made within the context of the passage, the
Q14. Which of the following would support author would most likely support which of
the author's phrase, "We are little the following statements?
Ptolemies " (3rd paragraph)? a. Venus can be observed in the sky only
a. Most people visualise the night sky from once every several years and only
a geocentric point of view and in this between May and late July.
way are unable to understand the b. Venus may be observed first in the
complex paths of the numerous western sky and then in the eastern sky
celestial motions in space. between May and late July.
b. Most people are not as knowledgeable c. Without the astronomical skills of
about space as Copernicus or Ptolemy Copernicus, those on Earth are unable
and for them, it is impossible to to comprehend Venus' orbit even
understand the complexities of though they may identify it by its
numerous celestial motions in space. brightness.
c. Those who have studied astronomy are A. Only a B. Only a and b C. Only c D.
the ones most likely to understand the Only a and c E. None of a, b and c
complexities of numerous celestial (Answer - C. Only c
motions in space. Go back to paragraph 3 to review what the
A. Only a B. Only a and b C. Only b D. author says about Copernicus. The author
Only a and c E. None of a, b and c mentions Lamb who says that he sees
(Answer - A. Only a Venus by its brightness. The author follows
Go back to review the author's point in this with the statement, "Lamb was no
context. The author follows the "little Copernican, and neither are most of us. "
Ptolemies " statement with the elaboration Paraphrase this: Copernicus had a good
that "the sun rises and sets upon us. " enough grasp of astronomy to understand
Looking for an answer choice that fits this what Venus was doing, but we can't.
earth—centred point of view immediately (c) captures all of this.
turns up (a). (a): Opposite. While the author implies that
(b): Distortion. While the author discusses the appearance of Venus changes over a
astronomers, he's not using them to long period of time, this doesn't mean that
compare their knowledge to regular people, Venus is only visible during a certain range
but to contrast their different astronomical of years. The author also argues in
views. paragraph 4 that Venus isn't visible
(c): Out of Scope. The author is arguing between May and July.
that "most of us " have little knowledge of (b) : Opposite. The author argues in
astronomy and so don't understand the paragraph 4 that between May and July,
complexities of space. The case of those Venus isn't visible.)
who do have this knowledge is outside the Q16. According to the passage, Hesperus
scope of the comment.) is best observed in the evening when:
a. Venus is moving toward Earth.

68
b. Venus is moving away from Earth. (a): Opposite. The author mentions this in
c. The sun's brightness does not make it paragraph 1.
impossible to see Venus without the aid (b): Opposite. The author mentions this in
of a telescope. paragraph 3.)
A. Only a B. Only b C. Only c D. Only a Q18. The existence of which of the
and b E. None of a, b and c following would most strongly conflict with
the author's explanation of the motion of
Venus in its orbit?
(Answer - A. Only a a. A scientific article which asserts that
While paragraph 2 might be tempting, as it Venus may be seen as one of the many
discusses time, we already know we're points of light surrounding the North
looking for Venus in the evening. We need Star only at certain times of year
another criterion. A quick scan of the b. A scientific article which asserts that in
answers shows that they have to do with late July, Venus will be moving away
orbit. Go to paragraph 4. The author says from Earth
that when "Venus moves toward earth....it c. A scientific article which asserts that,
is the evening star. " standing in the polluted streets of
(a) rewards careful and targeted research. Manhattan, it is impossible to view
(b): Opposite. When it's moving away, Venus descending in the west.
Venus is the morning star. A. Only a B. Only b C. Only c D. Only a
(c): Opposite. Rephrase the double and b E. None of a, b and c
negative. If this were true, Venus would (Answer - C. Only c
best be visible in the evening when the The right answer will conflict with the
sun's brightness made it possible to see author's explanation of Venus' motion.
Venus. This doesn't make sense; the author (c) immediately contradicts the author. The
doesn't argue that the sun's brightness is author says in paragraph 1 that it's
responsible for Venus' exceptional possible to watch Venus "descending in
visibility.) the West " from Manhattan, and (c) is
Q17. In the passage, the author describes simply the opposite.
the beauty of the night sky as all of the (a): Opposite. Paraphrase: this choice
following EXCEPT: basically says that Venus can only be seen
a. a verse in an old love song. in the sky at certain times of the year. The
b. a celestial waiting room. author backs this up in paragraph 4.
c. a stationary display of ethereal lights. (b): Opposite. The author says in paragraph
A. Only a B. Only b C. Only c D. Only a 4 that this happens.)
and b E. None of a, b and c Q19. According to information given within
(Answer - C. Only c the context of the passage, Hesperus is
(c): The author argues in paragraph 3 that known as the evening star for all of the
we see the stars rotating. Therefore, the following reasons EXCEPT:
night sky wouldn't be a stationary display.

69
a. as Hesperus passes between the sun Column I Column II Column III
and Earth, it is globular in form and
appears star—like. A. The 1. Likewise P. The
b. until June 10, Hesperus can only be security of apprehension
seen at twilight until about eleven the State is must follow
o'clock at night. of utmost the rule book:
c. Hesperus' path toward Earth can be importance. it cannot be a
observed only in the evening as it rogue
descends in the western sky. process.
A. Only a B. Only b C. Only c D. Only a
and b E. None of a, b and c B. In a 2. But Q. The
(Answer - A. Only a seminar, a rhetoric of
Review the location of the author's main former securitization
points about the evening star, primarily in army-man-tur can have
paragraphs 1 and 4. As usual with this ned-leader collateral
question type, keep an eye out for complimente damage —
something that contradicts the author's d Jammu and from Kashmir
argument. (a) not only does this, but also Kashmir’s to Kerala.
makes no sense. The author argues in 4 police for
that Venus is invisible when passing ‘picking up’
between the earth and the sun, which overground
makes sense if one has to look in the workers who
direction of the sun to see Venus. functioned as
(b): Opposite. This is a combination of the hubs of
author's points in paragraphs 2 and 4 about logistical
Venus' visibility during time of day and support for
month. terrorists.
(c): Opposite. The author makes this point
in paragraph 1.) C. There can 3. Hence R. Similar
be no echoes are
Direction(20-22): In the question given disagreement being heard
below, three columns are given. Columns 1 about from Kerala
and 3 contain different independent apprehendin where the
sentences.(4 in each column) and Column g elements police have
2 contains 4 connectors which may or may that pose a been
not join the given sentences in the other threat to the accused of
two columns. Mark the option which State. summoning
provides the correct sequences of joined socio-political
sentences as your answer. activists and
Q20. journalists
and seeking

70
their personal Q21.
details. Column I Column II Column III
D. In a nation 4. Whereas S. In both A. There is a 1. Since P. The

where the Kashmir and law in place amendments
security Kerala, there for violations, to the FCRA
apparatus is concern financial or have
has been that the otherwise introduced
repeatedly primacy of and the rigid
accused of security is responsibility red-tapism,
violating being used of providing inconvenienci
human rights as an excuse evidence of ng a number
the blurring to target alleged of
of lines members of irregularities, organizations
between civil society if any, lies , especially
civilian and with the smaller
terrorist is accuser; but NGOs,
especially the Centre is whose relief
worrying. being work
A. A2Q and B1R evasive. depends
B. C3P and D4S largely on
C. A1Q and D3S foreign
D. B2R and A3Q contributions.
E. None of the above options B. Critics say 2. But Q. The air
(Answer - A. A2Q and B1R that the must be
The security of the State is of utmost evidence of cleared and
importance but, the rhetoric of securitization harassment the charges
can have collateral damage — from Kashmir of specific must be
to Kerala. non-governm proved or
ent thrown out at
In a seminar, a former army-man-turned-leader organizations the earliest.
complimented Jammu and Kashmir’s police for through the
‘picking up’ overground workers who weaponizatio
functioned as hubs of logistical support for n of the
terrorists, likewise, similar echoes are being FCRA is
heard from Kerala where the police have been compelling.
accused of summoning socio-political activists
and journalists and seeking their personal C. Amnesty 3. Hence R. The
details. International, grounds of
C-P can be joined by - 'but' or 'however'. The Lawyers the action
D-S can be joined by - 'because'.)

71
Collective, seem evidence of alleged irregularities, if any, lies
Greenpeace specious. with the accuser; but the Centre is being
India and evasive. Hence, The air must be cleared and
now the charges must be proved or thrown out at
Missionaries the earliest.
of Charity Amnesty International, The Lawyers
have found Collective, Greenpeace India and now
themselves Missionaries of Charity have found themselves
in the line of in the line of vision of the State’s red eye;
vision of the accordingly, the consequences have been
State’s red predictable: aggravated suffering for
marginalized communities who have been
eye.
especially dependent on NGOs because of the
D. “Adverse 4. S. The ravages of the pandemic.
inputs”, the Accordingly consequence accordingly - as a result.
Union home s have been B-P can be joined by - 'and'.
ministry predictable: D-R can be joined by - 'however'.
argued, led aggravated specious - superficially plausible, but actually
to the denial suffering for wrong.)
of the marginalized Q22.
renewal of communities Column I Column II Column III
the Foreign who have
Contribution been A. Tussles 1. Since P. New fuel
(Regulation) especially between the has been
Act licence of dependent governor of a added to the
the on NGOs state and the simmering
Missionaries because of state flames by the
of Charity, a the ravages government state
philanthropic of the are never a education
organization pandemic. pretty sight. minister, who
founded by said that the
Mother government
Teresa. may study
A. B1P and D4R the
B. A3Q and C4S Constitution
C. A3P and D4S and seek
D. B2R and C1S legal opinion
E. None of the above options to see if the
(Answer - B. A3Q and C4S chief minister
There is a law in place for violations, financial may replace
or otherwise and the responsibility of providing the governor

