MATHEMATICS 10

THIRD GRADING
 PRAYER
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Heavenly Father and Your Beloved Son Jesus Christ,
We thank you for giving us another life,
We thank you for another Beautiful Day.
As we go on through our lessons today,
May you make us instruments to do good things.
Please enlighten our minds,
Give us the strength to participate in our subject today.
Thank you for this opportunity to learn.
Heavenly Father, may you help me to always remember
the Truth of Your Glory!
In Jesus’ name. Amen
 Lesson 5 3

PROBABILITY
 Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

a. illustrate events, union, and intersection of events;

b. illustrate the probability of union of two events;
c. find the probability of (A U B);
d. illustrate independent events; and
e. solve problems involving probability
• Rolling two six-sided dice is an experiment that generates
result called possible outcomes.
• The set of all possible outcomes is called the sample space
(denoted by S).
• A set of some possible outcomes satisfying a given condition
is called an event (denoted by E).
• An event E is a subset of the sample space S.

In a finite sample space S where each outcome are equally probable,

the probability of an event E, denoted by P(E) , is given by
or
 Example 1: Probability of an Event
A family has three children. Find the probability of having
a. 3 boys b. 2 girls and 1 boy
1st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child Outcome Solution:
B BBB a. P(3 boys)
B B
G BBG =
G B BGB =
G BGG
B GBB b. P(2 girls and 1 boy)
B
G G GBG =P

G B GGB =
G GGG
Odds
The odds of an event occurring is the ratio
of the number of favorable outcomes to the
number of unfavorable outcomes. In symbols:

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔

𝑶𝒅𝒅𝒔=
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒏𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
 Example 2: Odds of an Event
A box contains 5 blue marbles, 4 red marbles, and 2 white marbles.
Find the odds of choosing:
a. a blue marble b. a red marble c. a white marble
Solution:
Odds = Odds = Odds =

Odds (blue marble) = Odds (red marble) = Odds (white marble) =

or or or

Odds (blue marble) = 5:6 Odds (red marble) = 4:7 Odds (white marble) = 2:9
Probability of Union of
Two Events
 Probability of Union of Two Events
If A and B are events in the sample If A ∩ B is an empty set, then
space, then the probability of A or B
A and B are mutually exclusive
occurring is:
events and:

P(A or B) P(A or B)
= P(A U B) = P(A U B)
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) = P(A) + P(B)
A B A B
 Example 3: Probability of Union of Two Events
Fifteen balls in a jar are numbered from 1 to 15. A ball is drawn
at random. Find the probability that the number on the ball is
a. less than 6 b. greater than 9 c. even
Solution:
P= P= P=

P= P= P=

P= P= P=

P= P=
 Example 3: Probability of Union of Two Events
Fifteen balls in a jar are numbered from 1 to 15. A ball is drawn
at random. Find the probability that the number on the ball is
a. less than 6 or greater than 9 b. less than 6 or even
Solution:
P= less than 6 (A) =
Even (B) =
P= A∩B =
P(A U B) =
P=
P(A U B) =
P=
= =
 Probability of
Independent Events
 Probability of Independent Events
If A and B are independent events, the probability that both events
A and B occur is the product of their individual probabilities.
P(A and B)
= P(A∩B)
= P(A) • P(B)
A B

P(A∩B)
 Example 4: Probability of Independent Events
When tossing a coin and a six-sided die, find the probability of getting:
a. a tail b. an even number c. a tail and an even number
Solution:
When a coin is When a six-sided die is Coin Die Sample Space
tossed, there are tossed, there are six
only possible possible outcomes 1 H1 T1
outcomes, a head (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). There H 2 H2 T2
and a tail. Thus, are 3 favorable 3 H3 T3
outcomes (2, 4, 6). Thus, 4 H4 T4
T 5 H5 T5
P(T) = P(even) = 6 H6 T6

