LESSON 2: BASIC

PROBABILITY RULES
PREPARED BY:
MS. JEN
 OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, you should
be able to:
01 define simple and compound events
02 distinguish between mutually inclusive
and mutually exclusive events
03 distinguish between dependent and
independent events
04 show how to apply the General Addition Rule
and Multiplication Rule
An event is a set of outcomes from an experiment.
A simple event consists of a single outcome.
Given a standard die. Determine the probability of
getting a 5.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1
P(5) =
6
A compound event consists of two or more simple events
that are connected by the words and or or.
Given a standard die. Determine the probability of
getting a 2 or a 3.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1 1
P(2) = P(3) =
6 6
2
P(2 or 3) =
6
 General Additive Rule
Two events are mutually exclusive events if both events
cannot occur at the same time.
● getting a 2 or a 3 in rolling a die
● running forward and running backward
● getting a head and a tail in tossing one fair coin

It is denoted as:
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).
LET’S PRACTICE!

A box contains 4 jelly ace, 5 lollipops, and 3 chocolates. Marco draws

one sweet at random. What is the probability that the sweet is either
lollipop or jelly ace?

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)

5 4
𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 = +
12 12
9 3
𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 = 𝑜𝑟
12 4
 General Additive Rule
If two events can occur at the same time, then it is
mutually inclusive events.
● getting an odd number and a number less than 4 in
rolling a six-sided die
● student wearing a red shirt and an eyeglasses
● driving your car and listening to music
It is denoted as:

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B).

LET’S PRACTICE!

A jar contains 5 green cubes, 6 yellow cubes, 2 green spheres, and 3

yellow spheres. What is the probability of getting a yellow or a cube? A
sphere or a green?

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)

9 11 6
𝑃 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = + −
16 16 16
14 7
𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 = 𝑜𝑟
16 8
LET’S PRACTICE!

A jar contains 5 green cubes, 6 yellow cubes, 2 green spheres, and 3

yellow spheres. What is the probability of getting a yellow or a cube? A
sphere or a green?

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)

5 7 2
𝑃 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 = + −
16 16 16
10 5
𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 = 𝑜𝑟
16 8
A coin is flipped and a die is
rolled. Find the probability of
getting a head on the coin AND
a 3 on the die.
 Multiplicative Rule
Two events are independent when knowledge of the first
event does not affect the probability of the second event.

● owning a dog and having an aunt named Ana

● taking a cab home and finding your favorite movie on
cable

This is denoted by the theorem :

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∙ P(B)
A coin is flipped and a die is rolled. Find the probability of
getting a head on the coin AND a 3 on the die.

Flipping a coin = {1, 2}

1
P(H) =
2
Rolling a die = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1
P(3) =
6
1 1 1
P(H AND 3) = x =
2 6 12
EXAMPLE 1

Suppose we have a bag that contains 2 red marbles and 1 blue marble. If
we draw a marble then return it to the bag, and we draw a second marble,
what is the probability that the first marble is red and the second one is
blue?

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∙ P(B)

2 1
P(A ∩ B) = ∙
3 3
2
P(A ∩ B) =
9
EXAMPLE 2

Suppose we have a bag that contains 2 red marbles and 1 blue marble. If
we draw a marble then we set it aside, and we draw a second marble,
what is the probability that the first marble is red and the second one is
blue?
 Multiplicative Rule
Two events are dependent when the knowledge of
whether an event occurs affects the probability of a
second event.

● Not paying your power bill on time and having your

power cut off
● Being the first person to enter a movie theater and
finding a good seat
This is denoted by the theorem:
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∙ P(B|A)
EXAMPLE 2

Suppose we have a bag that contains 2 red marbles and 1 blue marble. If
we draw a marble then we set it aside, and we draw a second marble,
what is the probability that the first marble is red and the second one is
blue?

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∙ P(B|A)

2 1
P(A ∩ B) = ∙
3 2
2
P(A ∩ B) =
6
EXAMPLE 3

There are 5 green marbles, 3 red marbles, and 4 blue marbles. What is the
probability of getting green and red marbles if there is no replacement?

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∙ P(B|A)

5 3
P(A ∩ B) = ∙
12 11
15
P(A ∩ B) =
132
EVALUATION 2:
Solve the following:
1. For numbers one to nine, what is the probability of getting a number
greater than 4 or 3?
2. For numbers one to nine, what is the probability of getting a number
greater than 4 or 6?
3. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that a number 1 is rolled on the
first die and a factor of 6 is rolled on the second die.
4. Seven Males and five females are to be interviewed for a job as a
community college professor. The top 4 candidates are sent forward to
the president for a second interview. If all candidates are equally
qualified, find the probability that 4 females get a second interview.
 HOLY ROSARY ACADEMY OF LAS PIÑAS CITY
Statistics & Probability
S.Y. 2021-2022

THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING LESSON 2.

HANDOUTS WILL BE SENT THRU THE GC.

MS. JINEVEV A. ALAYON

Subject Teacher