72
as chancellor a figure
of state-run would do
universities. justice to the
position of
university
B. 2. Hence Q. chancellor.
Disagreemen Maharashtra,
ts between is amending A. C2Q and D3P
the West the law B. A2R and C1S
Bengal regarding C. A1S and D3R
governor and public D. B3Q and D2P
the state universities E. None of the above options
government to limit the (Answer - C. A1S and D3R
are as governor’s Tussles between the governor of a state and
frequent as power to the state government are never a pretty sight,
they are select since they violate the dignity of the offices
disturbing. vice-chancell concerned and hurt the spirit of the
ors. Constitution.
The governor was envisaged in the
C. The 3. However R. Since Constitution as being above politics; such a
education governors figure would do justice to the position of
minister above politics university chancellor; however, since
referred to have become governors above politics have become
the Kerala increasingly increasingly rare, it may be argued that they
governor’s rare, it may should not be chancellors.
suggestion to be argued C-Q can be joined by - 'meanwhile'.
the chief that they B-P can be joined by - 'and' or 'moreover'.)
minister of should not be
the state that chancellors. Direction(23-27): Read the given short
he take over passage carefully and answer the
as questions that follow.
chancellor. Seeking a competitive advantage, some
professional service firms have considered
D. The 4. Whereas S. They offering unconditional guarantees of
governor was violate the satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what
envisaged in dignity of the clients can expect and what the firm will do if it
the offices fails to fulfil these expectations. Particularly
Constitution concerned with first-time clients, an unconditional
as being and hurt the guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if
above spirit of the the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are
politics; such Constitution. high, the negative consequences of bad

73
service are grave, or business is difficult to B. The firm is having difficulty getting
obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth. business through client
However, an unconditional guarantee can recommendations.
sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its C. The firm charges substantial fees for its
implication that failure is possible, the services.
guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to D. The adverse effects of poor
doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the performance by the firm are significant
promised level of service. It may conflict with a for the client.
firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may E. The client is reluctant to incur risk.
even suggest that a firm is begging for (Answer - A. The firm is having difficulty
business. In legal and health care services, it retaining its clients of long standing.
may mislead clients by suggesting that Refer to - Particularly with first-time clients, an
lawsuits or medical procedures will have unconditional guarantee can be an effective
guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional marketing tool if the client is very cautious,
service firms with outstanding reputations and the firm’s fees are high, the negative
performance to match have little to gain from consequences of bad service are grave, or
offering unconditional guarantees. And any business is difficult to obtain through
firm that implements an unconditional referrals and word-of-mouth.
guarantee without undertaking a Option B - business is difficult to obtain
commensurate commitment to quality of through referrals and word-of-mouth.
service is merely employing a potentially costly Option C - the firm’s fees are high
marketing gimmick. Option D - the negative consequences of bad
Q23. The primary function of the passage service are grave
as a whole is to Option E - the client is very cautious)
A. account for the popularity of a practice Q25. Which of the following is cited in the
B. evaluate the utility of a practice passage as a goal of some professional
C. demonstrate how to institute a practice service firms in offering unconditional
D. weigh the ethics of using a strategy guarantees of satisfaction?
E. explain the reasons for pursuing a A. A limit on the firm’s liability
strategy B. Successful competition against other
(Answer - B. evaluate the utility of a firms
practice C. Ability to justify fee increases
Q24. All of the following are mentioned in D. Attainment of an outstanding reputation
the passage as circumstances in which in a field
professional service firms can benefit from E. Improvement in the quality of the firm’s
offering an unconditional guarantee service
EXCEPT: (Answer - B. Successful competition
A. The firm is having difficulty retaining its against other firms
long standing clients. Refer to - Seeking a competitive advantage,
some professional service firms have

74
considered offering unconditional guarantees That means, the result of a litigation of
of satisfaction. medical procedure cannot necessarily be
Indeed, professional service firms with determined in advance by the
outstanding reputations and performance to professionals handling a client’s case.
match have little to gain from offering litigation / lawsuit - a claim or dispute brought
unconditional guarantees. to a law court for adjudication.)
Hence, only A is correct.) However, an unconditional guarantee can
Q26. The passage’s description of the issue sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its
raised by unconditional guarantees for implication that failure is possible, the
health care or legal services most clearly guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to
implies that which of the following is true? doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the
A. The legal and medical professionals promised level of service.
have standards of practice that would Q27. Which of the following hypothetical
be violated by attempts to fulfil such situations best exemplifies the potential
unconditional guarantees. problem noted in the second sentence of
B. The result of a litigation of medical the second paragraph ?
procedure cannot necessarily be A. A physician’s unconditional guarantee
determined in advance by the of satisfaction encourages patients to
professionals handling a client’s case. sue for malpractice if they are unhappy
C. The dignity of the legal and medical with the treatment they receive.
professions is undermined by any B. A lawyer’s unconditional guarantee of
attempts at marketing of professional satisfaction makes clients suspect that
services, including unconditional the lawyer needs to find new clients
guarantees. quickly to increase the firm’s income.
D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical C. A business consultant’s unconditional
procedures have unsatisfactory guarantee of satisfaction is undermined
outcomes cannot be adequately when the consultant fails to provide all
compensated by financial settlements of the services that are promised.
alone. D. An architect’s unconditional guarantee
E. Predicting the monetary cost of legal or of satisfaction makes clients wonder
health care services is more difficult how often the architect’s buildings fail to
than predicting the monetary cost of please clients.
other types of professional services. E. An accountant’s unconditional
(Answer - B. The result of a litigation of guarantee of satisfaction leads clients to
medical procedure cannot necessarily be believe that tax returns prepared by the
determined in advance by the accountant are certain to be accurate.
professionals handling a client’s case.
Refer to - In legal and health care services, it
may mislead clients by suggesting that (Answer - D. An architect’s unconditional
lawsuits or medical procedures will have guarantee of satisfaction makes clients
guaranteed outcomes.

75
wonder how often the architect’s buildings B. Global warming does not breed storms
fail to please clients. but makes them more destructive; the
The line is - With its implication that failure Clausius-Clapeyron equation, though it
is possible, the guarantee may, predicts potential increase in
paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the atmospheric moisture content, cannot
service firm’s ability to deliver the predict the scale of damage storms
promised level of service. might wreck.
Only D has the correct hypothetical C. Global warming melts glaciers, resulting
situation in line with the second line.) in seawater volume expansion; this
enables more water vapor to fill the air
Direction(28-30): The passage given below above faster. Thus, modern storms
is followed by four summaries. Choose the contain more destructive energy.
option that best captures the author’s D. It is naive to think that rising sea levels
position. and the force of tropical storms are
Q28. For each of the past three years, unrelated; Harvey was destructive as
temperatures have hit peaks not seen since global warming has armed it with more
the birth of meteorology, and probably not for moisture content, but this may not be
more than 110,000 years. The amount of true of all storms.
carbon dioxide in the air is at its highest level E. None of the above options
in 4 million years. This does not cause storms (Answer - C. Global warming melts
like Harvey — there have always been storms glaciers, resulting in seawater volume
and hurricanes along the Gulf of Mexico — but expansion; this enables more water vapour
it makes them wetter and more powerful. As to fill the air above faster. Thus, modern
the seas warm, they evaporate more easily storms contain more destructive energy.
and provide energy to storm fronts. As the air A - global warming and Harvey are NOT
above them warms, it holds more water vapor. unrelated phenomena.
For every half a degree Celsius in warming, B - The phrase 'cannot predict the scale of
there is about a 3% increase in atmospheric damage storms might wreck' is distorting
moisture content. Scientists call this the the theme.
Clausius-Clapeyron equation. This means the C - The simple equation is - as there is
skies fill more quickly and have more to dump. more global warming there will be more
The storm surge was greater because sea water in seas, thereby the warming will
levels have risen 20 cm as a result of more result in more vapour content.
than 100 years of human- related global C is capturing the essence in the simplest
warming which has melted glaciers and language.
thermally expanded the volume of seawater. D - It's not even discussing the global
A. The storm Harvey is one of the regular, warming part. It's missing the actual
annual ones from the Gulf of Mexico; essence.)
global warming and Harvey are Q29. Production and legitimation of scientific
unrelated phenomena. knowledge can be approached from a number
of perspectives. To study knowledge

76
production from the sociology of professions institutionalisation of that knowledge.
perspective would mean a focus on the Though it helps, it restricts knowledge
institutionalization of a body of knowledge. The production to a domain of few, which
professions-approach informed earlier results in power centred in the hands of
research on managerial occupation, business few, preventing the non-professional actors
schools and management knowledge. It from offering their ideas.
however tends to reify institutional power The above simplification helps us arrive at
structures in its understanding of the links option A as the right choice.
between knowledge and authority. Knowledge Options C and D are against the author’s
production is restricted in the perspective to stand in the passage. Option B is not the
the selected members of the professional core message, but an inference that can be
community, most notably to the university derived from the above passage.)
faculties and professional colleges. Power is Q30. The conceptualization of landscape as a
understood as a negative mechanism, which geometric object first occurred in Europe and
prevents the non-professional actors from is historically related to the European
offering their ideas and information as conceptualization of the organism, particularly
legitimate knowledge. the human body, as a geometric object with
A. Professions-approach aims at the parts having a rational, three-dimensional
institutionalization of knowledge but organization and integration. The European
restricts knowledge production as a idea of landscape appeared before the science
function of a select few. of landscape emerged, and it is no
B. The study of knowledge production can coincidence that Renaissance artists such as
be done through many perspectives. Leonardo da Vinci, who studied the structure
C. Professions-approach focuses on the of the human body, also facilitated an
creation of institutions of higher understanding of the structure of landscape.
education and disciplines to promote Landscape which had been a subordinate
knowledge production background to religious or historical narratives,
D. The professions-approach has been became an independent genre or subject of art
one of the most relied upon by the end of sixteenth century or the
perspectives in the study of beginning of the seventeenth century.
management knowledge production. A. Landscape became a major subject of
E. None of the above options art at the turn of the sixteenth century.
(Answer - A. Professions-approach aims at B. The three-dimensional understanding of
the institutionalisation of knowledge but the organism in Europe led to a similar
restricts knowledge production as a approach towards the understanding of
function of a select few. landscape.
The first sentence says that scientific C. The study of landscape as an
knowledge can be approached from a independent genre was aided by the
number of perspectives. Studying Renaissance artists.
something from the perspective of a
particular profession would lead to