= P(a tail and an even number) = =

 Example 5: Probability of Independent Events
A box contains 3 white 1st Chip 2nd Chip Sample Space
chips and 2 black chips.
W1 B1 W1W1 W1B1
Two chips are drawn at
W1 W2 B2 W1W2 W1B2
random from the box, one W3 W1W3
at a time with replacement, W1 B1 W2W1 W2B1
Find the probability that: W2 W2 B2 W2W2 W2B2
W3 W2W3
a. the 1st chip W1 B1 W3W1 W3B1
drawn is white W3 W2 B2 W3W2 W3B2
W3 W3W3
b. the 2nd chip
W1 B1 B1W1 B 1B 1
drawn is black B1 W2 B2 B1W2 B 1B 2
W3 B1W3
c. the 1st chip drawn is
W1 B1 B2W1 B 2B 1
white and the 2nd chip B2 W2 B2 B2W2 B 2B 2
drawn is black. W3 B2W3
 Example 5: Probability of Independent Events
A box contains 3 white chips and 2 black chips. Two chips are drawn at random
from the box, one at a time with replacement, Find the probability that:

a. the 1st chip b. the 2nd chip c. the 1st chip drawn
drawn is white drawn is black is white and the 2nd
chip drawn is black.
Solution:
Using a tree diagram, There are 10 P(1st white and 2nd black)
there are 15 favorable favorable outcomes.
outcomes. =
P(1 white) =
st P(2nd black) =

= = =
Challenge Yourself!
1. What is the Probability that the
randomly drawn card is a red card?

P=

P=

P=
2. What is the Probability that the
randomly drawn card will be a spade?

P=

P=

P=
3. What is the Probability that when two coins
are tossed at the same time, both will come up
as heads?

P=

P=
4. Which of these numbers cannot be a probability?

a. -0.00001
b. 0.5
c. 1.001
d. 0
e. 1
f. 20%
5. Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is:
a. equal to 1 b. equal to 4 c. less than 13
S=

P= P= P=

P=0 P= P=1
6. A die is rolled and a coin is tossed, find the probability that the
die shows an odd number and the coin shows a head.

S=

P=

P=
7. A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards.
Find the probability of getting 3 of diamond.

n(E)= 1
n(S) = 52

P=
8. A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards.
Find the probability of getting a queen.
n(E)= 4
n(S) = 52
P=

P=
9. A jar contains 3 red marbles, 7 green marbles and 10 white
marbles. If a marble is drawn from the jar at random, what is the
probability that this marble is
a. white b. green c. red
n(E)= 10 n(E)= 7 n(E)= 3
n(S) = 20 n(S) = 20 n(S) = 20

P=
P= P=
P=
10. The blood groups of 200 people is distributed as follows: 50 have A
blood type, 65 have B blood type, 70 have O blood type and 15 have type
AB blood. If a person from this group is selected at random, what is the
probability that this person has
a. O blood type b. A blood type c. B blood type d. AB blood type
n(E)= 70 n(E)= 50 n(E)= 65 n(E)= 15
n(S) = 200 n(S) = 200 n(S) = 200 n(S) = 200

P= P= P= P=

P= P= P= P=
 Activity - Probability
A. A family has four children. Find the probability of having
1. 4 boys
2. 4 girls
3. 3 boys and 1 girl
4. 2 boys and 2 girls
5. 1 boy and 3 girls
B. A box contains 6 red marbles, 5 black marbles, and 4 green
marbles. Find the odds of choosing:
1. a red
2. a black Note: No solution
3. a green is INVALID
 Values Integration
“Learn from your mistakes”
We commit mistakes every now and then but
learning from our wrong doings and
humbly accepting the facts that it is your fault
then you are brave enough to face all the
challenges in your life.
 Thank You
and God Bless Us
All
 Activity - Probability - March 4, 2024
1 whole sheet of paper.
A. Five coins are tossed at the same time. Find the probability
of getting:
1. 5 heads
2. 5 tails
3. 3 heads and 2 tails
4. 1 head and 4 tails
5. 1 tail and 4 heads

Note: List all the sample space. (1 point each)

A calculator is allowed.