PROBABILITY

(COMPOUND EVENTS)
PROBABILITY OF COMPOUND EVENTS

Subtopics : 1. Additional Law

2. Dependent & Independent Event
Compound Events
If two events or more are operated so that they
result in a new event , that is called a compound event.

1. Probability of Mutually Inclusive Events

Mutually Inclusive: When two events can happen
at the same time
If two events, A and B are inclusive, then
the probability that either A or B occurs is the
sum of their probabilities decreased by the
probability of both events occurring.
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B), written as :
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A ∩ B)
 Additional Law of Probabilities
Example. Here are further details of the categories of books
in the library.
 
Or And

Calculate the probability that a randomly requested book is

either out on loan or book of adult non-fiction

Mutually inclusive events

 Probability of Mutually
Inclusive Events
Example: Slips of paper numbered 1 to 15 are placed in
a box. A slip of paper is drawn at random. What is
the probability that the number picked is either a
multiple of 5 or an odd number?

P(mult of 5 or odd) = P(mult of 5) + P(odd) – P(5 and odd)

   
2. Mutually Exclusive

If and A and B are mutually exclusive the occurrence of

one event makes the other one impossible.
This means that

P(A and B) = P(A * B) = 0

The addition rule for mutually exclusive events is

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Only if A and B are Mutually Exclusive.
 Additional Law of Probabilities
Example. The table shows the numbers of book requested  
for each of three categories.
OR

Calculate the probability that a randomly requested book is :

(a). (i). On the shelves
(ii). Out on loan
(iii). Unauthorized loan
(b). Either out on loan or unauthorized loan
Mutually exclusive events
 
  

Pick 1 Pick 2 Pick 3

P(r,w,b) =        

What would the probability be with replacement?

Pick 1 Pick 2 Pick 3
P(r,w,b) =        
 
 
 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
General form for
conditional  
probability :
 

Dependent or
Independent Events?

Dependent Events
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
Exercise 5
1. There are 3 red balls and 4 white balls in a box. Two balls are
taken from the box. Determine the probability that :
a. 1 red ball and 1 white ball are taken
b. both balls are same colours.
2. Two dice are tossed together once. The probability that the sum of
the two dice is 4 or 7 is...
3. A die is tossed once. What is the probability that the dot is
odd number or prime number?
4. A die is tossed once. If the odd number appears , find the  
    probability that the dot that less than 4 will appear.
5. A piece of card is drawn randomly of a set of bridge cards (without
Joker).Determine the probability that the card drawn is an Ace or a
spade.
6. Two cards are drawn altogether randomly from a set of bridge cards.
Determine the probability of both cards are Ace or both are King.
7. There are two boxes. The first box contains 5 blue balls and 3 yellow
balls. The second box contains 4 blue balls and 2 yellow balls. A ball
is taken randomly from each box. What is the probability of the
event of :
    a. both of them are blue balls
    b. both of them are yellow ball
c. 1 blue ball and 1 yellow ball
    d. both of them have the same colour
8. On desk, there are 4 novels, 7 comic books, and 5 fairy tales books. Three books
are taken altogether, find the probability that 2 comics are taken.

9. A box contains nine balls numbered 1 to 9. Three balls are drawn one by one without

replacement. The probability that the first ball is even, the second ball is odd, and the
third ball is even is...

10. In a tea shop, 70% of the customers order tea with milk, 20% tea with lemon, and
10% tea with neither. Of those taking tea with milk take sugar, of those taking tea
with lemon take sugar, and of those taking tea with neither milk nor lemon take
sugar. A customer is chosen at random.
(i) Represent the information given on a tree diagram and use it to find the
probability that the customer takes sugar
(ii) Find the probability that the customer takes milk or sugar or both
(iii) Find the probability that the customer takes sugar and milk. Hence find the
probability that the customer takes milk given that the customer takes sugar.
 
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 Check Your Skill
Boxes of sweets contains toffees and chocolate. Box A
contains 6 toffees and 4 chocolates, box B contains 5 toffees
and 3 chocolates, and box C contains 3 toffees and 7
chocolates. One of the boxes is chosen at random and two
sweets are taken out, one after the other, and eaten.
(i) Find the probability that they are both toffees.
(ii) Given that they are both toffees, find the probability that
they both come from box A.
Bridge cards