77
D. The Renaissance artists were copies minute quantities of DNA. Armed with
responsible for the study of landscape PCR, scientists could look for tiny fragments of
as a subject of art. DNA that might have weathered the millennia
E. None of the above options unharmed.
(Answer - C. The study of landscape as an In recent years, researchers have isolated
independent genre was aided by the DNA from 20—million—year—old magnolia
Renaissance artists. leaves and extracted DNA from a
Option A goes out because the paragraph 135—million—year—old weevil found in
says that landscape became an amber. Recently, a team extracted DNA from
independent genre of art of form, while the bone dating back millions of years for the first
option says it became a major subject of time. In the frenzied hunt for ancient DNA,
art. This is a distortion of the fact given in microbiologist Scott R. Woodward may have
the passage. bagged the biggest quarry. Drawing on
Option B too has some distortions; while lessons learned while growing up among the
the passage says that conceptualization of fossil—rich rocks of eastern Utah, Woodward
landscape as a geometric object is related and his team became the first people to find
to the European conceptualization of the genetic material belonging to a dinosaur.
organism as a geometric object, the option Woodward, whose grandfather was a coal
says that three-dimensional understanding miner, knew that mines in the area often
of the organism led to a similar contained dinosaur traces. After six months of
approach…. It should be a geometric looking Woodward pulled two bone fragments
understanding of the organism. from a Cretaceous siltstone layer directly atop
Option C best captures the author’s a coal seam. Impeded by an unstable mine
position, which in the passage is clearly roof, Woodward's team could not recover any
visible as “Renaissance artists also more bone samples. The siltstone apparently
facilitated an understanding of the inhibited fossilization and preserved much of
structure of landscape”. the original cell structure in the bone.
Option D is incorrect because it distorts the Researchers isolated strands of DNA from
fact by saying the Renaissance artists were both fragments and used PCR to copy a
responsible, while the passage says that segment that codes for a protein called
they facilitated.) cytochrome b. Once they had made many
copies, they could determine the DNA
Direction(31-38): Read the given passage sequence.
carefully and answer the questions that Throughout their work, the biologists took
follow. precautions to avoid contaminating the
DNA degrades quickly after an animal dies, so samples with modern DNA or ancient material
researchers once believed it impossible to find found within the coal. According to Woodward,
ancient genetic material. The search for circumstantial evidence indicates that the bone
primaeval vestiges of DNA took off in the late fragments belong to one or two species of
1980s after the development of a technique dinosaurs. Dinosaur tracks are abundant in
called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which this coal formation, and the bones visible in the

78
mine were larger than those of a multiple animal DNA. (D) simply states this
crocodile—the biggest non—dinosaur known objection as evidence.
in these rocks. (A): Out of Scope. This wouldn't
Woodward explains variation found in the DNA necessarily indicate that the DNA isn't of
as a result of damage to the ancient DNA, dinosaur origin.
which caused the PCR technique to alter the (B): Out of Scope. This would be expected
original sequence. Scientists had hoped to use of dinosaur DNA and might even support
the DNA to resolve debate about the Woodward a bit.
relationship among birds, dinosaurs, and other (C): Out of Scope. The fundamental
reptiles. But the cytochrome b fragments were objection to Woodward's analysis would
too short to offer meaningful phylogenetic still be unsupported further even if this
information, says Woodward. Utah's state were true. This is something scientists
palaeontologist believes that the fragments hoped to resolve as a result of Woodward's
found by Woodward could definitely be evidence, not a test they were using to
dinosaur in origin. Other researchers, however, determine the truth of his theory.)
question the identity of the DNA strands. Q32. According to information put forth
Because the copies of the cytochrome b and argued by the author in the passage
sequence varied considerably, they wonder cytochrome b was useful to the scientists
whether the DNA comes from several because:
organisms. A. it provided the scientists with a DNA
Q31. Researchers who believe that the DNA template that could be studied.
isolated by Woodward did not come from a B. once broken into fragments, it provided
dinosaur would most likely use which of the scientists with much phylogenetic
the following discoveries as support? information.
A. Damage to the dinosaur DNA causes C. after careful study of copies of the
the PCR technique to alter the original cytochrome b, scientists were able to
sequence. assign its origin to one specific
B. Comparison of the discovered DNA with dinosaur.
that of modern DNA reveals a variation D. it allowed the scientists to realise that
in sequence. the DNA belonged to a dinosaur rather
C. Birds, dinosaurs, and reptiles have no than a crocodile.
phylogenetic relationship. E. None of the above options
D. The cytochrome b sequence comprises (Answer - A
DNA from several different animals. Go back to the mechanism—of—action
E. None of the above options section of paragraph 3 to review.
(Answer - D Cytochrome b was useful to the scientists
Check the last paragraph. The main because they could use it to make copies
objection to the idea that Woodward's DNA of the DNA fragment and then sequence it.
came from a dinosaur is that variation in (A) repeats this.
cytochrome b sequences might indicate (B): Opposite. Woodward himself says in
the last paragraph that this wasn't the case.

79
(C): Opposite. Woodward suggests in
paragraph 4 that the DNA probably came A. Utah provides paleontologists with
from either one or two species of dinosaur. ample opportunity to study fossils.
(D): Faulty Use of Detail. The scientists B. siltstone encouraged fossilization
believed that it was a dinosaur because of thereby maintaining the structure of the
the large bones, not because of any DNA dinosaur DNA.
evidence.) C. hazardous working conditions kept
Q33. Considering the passage and its Woodward's team from continuing their
various points, which of the following search.
statements explains why Woodward's D. PCR allows researchers to study
research distinguishes itself from earlier quantities of DNA that once were
research? considered too small for accurate
A. Results from Woodward's research.
experimentation finally clarified the E. None of the above options
evolutionary relationship between birds, (Answer - B
dinosaurs, and reptiles. Woodward was the first to isolate dinosaur
B. Woodward was the first researcher to DNA, but it wasn't a large enough sample
extract ancient DNA from fossils. to provide detailed information about a
C. Prior to Woodward, researchers were species. Scanning the answers shows
unable to use PCR effectively in the choices focused more on detail, however.
recovery of ancient DNA. Look for a detail that runs counter to the
D. Previous researchers had only been author's descriptions, or eliminate the ones
able to extract ancient DNA from plants that fit in. (B) is the opposite of what the
and insects. author says in the middle of paragraph 3:
E. None of the above options the siltstone inhibited fossilization.
(Answer - D (A): Opposite. The author mentions this in
What is the author's main point for writing paragraph 2.
about Woodward? It represents the first (C): Opposite. This is mentioned in
time that DNA of any sort had been isolated paragraph 3.
from a dinosaur. (D) says the same thing (D): Opposite. The author makes this point
another way. in paragraphs 1 and 3.)
(A): Opposite. Paragraph 5 points out that it Q35. The passage suggests that
doesn't. researchers continue to look for dinosaur
(B): Opposite. Paragraph 2 gives examples DNA because:
of previous extractions. A. the DNA found by Woodward derived
(C): Out of Scope. The author doesn't give from several different species.
any indication that this is true.) B. the amount of DNA retrieved was too
Q34. Based on the author's claims and small to copy using PCR.
arguments made in the passage, the author C. the DNA fragments produced by PCR
would agree with all of the following were too insignificant to determine
statements EXCEPT:

80
substantial information about bird, E. None of the above options
dinosaur, and reptile phylogeny. (Answer - D
D. the sites where Woodward excavated Go back to review the phrase in context.
had never been highly populated with The author suggests that Woodward's
dinosaurs. snagged the best sample of ancient DNA
E. None of the above options so far. Only one answer choice, (D), has to
(Answer - C do with discovery of physical samples at
Where is a possible use of dinosaur DNA all, and fits with what Woodward did.
mentioned? Review paragraph 5: scientists (A): Faulty Use of Detail. Woodward used
wanted dinosaur DNA to figure out how PCR technique, he didn't develop it.
dinosaurs, birds, and reptiles fit together. (B): Faulty Use of Detail. This is listed as a
They continue to look because Woodward's potential benefit of the discovery of
sample wasn't enough. (C) summarizes dinosaur DNA.
these points. (C): Out of Scope. Again, Woodward used
(A): Faulty Use of Detail. While this is the PCR technique which was already
mentioned in paragraphs 4 and 5, it isn't a invented.)
motivation for continuing the search. Q37. The findings of Woodward are by no
(B): Opposite. The passage suggests that means universally accepted. Which of the
PCR was successful in copying the DNA. following findings, if true, would MOST
(D): Opposite. Evidence to the contrary is contradict the researchers who question
given in paragraph 4.) the identity of Woodward's dinosaur DNA?
Recently, a team extracted DNA from bone A. Variations in the cytochrome b
dating back millions of years for the first time. sequence of Woodward's DNA have
In the frenzied hunt for ancient DNA, been directly linked to hybrid DNA.
microbiologist Scott R. Woodward may have B. Carbon dating proved that the bone
bagged the biggest quarry. Drawing on fragments retrieved by Woodward were
lessons learned while growing up among the from the Cretaceous era.
fossil—rich rocks of eastern Utah, Woodward C. More elaborate PCR traced the
and his team became the first people to find cytochrome b sequence in Woodward's
genetic material belonging to a dinosaur. sample to one species of dinosaur.
Q36. The phrase "bagged the biggest D. Utah's state palaeontologist confirmed
quarry " refers to Woodward's: that dinosaurs were abundant in the
A. development of a technique called areas where the researchers
polymerase chain reaction, which excavated.
allows researchers to copy minute E. None of the above options
fragments of DNA. (Answer - C
B. extensive research into the phylogeny
of reptiles and dinosaurs. Review the main points of the researchers
C. discovery of a method for extracting voicing objections in paragraph Q38. Their
ancient DNA from fossils. primary objection is that the DNA may have
D. isolation of DNA from dinosaur bone. come from more than one species. Look for

81
an answer choice that would weaken this. The simple statement that the universe had a
(C) would put this particular objection to beginning in time is by now so obvious to
rest immediately. astrophysicists that few give it a second
(A): Opposite. This would bolster thought. Yet it is a statement that has profound
objections, supporting the many—species implications. Most civilizations embrace one of
theory. two opposite concepts of time. Linear time has
(B): Out of Scope. This would be irrelevant a beginning, a duration, and an end; cyclical
to the objections. time, as its name suggests, continues around
(D): Out of Scope. This part of the theory and around forever. In a universe that
isn't being challenged.) functions through cyclical time, the question of
creation never arises; the universe always was
Direction(39-45): Read the given passage and always will be. The minute you switch to
carefully and answer the questions that linear time you immediately confront the
follow. vexing question not only of creation, but also
By regarding the expanding universe as a of the Creator. Although there is no logical
motion picture, you can easily imagine reason for the assumption, many people
"running the film backward. " If you do so, you believe that if something comes into existence,
find the universe getting smaller and smaller, it must do so in response to the actions of
and eventually you come to the moment when some rational being. Because of that belief,
its whole mass is crammed into an infinitely astronomers, even though they resist
dense point. Before that time it didn't exist, or becoming involved in theological discussion,
at least it didn't exist in its present form. find themselves in one when they posit the Big
Though there is some controversy about its Bang universe. It puts them squarely in the
exact age, most cosmologists would be middle of an age—old debate.
inclined to agree that the universe has existed One common misconception about the Big
for about ten to twenty billion years. For scale, Bang that should be disposed of immediately
this can be compared to the is the notion that the universal expansion is
four—and—a—half—billion—year age of the analogous to the explosion of an artillery shell.
solar system, the time since the The galaxies are not like bits of shrapnel
disappearance of the dinosaurs (sixty—five speeding away from a central explosion . The
million years), and the age of the human race raisin—in—dough analogy is a more
(about three million years). satisfactory way to think about the whole
The event that marked the beginning of the process.
universe was christened the Big Bang; the Q39. A newly discovered society that is
term has now entered the vernacular of our based on cyclical time has a myth about
culture. Originally the name referred only to the origin of the universe. What effect
the single initiating event; now, however, would this finding have on the author's
astronomers have come to use it to mean the opinion about societies that are based on
entire developmental process of the birth and cyclical time?
expansion of the cosmos. A. It is not relevant to the author's opinion.
B. It would support the author's opinion.

82
C. It would contradict the author's opinion. (B): Out of Scope. The author never makes
D. It would support the author's opinion this argument.
only if it was shown that this society had (C): Out of Scope. This point isn't made
no understanding of linear time either.
E. None of the above options (D): Out of Scope. The author doesn't argue
(Answer - C that this must be true, but rather that it's a
The new society has cyclical time, and also point of debate.)
has a myth about the universe's origin. Q41. According to the passage, which of
How does this affect the author's the following statements is NOT true?
argument? It directly contradicts the A. Many people believe that a rational
author's contention in the last paragraph impetus created the universe.
that in cyclical time, "the question of B. The solar system was created
creation never arises... " (C) rewards the immediately after the Big Bang.
careful reasoning with quick points. C. The universe is larger today than it was
(A): Opposite. It touches directly on the in the past.
author's points, as described above. D. Different societies measure time
(B): Opposite. As above. differently.
(D): Opposite. As above. Remember not to E. None of the above options
get distracted by qualifiers; if it contradicts (Answer - B
the author's argument, support with Review the gist of the passage and keep
qualification will be just as opposite as the author's main points in mind while
support.) evaluating the choices. Three of the
Q40. The author's comparison of the choices match points the author makes,
universe to a motion picture serves to: but (B) directly contradicts the time frames
A. illustrate that the universe has operated mentioned in paragraph 2, which indicate
according to linear time. that the solar system is much younger than
B. demonstrate that the universe is the universe itself.
actually older than most astronomers (A): Opposite. This is stated in paragraph 4.
believe. (C): Opposite. This is just another way of
C. show that galaxies were formed about saying that the universe is expanding.
five billion years ago. (D): Opposite. This is a main point of the
D. prove that the universe was created by first part of paragraph 4.)
a rational being. Q42. Suppose that the solar system was
E. None of the above options actually found to be about twenty—five
(Answer - A billion years old. What impact would this
Go back to the comparison to a motion information have on current thinking about
picture described in paragraph 1. What is the universe's age?
the author's purpose in the first paragraph? A. It would support that thinking.
To argue that the universe had a beginning B. It would undermine that thinking.
in time. The comparison is used to C. It would neither support nor undermine
reinforce this point: (A) reflects this. that thinking.

83
D. It would support that thinking only if the (Answer - A
universe has expanded over time. What is the "age—old debate " discussed
E. None of the above options at the end of paragraph 4? Read the
(Answer - B previous lines for clues: astronomers are
involved in a "theological discussion "
Go back to paragraph 2, where the author which involves the idea of a Creator. (A)
discusses the solar system's and the summarizes this point in paragraph 4.
universe's age. The author argues that (B): Out of Scope. The author notes that the
most cosmologists approximate an age of problem of a Creator only arises when
ten to twenty billion years for the universe. linear time is considered, and the phrase
If the solar system were twenty—five billion ties into the question of a Creator.
years old, this would severely undermine Therefore, a debate between the two times
hypotheses about the universe's age, since is outside the scope.
the universe must be older than the solar (C): Out of Scope. The disappearance of
system. (B) matches up with this line of the dinosaurs is mentioned in paragraph 2
reasoning. in a discussion of time frames, not the
(A): Opposite. As explained above: a solar debate referred to in the phrase.
system older than the predicted age of the (D): Out of Scope. The author doesn't
universe would weaken prevailing ideas mention any debate about the movement of
about the universe's age. galaxies.)
(C): Opposite. As above. Q44. Which of the following would most
(D): Opposite. As above. Don't get caught strengthen opponents' arguments against
up in the qualification; it wouldn't support the passage's claim about the movement of
the current theories about the universe's galaxies?
age under any conceivable circumstances A. The discovery that galaxies are made
since a solar system older than the up of different materials than the rest of
universe defies common sense.) the universe
Q43. There are many debates implicit in the B. The discovery that the universe is
author's statements. In the context of the growing faster in some directions than
passage, the phrase "age—old debate " in others
(last sentence of second last paragraph) C. The discovery that galaxies frequently
refers to: collide with each other, even though the
A. the question of whether "the Creator " universe is constantly growing larger
created the universe. D. The discovery that galaxies have
B. the controversy over linear versus continued to move, even though the
cyclical time. universe has not increased in size for
C. the debate over the disappearance of the past 5 billion years
the dinosaurs. E. None of the above options
D. the disagreement over the movement of (Answer - D
galaxies What does the author argue about the
E. None of the above options movement of galaxies? Review paragraph

84
5: galaxies are moving because space is of the answer choices misrepresent what
expanding, not simply because the the author says,
galaxies are moving apart. (D) weakens this (C) is a claim made in paragraph 1 that is
contention on both counts: galaxies are supported by the following paragraphs.
moving, but the universe is staying still. (A): Distortion. The author argues in
(A): Out of Scope. This doesn't impact the paragraph 4 that the Big Bang leads to the
author's argument about the mechanism of question of whether God exists, but doesn't
movement. draw a conclusion (and states that the
(B): Out of Scope. While this answer choice belief in a Creator isn't necessarily a
deals with movement, it doesn't weaken the "logical assumption ").
author's points about how the universe is (B): Out of Scope. The author doesn't take
expanding. a stand on whether the universe will be
(C): Out of Scope. Even though initially it destroyed or not.
might seem that colliding galaxies would (D): Distortion. While the author discusses
contradict the idea of an expanding the possibility of cyclical time, he doesn't
universe, the choice states that the argue that this is the more accurate
universe is growing larger, which would representation of time.)
support the author's argument. Imagining
the universe using the raisin—in—dough Para Completion
analogy that the author mentions makes it Directions(46-51): In each of the following
easy to see that everything could be questions a short passage is given with
expanding even if the occasional raisins one of the lines in the passage missing and
collided.) represented by a blank. Select the best out
Q45. Consider the author's main point in of the five answer choices given, to make
the passage. For which of the following the passage complete and coherent
statements does the passage provide some (coherent means logically complete and
evidence or explanation? sound).
A. The Big Bang proves that God exists. Q46. Women's boxing is yet to be recognized
B. The universe will eventually be as an Olympic support.
destroyed. _______________________. If that happens
C. The universe continues to expand in the dream of most of the tough girls may come
size. true.
D. Linear time is more accurate than a. The International Boxing Association
cyclical time. has been campaigning to include it as
E. None of the above options an event in the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
b. Though boxing is a very tough sport
many women are seen willing to take up
professional boxing now a days.
(Answer - C c. Even some state governments are now
Review the author's main points before willing to employ the women pugilists.
scanning the answer choices. While three

85
A. Only a and b B. Only a C. Only b and c Q48. Although the share of agriculture in the
D. Only a and c E. All a, b and c overall GDP has declined from around 40 per
(Answer - B. Only a cent in 1980- 81 to below 20 per cent in
The first sentence says that women's 2006-07, its importance to the Indian economy
boxing has not been recognized as an can hardly be overemphasised.
Olympic sport. Sentence a follows with the ______________________. In the context of
idea that the IBA is campaigning towards ensuring food security and promoting inclusive
including it in the 2008 Olympics. growth, strategies to revitalise agriculture has
Taking up boxing as a profession or getting become highly relevant.
a government job as mentioned in a. Fiscal deficits as a proportion of the
sentences b and c cannot be a great GDP have come down but are still high
'dream' to be fulfilled which is the idea by global standards.
stated in the last sentence.) b. Infrastructure deficiencies can hold
Q47. If you can't give every student a back further grown in the agriculture
computer, at least give them a mouse each. sector.
_______________________ This seems to be c. Recent Volatility in agricultural
the reason behind Microsoft Research Lab production has had its impact not only
India's development of a software solution that on economic but on price stability as
allows the use of multiple mice in a computer. well.
a. According to a recent study, it was seen A. Only a and b B. Only a C. Only b D.
that at least five students worked on a Only c E. All a, b and c
single computer in government schools. (Answer - D. Only c
b. This will help them use the same The opening sentence highlights the
computer simultaneously for the cost of importance of agriculture in the Indian
a few extra mice. economy. Sentence c follows emphasising
c. Each mouse will have a different cursor the fact that volatility in agriculture
colour and all of them are displayed on production can have various undesirable
the monitor. impacts. Hence we have to revitalise the
A. Only a and b B. Only a C. Only b D. agricultural field and this is the idea given
Only a and c E. All a, b and c in the last sentence.
(Answer - C. Only b The other two sentences talk about 'fiscal
The opening sentence introduces us to the deficits' and infrastructure deficiencies in
idea of using multiple mice in a computer. the agricultural sector which are irrelevant
Sentence b tells us its benefits have been in the given context.)
the reason for the development of this Q49. Poverty is hitting increasing numbers of
software by Microsoft. women, and it is hitting them harder.
This has nothing to do with the statistics _______________________. The percentage
given in a. of female-headed households varies from
Sentence c defines the product and hence thirty to forty percent in some south and
can follow the last sentence. It can't fit in south-east Asian countries, to almost half of all
the blank.)

86
households in developing as well as in b. A greater coordination among various
industrial countries. wings of the state police and regular
a. This 'feminisation' of poverty is linked exchange of information and
closely to the increase in poor intelligence with the central agencies
female-headed households in acquire importance in this exercise.
developing as well as in industrial c. The success of anti-terrorism strategy
countries. depends on the strength and credibility
b. The greatest burden of the world of counter-intelligence.
economic recession is increasingly A. Only a and b B. Only a C. Only b D.
borne by those least able to sustain it : Only c E. All a, b and c
women and children. (Answer - A. Only a and b
c. Low-income women have sought paid 'All these' in statement a refers to the
work to compensate for decline in fundamentalist groups, cash flows, etc.
household income. mentioned in the first statement. These
A. Only a and b B. Only a C. Only b D. should be watched and monitored carefully
Only c E. All a, b and c in order to prevent terrorist attacks. Thus
(Answer - B. Only a statement a has to follow the first sentence.
Only statement a can be inserted between Statement b which talks about yet another
the two given sentences. The first sentence strategy to prevent terrorist attacks follows
talks about the increasing number of statement a and precedes the last
women being hit hard by poverty. statement which summarizes the
Statement a, which talks about the increase paragraph by saying that these issues (i.e.
in poor female-headed households in The issues mentioned in statements a and
developing countries, follows the first b) should be addressed with a sense of
statement and ideally precedes the last urgency.
statement which talks about the percentage Therefore statements a and b make a
of female-headed households in Asian and coherent paragraph with the first and last
African countries.) statements.
Q50. The threat perception level in Andhra c can follow the last sentence but not
Pradesh remains very high and available precede it.)
intelligence points to the presence of Q51. Climate change and an increasing
fundamentalist groups, and cash flows with population could trigger a global food crisis in
foreign links. ________________________. the next half century as countries struggle for
To meet the challenge of terrorism fertile land to grow crops and rear animals.
successfully, these issues need to be ______________________. Competition over
addressed with a sense of urgency. sparse resources may lead to conflicts and
a. All these need to be watched, environmental destruction, the scientists fear.
monitored and analysed thoroughly if a. To keep up with the growth in human
dastard, terrorist attacks are to be population, more food will have to be
prevented. produced world wide over the next 50
years than has been during the past

87
10,000 years combined, the experts the bold PHRASE so as to make the
said. paragraph meaningful. If no replacement is
b. But in many countries a combination of required, choose (E) as your answer.
poor farming practices and Infections during a pandemic are sustained
deforestation will be exacerbated by depending upon two important factors: The
climate change to steadily degrade soil virus’s ability to mutate, and the population’s
fertility, having vast areas unsuitable for _____M_____degree of susceptibility to the
crops or grazing. disease. Mutations are random copying errors
c. The warnings came as researchers in the virus’s genetic material that
around the world convened at a United ____N____fall out every time it spiflicates.
Nations-backed forum in Iceland on During a pandemic, mutations are common
sustainable development to halve because of the billions of times the virus
hunger and extreme poverty by 2015. replicates in infected people. In the beginning,
A. Only a and b B. Only a C. Only b D. when _____O_____the whole population is
Only c E. All a, b and c resistant — no one has any immunity
(Answer - A. Only a and b whatsoever — the mutants that dominate are
The first sentence talks about how a predominantly the ones that make
change in climate and increasing ____P____the antidote more
population could lead to a food crisis. communicable. This is a simple consequence
Statement a which talks about the opinion of natural selection. In this pandemic, for
expressed by experts about how the instance, the more transmissible Alpha variant
growth in population will require increased replaced the original strain, and then, the Delta
production of food grains follows the first variant replaced all previous variants. Two
statement. years into the pandemic, ____Q____the
Statement b which talks about the various entire scenario is unvaried. A large chunk of
factors which degrade soil fertility and the population is now immune to the virus,
leave the soil unsuitable for growing crops either through vaccination or
ideally precedes the last statement which _____R_____through prior inoculation. In
talks about the consequences which this is India, for example, 70 per cent of the adult
likely to lead to. population is fully immunised, and some more
Therefore only a and b form a coherent have perhaps acquired immunity through
paragraph along with the two given infection.
statements. Infections during a pandemic are sustained
depending upon two important factors: The
c which can conclude the paragraph, can virus’s ability to mutate, and the population’s
follow the last sentence but not precede it.) _____M_____degree of susceptibility to the
Direction(52-57): In the following passage, disease.
some of the PHRASES have been made Q52. M
bold, each of which is preceded by a letter. a. height of inoculation against the
Find the suitable PHRASE / PHRASES from impairment
the options given below that could replace b. level of unsusceptibility to the infection

88
c. extent of the ability to fight off the resistant — no one has any immunity
contagion whatsoever —
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b Q54. O
and c D. All a, b and c E. No replacement a. the entire populace is out on a limb
required b. the entire citizenry is susceptible
(Answer - C. Only b and c c. all the inhabitants are impervious
unsusceptibility / ability to fight off - A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
immunity. and c D. All a, b and c E. No replacement
extent / degree - level. required
contagion - a disease spread by close (Answer - A. Only a and b
contact. out on a limb / susceptible - vulnerable or
defenceless.
inoculation - the action of inoculating or of impervious - invulnerable or resistant.
being inoculated; vaccination. populace / citizenry - population.)
Hence, 'height of inoculation' doesn't make the mutants that dominate are predominantly
sense.) the ones that make ____P____the antidote
Mutations are random copying errors in the more infectious.
virus’s genetic material that ____N____fall Q55. P
out every time it disfigures. a. the pathogen more contractable
Q53. N b. the virus more anodyne
a. come about every time it replicates c. the microbe more communicable
b. transpire every time it reproduces A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
c. comes to pass every time it duplicates and c D. All a, b and c E. No replacement
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b required
and c D. All a, b and c E. No replacement (Answer - B. Only a and c
required pathogen / microbe - virus.
(Answer - A. Only a and b contractable / communicable - transmissible
come about / transpire / come to pass - to or infectious.
occur or happen. anodyne - not likely to cause offence or
replicate / reproduce / duplicate - to make disagreement and somewhat dull.
an exact copy of. antidote - something that counteracts an
disfigure - spoil the appearance of. unpleasant feeling or situation.)
Option c is grammatically incorrect. The Two years into the pandemic, ____Q____the
subject is - random copying errors. entire scenario is unvaried. A large chunk of
Hence, a plural verb must come. the population is now immune to the virus,
'comes to pass' must be replaced with 'come either through vaccination or
to pass'.) _____R_____through prior inoculation.
During a pandemic, mutations are common Q56. Q
because of the billions of times the virus a. things have changed
replicates in infected people. In the beginning, b. the whole situation is unaltered
when _____O_____the whole population is c. everything is now unrevised

89
A. Only a B. Only c C. Only b and c D. population is now immune to the virus, either
All a, b and c E. No replacement required through vaccination or through prior
(Answer - A. Only a infection. In India, for example, 70 per cent of
unaltered / unrevised / unvaried - the adult population is fully immunised, and
unchanged.) some more have perhaps acquired immunity
Two years into the pandemic, ____Q____the through infection.
entire scenario is unvaried. A large chunk of
the population is now immune to the virus, Direction(58-61) : In each of the following
either through vaccination or questions a grammatically correct and
_____R_____through prior inoculation. meaningful sentence is given with FOUR
Q57. R words given in bold in each. Which of the
a. by means of precedent infection following words should replace each other
b. through subsequent immunization to form a meaningful and grammatically
c. by dint of prior infection correct sentence? The meaning can be
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b different from the one in question.
and c D. All a, b and c E. No replacement Q58. A new (M)alliance of words between the
required two parties, partners who once had the longest
(Answer - B. Only a and c surviving (N)field, has brought an important
precedent / prior - earlier. (O)war to the fore in an already heated
by dint of / my means of - through. political (P)dimension.
immunisation - inoculation or vaccination.) A. OMPN
Infections during a pandemic are sustained B. MPON
depending upon two important factors: The C. ONMP
virus’s ability to mutate, and the population’s D. NPOM
level of immunity against the infection. E. No replacement required
Mutations are random copying errors in the (Answer - A. OMPN
virus’s genetic material that occur every time A new war of words between the two parties,
it replicates. During a pandemic, mutations partners who once had the longest surviving
are common because of the billions of times alliance, has brought an important dimension
the virus replicates in infected people. In the to the fore in an already heated political field.)
beginning, when the entire population is Q59. There are recent (M)levels in the media
susceptible — no one has any immunity about serious (N)rules of several state
whatsoever — the mutants that dominate are governments on Government of India’s
predominantly the ones that make the virus proposed move to amend the IAS service
more transmissible. This is a simple (O)concerns to meet the shortage of officers
consequence of natural selection. In this at various (P)reports at the Centre.
pandemic, for instance, the more transmissible A. NPOM
Alpha variant replaced the original strain, and B. PONM
then, the Delta variant replaced all previous C. MPON
variants. Two years into the pandemic, things D. ONMP
have changed. A large chunk of the E. No replacement required

90
connectors that can join the two sentences
(Answer - B. PONM to form one sentence. Identify which
There are recent reports in the media about connector/connectors can join both the
serious concerns of several state sentences in such a way that meaning of
governments on Government of India’s the two statements would not change. If
proposed move to amend the IAS service none of the connectors are correct, mark E
rules to meet the shortage of officers at as your answer.
various levels at the Centre.) Q62.
Q60. The CPM-led Kerala government’s I. I tried hard to teach her my sign
(M)powers to bring a (N)watchdog to limit the language.
(O)decision of the anti-corruption (P)decree is II. She was dull and inattentive.
questionable.
A. MPON a. since
B. PNMO b. but
C. OPMN c. however
D. ONMP A. Only a B. Only a and b C. Only b and c
E. No replacement required D. Only b E. All a, b and c
(Answer - C. OPMN (Answer - C. Only b and c
The CPM-led Kerala government’s decision to but / however - used to introduce a statement
bring a decree to limit the powers of the that contrasts with or seems to contradict
anti-corruption watchdog is questionable. something that has been said previously.)
decree - an authoritative order. Q63.
watchdog - a guardian.) I. The disease was recognized as the flu.
Q61. In 1950, Article 226 limited the II. Records describe conditions which
(M)authorities of a high court to issue were highly likely to have been polio.
(N)jurisdiction only to (O)writs resident within a. although
its (P)territory. b. while
A. PONM c. besides
B. MPON A. Only a B. Only a and b C. Only b and c
C. ONMP D. Only b E. All a, b and c
D. NOMP (Answer - B. Only a and b
E. No replacement required although / while - however or but.)
(Answer - D. NOMP Q64.
In 1950, Article 226 limited the jurisdiction of I. Doctors’ salaries have risen
a high court to issue writs only to authorities substantially.
resident within its territory. II. Nurses’ pay has actually fallen.
writ - a form of written command in the name a. unless
of a court or other legal authority to act, or b. whereas
abstain from acting, in a particular way.) c. likewise
Directions(62-64): You are presented with A. Only a B. Only a and b C. Only b and c
two statements followed by three possible D. Only b E. All a, b and c

91
(Answer - D. Only b C. C
whereas - on the contrary.) D. G
Directions(65-67): Rearrange the following E. None of the above options
SEVEN sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F) (Answer - A. D)
and (G) in a proper sequence to form a Q67. Which of the following pairs is the
meaningful paragraph. Then answer the CONSECUTIVE PAIR, after the correct
questions given below. rearrangement?
(A) But the quality varies sharply across A. AC
states. B. CF
(B) It aims to be a comprehensive database on C. BD
births and deaths. D. AD
(C) Over time, there has been progress in E. None of the above options
registering births and deaths. (Answer - D. AD)
(D) CRS 2019, the last available one, Direction(68-71): In each of the questions
estimates India had 8.3 million deaths, of below, two sentences are given with one
which 92% were registered. blank in each of them. The sentences are
(E) The Civil Registration System (CRS) is then followed by some words. You've to
overseen by GoI but run by states. choose the word that can fit in both the
(F) Only 20.7% of the registered deaths in blanks contextually and grammatically.
2019 were medically certified, a lower Q68.
proportion than the 21.1% and 22% recorded I. The ________ of relevant statistics is
in the preceding years. the primary problem.
(G) However, when it comes to medically II. I supervised the rehearsal in the
certified deaths, India regressed even before ________ of the director.
the pandemic. a. absence
Q65. Which of the following statements is the b. lack
STARTING statement, after the correct c. want
rearrangement? A. Only a B. Only b C. Only b and c D.
A. B Only a and b E. All a, b and c
B. E (Answer - A. Only a
C. C absence - a) The state of being away from a
D. F place or person. (Sentence II)
E. None of the above options b) The non-existence or lack of; want.
(Answer - B. E (Sentence I)
The correct arrangement is - Q69.
E B A D C G F) I. The result is a significantly reduced total
Q66. Which of the following statements is the ______ of ownership for the storage
MIDDLE statement, after the correct infrastructure.
rearrangement? II. Sometimes, early success is achieved
A. D at the ______ of a child's childhood.
B. A a. cost

92
b. levy context - a) The circumstances that form the
c. fare setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in
A. Only a B. Only b C. Only b and c D. terms of which it can be fully understood.
Only a and b E. All a, b and c (Sentence I)
(Answer - A. Only a b) The parts of something written or spoken
cost / levy / fare - an amount that has to be that immediately precede and follow a word or
paid or spent to buy or obtain something. passage and clarify its meaning. (Sentence II)
(Sentence I)
cost - the effort, loss, or sacrifice necessary to Directions(72-78): In the following passage,
achieve or obtain something. (Sentence II) some of the words have been left out, each
Q70. of which is indicated by a letter. Find the
I. RBI and GoI need to ______ their suitable word from the options given
positions to simultaneously support against each letter and fill up the blanks
economic growth. with appropriate words to make the
II. I gave Michael's ear an affectionate last paragraph meaningful.
______ before releasing it. The state of the economy along with the
a. modify continued ____M____ surrounding the global
b. twitch battle against Covid makes this year’s budget
c. tweak exercise potentially ____N____ for the finance
A. Only a B. Only b C. Only b and c D. minister.
Only c E. All a, b and c Let me start with the good news. Almost all
(Answer - D. Only c relevant agencies are forecasting India’s real
tweak - a) a sharp twist or pull. (Sentence II) GDP growth in 2021-22 to clock above 9 per
b) Improve (a mechanism or system) by cent. After the _____O_____ of the last two
making fine adjustments to it. (Sentence I) years, this is a cause for cheer. The bad news
twitch - give or cause to give a short, sudden is that a lot of this growth pick-up is because
jerking or convulsive movement.) the economy had _____P_____ relative to the
Q71. pre-pandemic period. Consequently, the base
I. The forthcoming Union Budget needs to on which the economy grew was smaller,
be framed in the _______ of the last which automatically makes measured growth
two years. greater.
II. Skilled readers use _______ to To get a better ____Q____ of how devastating
construct meaning from words as they the Covid contraction was for the country,
are read. consider this: India’s real GDP in FY2019-20
a. context (the last pre-Covid year) was Rs 145.6 lakh
b. framework crore. The NSO’s advance estimate for real
c. structure GDP in 2021-22 is Rs 147.5 lakh crore. This
A. Only a B. Only b C. Only b and c D. 1.26 per cent real GDP growth since 2019-20
Only c E. All a, b and c actually represents a _____R_____ loss of
(Answer - A. Only a output due to Covid.

93
The state of the economy along with the (Answer - E. All a, b and c
continued ____M____ surrounding the global depredation / havoc / wreckage -
battle against Covid makes this year’s budget devastation.)
exercise potentially ____N____ for the finance The bad news is that a lot of this growth
minister. pick-up is because the economy had
Q73. M _____P_____ relative to the pre-pandemic
a. precariousness period.
b. conviction Q76. P
c. uncertainty a. dilated
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b b. shrivelled
and c D. Only c E. All a, b and c c. contracted
(Answer - B. Only a and c A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
precariousness - uncertainty. and c D. Only b E. All a, b and c
conviction - certainty.) (Answer - C. Only b and c
The state of the economy along with the shrivel / contract - decrease in size, number,
continued ____M____ surrounding the global or range.
battle against Covid makes this year’s budget dilate - make or become wider, larger, or more
exercise potentially ____N____ for the finance open.)
minister. To get a better ____Q____ of how devastating
Q74. N the Covid contraction was for the country,
a. tricky consider this: India’s real GDP in FY2019-20
b. facile (the last pre-Covid year) was Rs 145.6 lakh
c. delicate crore.
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b Q77. Q
and c D. Only c E. All a, b and c a. stance
(Answer - B. Only a and c b. sense
tricky / delicate - (of a task, problem, etc.) c. picture
requiring care and skill because it is difficult or A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
awkward. and c D. Only b E. All a, b and c
facile - simplistic and easy.) (Answer - C. Only b and c
Let me start with the good news. Almost all sense - picture or idea.
relevant agencies are forecasting India’s real stance - the way in which someone stands,
GDP growth in 2021-22 to clock above 9 per especially when deliberately adopted (as in
cent. After the _____O_____ of the last two cricket, golf, and other sports); a person's
years, this is a cause for cheer. posture.)
Q75. O This 1.26 per cent real GDP growth since
a. depredation 2019-20 actually represents a _____R_____
b. havoc loss of output due to Covid.
c. wreckage Q78. R
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b a. considerable
and c D. Only c E. All a, b and c b. weighty

94
c. noteworthy Direction(82-87):Read the given passage
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b carefully and answer the questions that
and c D. Only b E. All a, b and c follow.
(Answer - E. All a, b and c Keeping time accurately comes with a price.
considerable / weighty / noteworthy - The maximum accuracy of a clock is directly
significant.) related to how much disorder, or entropy, it
Directions(79-81): Identify the option that is creates every time it ticks. Natalia Ares at the
similar in meaning to the phrase/idiom in University of Oxford and her colleagues made
bold. If none of the options convey the this discovery using a tiny clock with an
correct meaning, mark (E) as your answer. accuracy that can be controlled. The clock
Q79. After growing tired of Rohit's constant consists of a 50-nanometre-thick membrane of
complaining, Shara decided to tell him a few silicon nitride, vibrated by an electric current.
home truths about his bad attitude. Each time the membrane moved up and down
A. known facts once and then returned to its original position,
B. uncomfortable facts the researchers counted a tick, and the
C. rumoured facts regularity of the spacing between the ticks
D. unconventional facts represented the accuracy of the clock. The
E. None of the above options researchers found that as they increased the
(Answer - B. uncomfortable facts) clock's accuracy, the heat produced in the
Q80. Music and film are so linked to the system grew, increasing the entropy of its
fashion world, and you have to have an eye surroundings by jostling nearby particles . . . "If
for what's happening next. a clock is more accurate, you are paying for it
A. be able to recognise somehow," says Ares. In this case, you pay for
B. make some adjustments for it by pouring more ordered energy into the
C. discount clock, which is then converted into entropy. "By
D. be able to control measuring time, we are increasing the entropy
E. None of the options of the universe," says Ares. The more entropy
(Answer - A. be able to recognise there is in the universe, the closer it may be to
discount - to ignore.) its eventual demise. "Maybe we should stop
Q81. We just want him to keep us in the measuring time," says Ares. The scale of the
picture with what's happening and what kind additional entropy is so small, though, that
of deal he's after. there is no need to worry about its effects, she
A. not associated says.
B. informed The increase in entropy in timekeeping may be
C. uninfluenced related to the "arrow of time", says Marcus
D. Both A and C Huber at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in
E. None of the above options Vienna, who was part of the research team. It
(Answer - B. informed) has been suggested that the reason that time
only flows forward, not in reverse, is that the
total amount of entropy in the universe is

95
constantly increasing, creating disorder that C. Measuring Time; Accuracy; Entropy.
cannot be put in order again. D. Membrane; Arrow of time; Entropy.
The relationship that the researchers found is E. None of the above options
a limit on the accuracy of a clock, so it doesn't (Answer - C
mean that a clock that creates the most This is a very simple question. We have to
possible entropy would be maximally accurate pick the option that has the keywords.
- hence a large, inefficient grandfather clock Measuring time is the first keyword that we
isn't more precise than an atomic clock. "It's a can derive from the first paragraph. The
bit like fuel use in a car. Just because I'm second half of the passage discusses
using more fuel doesn't mean that I'm going entropy. Thus option C is the best answer.)
faster or further," says Huber. Q84. None of the following statements can
When the researchers compared their results be inferred from the passage EXCEPT that:
with theoretical models developed for clocks A. the arrow of time has not yet been
that rely on quantum effects, they were tested for atomic clocks.
surprised to find that the relationship between B. quantum computers are likely to
accuracy and entropy seemed to be the same produce more heat and, hence, more
for both. . . . We can't be sure yet that these entropy, because of the emphasis on
results are actually universal, though, because their clocks' accuracy.
there are many types of clocks for which the C. grandfather clocks are likely to produce
relationship between accuracy and entropy less heat and, hence, less entropy,
haven't been tested. "It's still unclear how this because they are not as accurate.
principle plays out in real devices such as D. a clock with a 50-nanometre-thick
atomic clocks, which push the ultimate membrane of silicon nitride has been
quantum limits of accuracy," says Mark made to vibrate, producing electric
Mitchison at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland. currents.
Understanding this relationship could be E. None of the above options
helpful for designing clocks in the future, (Answer - B
particularly those used in quantum computers This is a moderate difficulty question. We
and other devices where both accuracy and have to pick the choice that cannot be
temperature are crucial, says Ares. This inferred. Two options can be checked by
finding could also help us understand more understanding the idea of "arrow of time",
generally how the quantum world and the which according to the passage, means
classical world are similar and different in time always moves forward because of
terms of thermodynamics and the passage of increasing entropy in the universe... But
time. the idea of entropy vs accuracy has not yet
Q83. Which one of the following sets of been understood as to how it plays out for
words and phrases serves best as atomic clocks, suggesting that the arrow of
keywords of the passage? time must have been tested on atomic
A. Electric current; Heat; Quantum effects clocks. That's why you don't understand
B. Silicon Nitride; Energy; Grandfather how the arrow of time plays out in atomic
Clock clocks.

96
Thus A cannot be inferred, as the opposite (Answer - A
of A is true. This is an easy question; you just have to
C cannot be inferred because the passage focus on the paragraph where this
talks opposite of this. sentence has come. Option A accurately
F cannot be inferred because it fed with captures this. Entropy and fuel are
electric currents, not producing electric analogous, higher entropy doesn't always
currents. mean higher accuracy, just as higher fuel
Thus A, C and D cannot be inferred. consumption in a car doesn't mean greater
B can be inferred from the last paragraph.) speed.)
The relationship that the researchers found is Q86. Which of the following statements can
a limit on the accuracy of a clock, so it doesn't be TRUE about entropy, as expressed in
mean that a clock that creates the most the above passage?
possible entropy would be maximally accurate a. Measuring time with high exactitude will
- hence a large, inefficient grandfather clock result in increased chaos in the
isn't more precise than an atomic clock. "It's a universe.
bit like fuel use in a car. Just because I'm b. Machines, such as clocks, produce
using more fuel doesn't mean that I'm entropy in the form of heat dissipated to
going faster or further," says Huber. their surroundings.
Q85. "It's a bit like fuel use in a car. Just c. Higher entropy will ultimately destroy
because I'm using more fuel doesn't mean the universe.
that I'm going faster or further . . ." What is A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
the purpose of this example? and c D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and
A. If you go faster in a car, you will tend to c
consume more fuel, but the converse is (Answer - D. All a, b and c
not necessarily true. In the same way, exactitude - accuracy.
increased entropy does not necessarily a - Correct.
mean greater accuracy of a clock. Refer to - The maximum accuracy of a clock is
B. The further you go in a car, the more directly related to how much disorder, or
fuel you use. In the same way, the entropy, it creates every time it ticks.
faster you go in a car, the less time you b - Correct.
use. Refer to - The researchers found that as they
C. If you measure the speed of a car with a increased the clock's accuracy, the heat
grandfather clock, the result will be produced in the system grew, increasing the
different than if you measured it with an entropy of its surroundings by jostling nearby
atomic clock. particles .
D. The further and faster you go in a car, c - Correct.
the greater the amount of fuel you will Refer to - The more entropy there is in the
use, the greater the amount of heat universe, the closer it may be to its eventual
produced and, hence, the greater the demise.)
entropy. The relationship that the researchers found is
E. None of the above options a limit on the accuracy of a clock, so it doesn't

97
mean that a clock that creates the most hippos have a wide vocal repertoire, including
possible entropy would be maximally accurate grunts, bellows, squeals and "wheeze honks",
- hence a large, inefficient grandfather clock but very little is known about their social
isn't more precise than an atomic clock. communication.
This finding could also help us understand "In their call, there is information about the
more generally how the quantum world and identity of the individual - so they have 'voices'
the classical world are similar and different in - and they are able to recognise each other by
terms of thermodynamics and the passage of their voices," he said. "This recognition ability
time. supports the social relationships between
Q87. Which of the following pairs of words individuals."
are SYNONYMOUS with the words To find out more about hippo communication,
'inefficient' and 'classical' respectively, as French researchers recorded the sounds of
expressed in the above statement? hippos living in the Maputo Special Reserve in
a. disorganized, ancient Mozambique. The wheeze-honk is the most
b. incompetent, traditional common hippo call and the loudest- travelling
c. streamlined, contemporary as far as 1km, according to the study. The
A. Only a B. Only b C. Only b and c D. biologists recorded the wheeze-honks of
All a, b and c E. None of a, b and c hippos and broadcast these from the shore of
(Answer - B. Only b lakes to see how other individuals responded.
incompetent / inefficient - lacking the ability They found hippos could tell apart friends,
to perform effectively. neighbours and strangers from their voices. In
classical - traditional. addition to telling apart friend from foe (or, at
ancient - old. least, unfamiliar hippos), the animals can
contemporary - modern-day.) probably distinguish between individuals,
Direction(88-94): Read the given passage according to the researchers - though they
carefully and answer the questions that can't be absolutely certain of this.
follow. And despite appearing to be lounging around
Wild hippos are noisy creatures, their calls on the water, the large mammals were clearly
travelling long distances across lakes and paying close attention to their surroundings
rivers. But until now the precise function of the and responded immediately to the broadcasts.
loud "wheeze honks" the animals make has The animals responded more aggressively to
been a mystery. Scientists studying hippos at a unknown hippos - with quicker, louder and
nature reserve in Africa say the distinctive more frequent calls, often accompanied by
honks enable the large mammals to tell friend territorial displays of dung spraying.
from foe. And the team says the animals can Prof Mathevon said it was important to learn
probably recognise individuals from their more about the biology and behaviour of
"voices". hippos to help avoid human-animal conflicts.
Study leader, Prof Nicolas Mathevon, from the The knowledge might also assist with
University of Saint-Etienne, in France, has conservation, he said, as wild hippos are
studied the sounds animals make across the sometimes moved from one location to
world, from leopard seals to hyenas. He said another to keep local populations healthy. The

98
work may inspire conservationists to make That means, hippos aren't friendly with
recordings to allow local hippos to get used to unknown hippos.)
the voice of the new ones before they arrive, Q89. Which of the following statements
he added. is/are NOT TRUE according to the above
Hippos are not yet endangered in the wild, but passage?
their numbers are plummeting fast. They are a a. The wheeze-honk of a hippo is the
source of animal-human conflict, with hippos loudest call but hippos rarely make this
causing hundreds of human deaths a year. call.
Q88. Which of the following statements b. Hippos were found to be very heedful of
is/are TRUE according to the above their surroundings.
passage? c. How hippos communicate socially is
a. Each hippo certainly has a distinct very well documented.
voice. A. Only a and c B. Only b C. Only b and c
b. A hippo can make multiple sounds. D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and c
c. Hippos are very friendly with unknown (Answer - A. Only a and c
hippos. a - FALSE.
A. Only a and b B. Only b C. Only b and c Refer to - The wheeze-honk is the most
D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and c common hippo call and the loudest-
(Answer - B. Only b travelling as far as 1km, according to the
Refer to - He said hippos have a wide vocal study.
repertoire, including grunts, bellows, squeals That means, the fact that hippos rarely
and "wheeze honks", but very little is known make this call is FALSE.
about their social communication. c - FALSE.
That means, a hippo can make multiple Refer to - He said hippos have a wide vocal
sounds. repertoire, including grunts, bellows, squeals
a - FALSE. and "wheeze honks", but very little is known
Refer to - In addition to telling apart friend about their social communication.
from foe (or, at least, unfamiliar hippos), the b - TRUE.
animals can probably distinguish between Refer to - And despite appearing to be
individuals, according to the researchers - lounging around on the water, the large
though they can't be absolutely certain of mammals were clearly paying close
this. attention to their surroundings and
That means, each hippo PROBABLY has a responded immediately to the broadcasts.)
distinct voice. Q90. Why was it important to learn more
c - FALSE. about the biology and behaviour of hippos,
Refer to - The animals responded more according to the above passage?
aggressively to unknown hippos - with quicker, a. Because it was important in predicting
louder and more frequent calls, often possible future clashes between
accompanied by territorial displays of dung humans and hippos.
spraying.

99
b. Because it was important in preventing A. Only a and c B. Only b C. Only b and c
clashes between humans and hippos D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and c
from happening. (Answer - A. Only a and c
c. Because it was important in learning distinctive / exclusive - characteristic of one
more about human-animal clashes. person or thing, and so serving to distinguish it
A. Only a and c B. Only b C. Only b and c from others.
D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and c familiar / general - common.)
(Answer - B. Only b Q93. Which of the following statements
Refer to - Prof Mathevon said it was important is/are TRUE about hippos, according to the
to learn more about the biology and behaviour above passage?
of hippos to help avoid human-animal a. Hippos are seriously at risk of
conflicts.) extinction.
He said hippos have a wide vocal repertoire, b. The behaviours of hippos can
including grunts, bellows, squeals and sometimes be very detrimental to the
"wheeze honks", but very little is known about environment.
their social communication. c. Hippos are responsible for many human
Q91. Which of the following words is/are deaths.
SYNONYMOUS with the word 'repertoire', A. Only a and c B. Only b C. Only c D. All
as used in the above passage? a, b and c E. None of a, b and c
a. stock (Answer - C. Only c
b. range Refer to the last paragraph -
c. collection Hippos are not yet endangered in the wild,
A. Only a and c B. Only b C. Only b and c but their numbers are plummeting fast. They
D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and c are a source of animal-human conflict, with
(Answer - D. All a, b and c hippos causing hundreds of human deaths a
repertoire - a stock of skills or types of year.
behaviour that a person habitually uses; Hippos are not yet endangered, that means,
collection; stock;range.) Hippos aren't seriously at risk of extinction.
Scientists studying hippos at a nature reserve Hence, a is NOT TRUE.
in Africa say the distinctive honks enable the They are a source of animal-human
large mammals to tell friend from foe. And the conflict, with hippos causing hundreds of
team says the animals can probably recognise human deaths a year.
individuals from their "voices". That means, c is TRUE.
Q92. Which of the following words b - NOT TRUE. It's irrelevant. No such thing
has/have an OPPOSITE MEANING to the is mentioned in the passage.)
word 'distinctive', as used in the above Q94. How do the distinctive honks help
passage? hippos, according to the above passage?
a. familiar a. With the help of that, hippos can
b. exclusive recognise their challengers or rivals.
c. general b. With the help of that, hippos can have
better communal interconnections.

100
c. With the help of that, hippos can keep Second, routine tasks of anganwadi workers
local populations healthy. can be ____O____ and non-ICDS work, such
A. Only a and c B. Only b C. Only a and b as surveys, removed altogether. Many
D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and c anganwadi helpers have studied upto
(Answer - C. Only a and b matriculation. With training and an additional
a - Correct. ____P____, helpers can be ____Q____ as
Refer to - Scientists studying hippos at a childcare workers and handle routine work.
nature reserve in Africa say the distinctive Third, anganwadi hours can be _____R_____
honks enable the large mammals to tell friend by at least three hours by providing staff with
from foe. an increase in their present _____S_____,
foe - enemy or challenger or rival. with the additional time devoted for ECCE.
b - Correct. Finally, states should invest in research and
Refer to - "This recognition ability supports training to support early childhood education,
the social relationships between and ensure that the ECCE programme is not a
individuals." _____T_____ extension of school education.
communal interconnection - social A meaningful ECCE programme in
relationship. anganwadis is not only a more intelligent and
c - Incorrect. cost-effective strategy but is also ____M____
Refer to - The knowledge might also assist to implement through seven concerted actions.
with conservation, he said, as wild hippos are Q95. M
sometimes moved from one location to a. feasible
another to keep local populations healthy. b. far-fetched
That means, hippos move from one c. realizable
location to another to keep local A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
populations healthy. and c D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and
There is no role of distinctive honks here.) c
Directions(95-100): In the following (Answer - B. Only a and c
passage, some of the words have been left feasible / realizable - possible to do easily or
out, each of which is indicated by a letter. conveniently.
Find the suitable word from the options far-fetched - impractical.)
given against each letter and fill up the First, to design and put in place a meaningful
blanks with appropriate words to make the activity-based ECCE _____N_____ that
paragraph meaningful. recognises the ground realities with autonomy
A meaningful ECCE programme in to reflect the local context and setting.
anganwadis is not only a more intelligent and Q96. N
cost-effective strategy but is also ____M____ a. framework
to implement through seven concerted actions. b. model
First, to design and put in place a meaningful c. anatomy
activity-based ECCE _____N_____ that A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
recognises the ground realities with autonomy and c D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and
to reflect the local context and setting. c

101
(Answer - A. Only a and b A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
framework / model - a basic structure and c D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and
underlying a system, concept, or text. c
anatomy - the bodily structure of an (Answer - A. Only a and b
organism.) redesignate - reassign.
Second, routine tasks of anganwadi workers redeem - compensate for the faults or bad
can be ____O____ and non-ICDS work, such aspects of.)
as surveys, removed altogether. Third, anganwadi hours can be _____R_____
Q97. O by at least three hours by providing staff with
a. reduced an increase in their present _____S_____,
b. bated with the additional time devoted for ECCE.
c. minimized Q100. R
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b a. abbreviated
and c D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and b. extended
c c. prolonged
(Answer - D. All a, b and c A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
bate / minimize - to reduce.) and c D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and
With training and an additional ____P____, c
helpers can be ____Q____ as childcare (Answer - C. Only b and c
workers and handle routine work. prolong - to extend.
Q98. P abbreviate - to shorten.)
a. deterrence
b. incentive
c. spur
A. Only a and b B. Only a and c C. Only b
and c D. All a, b and c E. None of a, b and
c
(Answer - C. Only b and c
incentive / spur - a thing that motivates or
encourages someone to do something.
deterrence - a factor, especially a financial
disadvantage, that discourages a particular
action.)
With training and an additional ____P____,
helpers can be ____Q____ as childcare
workers and handle routine work.
Q99. Q
a. redesignated
b. reassigned
c. redeemed

102
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103

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Chapter Name Page No.

● Achievers' Series - January, 2022 04 - 46

● Vocabulary Editorial Analysis - January, 2022 47 - 55

● Perfection Batch Questions- January, 2022 56 - 101

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Direction(1-5): Below are three deep political divisions within the

A. Only a and b b. The number of baby girls fails to

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C. Both I and II (D) The Pakistan Army and the political

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(B) Diplomacy does not proceed B. Mystify

(C) The West’s instrument of choice for D. Relinquish

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Antonym : be honest, Ans: c

Meaning : sullen and ill-tempered. A. Boast

Synonym : sullen, sulky, gloomy, B. Desire

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(B) The validity of the 103rd Constitution B. To provoke

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Antonym : obey D. To yield

Q39. FERRET OUT Antonym : give, keep,

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Q50. There was a suggestion from the Q53. Abstruse

Q51. So the Governor of Kerala needs to Ans: b

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Synonym : hostility,afriction, enmity Meaning : with great care and

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Ans: e Q84. It has been pointed out by many