Department of Education

NABUA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
S/Y 2020-2021

Understanding
Culture,
Society, and
Politics

Ayyad, Mariam C. Mrs. Lourdes A. Dacara

Grade 11 HUMSS – 10
Anthropologists:
1. Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978)

Born December 16, 1901

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US

Died November 15, 1978 (aged 76)

New York City, US

Barnard College
Alma mater
Columbia University

Occupation Anthropologist

Luther Cressman
Spouse(s)

(m. 1923; div. 1928)
was an American cultural anthropologist who
featured frequently as an author and speaker in Reo Fortune
the mass media during the 1960s and 1970s.
[1]
 She earned her bachelor's degree at Barnard (m. 1928; div. 1935)
College in New York City and her MA and PhD
degrees from Columbia University. Mead Gregory Bateson
served as President of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in (m. 1936; div. 1950)
1975.[2]
Mead was a communicator of anthropology in
modern American and Western culture and
was often controversial as an academic.[3] Her
reports detailing the attitudes towards sex in
South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional
cultures influenced the 1960s sexual revolution. Children Mary C. Bateson (born 1939)
[4]
 She was a proponent of broadening sexual
conventions within the context of Western Awards Kalinga Prize (1970)
cultural traditions.
 2. Lewis Henry
Morgan (November 21, 1818 –
Born November 21, 1818
December 17, 1881)
Aurora, Cayuga County, New

York, US

Died December 17, 1881 (aged 63)

Rochester, New York, US

Anthropologist
Occupation
politician
Mary Elizabeth Steele
Spouse(s)

was a pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist who worked as

(m. 1851)
a railroad lawyer. He is best known for his work
on kinship and social structure, his theories of
Children Lemuel Morgan
social evolution, and his ethnography of
the Iroquois. Interested in what holds societies Mary Elisabeth Morgan
together, he proposed the concept that the earliest
Helen King Morgan
human domestic institution was the matrilineal clan,
not the patriarchal family. Jedediah Morgan
Parent(s)
Also interested in what leads to social change, he Harriet (Steele) Morgan
was a contemporary of the European social
theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were influenced by reading his work on social
structure and material culture, the influence of technology on progress. Morgan is the only American
social theorist to be cited by such diverse scholars as Marx, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud.
Elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Morgan served as president of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1880.[1]
Morgan was a Republican member of the New York State Assembly (Monroe Co., 2nd D.) in 1861,
and of the New York State Senate in 1868 and 1869.
SOCIOLOGISTS
1. David Émile Durkheim (French: [emil dyʁkɛm] or [dyʁkajm];[2] 15
April 1858 – 15 November 1917)

Born David Émile Durkheim

15 April 1858

Épinal, France

Died 15 November 1917 (aged 59)

Paris, France

Nationality French

Alma mater École Normale Supérieure

Friedrich Wilhelms University

University of Leipzig

University of Marburg

Known for Sacred–profane dichotomy

Collective consciousness

Social fact

Social integration

Anomie

Collective effervescence

Scientific career

Fields Philosophy, sociology, education, anthropology, religious

studies

Institutions University of Paris, University of Bordeaux

 was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline of sociology and—
with Max Weber—is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science.[3][4]
From his lifetime, much of Durkheim's work would be concerned with how societies could maintain their integrity and
coherence in modernity, an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new
social institutions have come into being. His first major sociological work would be De la division du travail
social (1893; The Division of Labour in Society), followed in 1895 by Les Règles de la Méthode Sociologique (The
Rules of Sociological Method), the same year in which Durkheim would set up the first European department of
sociology and become France's first professor of sociology.[5] Durkheim's seminal monograph, Le Suicide (1897), a
study of suicide rates in Catholic and Protestant populations, especially pioneered modern social research, serving to
distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. The following year, in 1898, he established the
journal L'Année Sociologique. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912; The Elementary Forms of the
Religious Life) presented a theory of religion, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern
societies.

2. Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903)

 was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of

Born 27 April 1820

Derby, Derbyshire, England

Died 8 December 1903 (aged 83)

Brighton, Sussex, England

Nationality British

supported Lamarckism.[2][3]
 Spencer developed an all-embracing
Era 19th-century philosophy
conception of evolution as the
progressive development of the physical
world, biological organisms, the human Region Western philosophy
mind, and human culture and societies.
As a polymath, he contributed to a wide
range of subjects, including ethics, School Classical liberalism
religion, anthropology, economics,
political theory, philosophy, literature,
astronomy, biology, sociology, and Main Evolution, positivism, laissez-faire, utilita
psychology. During his lifetime he interests
rianism
achieved tremendous authority, mainly
in English-speaking academia. "The only
other English philosopher to have Notable Social Darwinism
achieved anything like such widespread ideas
popularity was Bertrand Russell, and Survival of the fittest
that was in the 20th century."[4] Spencer
was "the single most famous European
intellectual in the closing decades of the Signature
nineteenth century"[5][6] but his influence
declined sharply after 1900: "Who now
reads Spencer?" asked Talcott
Parsons in 1937.[7]
HISTORIANS
1.Teodoro Andal Agoncillo (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985)
Born Teodoro Andal Agoncillo

November 9, 1912

Tangos,Navotas, Philippine Islands

Died January 14, 1985 (aged 72)

Nationality Filipino

Alma mater University of the Philippines Manila

Occupation Historian

Awards National Scientist of the Philippines

was a prominent 20th-century Filipino historian. He and his contemporary Renato Constantino were

among the first Filipino historians renowned for promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of
Filipino history (nationalist historiography). He was also an essayist and a poet.
Agoncillo is related to Don Felipe Agoncillo, the Filipino diplomat who represented the Philippines in
the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris (1898), and Doña Marcela Agoncillo, one of the
principal seamstress of the Philippine flag
He was named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1985 for his distinguished contributions in the
field of history. Agoncillo was also among the few academics who held the rank of University
Professor, an academic rank given to outstanding faculty members with specialization in more than
one of the traditional academic domains (Science & Technology; Social Sciences; and Arts &
Humanities), at the University of the Philippines Diliman.

Despite Agoncillo's controversial tone and for his perceived leftist bent, his book, History of the
Filipino People, first published in 1960, remains a popular standard textbook in many Filipino
universities, as are many of Agoncillo's other works. Gregorio Zaide, Teodoro Agoncillo, Reynaldo
Ileto and Renato Constantino stand as the most prominent 20th-century Filipino historians to emerge
during the post-war period. However, opponents of Agoncillo contend that Agoncillo's works suffer
from uneven scholarship throughout, especially with his use (or especially, non-use) of reliable
historical sources, even when his opponents could not offer solid rebuttals.

2. Karl Heinrich Marx FRSA (German: [maʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March

1883)
was a
German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political
theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born
in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university.
He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political
publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife
and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop
his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich
Engels and publish his writings, researching in the reading room of
the British Museum. His best-known titles are the
1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-
volume Das Kapital (1867–1883). Marx's political and philosophical
thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual,
economic and political history. His name has been used as an
adjective, a noun and a school of social theory.
Marx's critical theories about society, economics, and politics,
collectively understood as Marxism, hold that human societies develop through class conflict. In
the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling
classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working
classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour-power in return for
wages.[14] Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx predicted that
capitalism produced internal tensions like previous socioeconomic systems and that those would
lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist mode of
production. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism, owing in part to its instability and crisis-
prone nature, would eventuate the working class' development of class consciousness, leading to
their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist
society constituted by a free association of producers.[15] Marx actively pressed for its
implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian
revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.[16]
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and his work has
been both lauded and criticised.[17] His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current
understanding of labour and its relation to capital and subsequent economic thought.[18][19][20] Many
intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's
work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas. Marx is typically cited as one of the principal
architects of modern social science.[21][22]
ARCHEOLOGISTS
1. William Foxwell Albright (May 24, 1891– September
19, 1971) was an American archaeologist, known as a key figure
of the twentieth century biblical archaeology movement. A noted
biblical scholar, historian, linguist and expert in ancient ceramics,
Albright obtained his doctorate in Semitic languages at Johns
Hopkins University and later became a fellow at the American
School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem.

He conducted and participated in important excavations at Gibeah,

Kirjath-Sepher, Beth-zur, Bethel, and Petra, winning popular fame
for his work in authenticating the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1948.
Albright emphasized the value of studying geography, ceramics,
and ancient languages for a better understanding of biblical
history. Although he accepted the principles of biblical criticism,
he believed that archaeology confirmed the historicity of the major biblical figures and events. Albright was a
prolific author who wrote several seminal books on the history and archaeology of ancient Israel. He was
universally acknowledged as the dean of the biblical archaeology movement. His student George Ernest
Wright followed him in that capacity. Others of his students, such as Frank Moore Cross and David Noel
Freedman, became noted leaders in the study of the Bible and the ancient Middle East. Although Albright
is, thus, assured of a major place in the history of the development of Near Eastern archaeology, some of
his methods and attitudes lately have come under criticism.

Born May 24, 1891

Coquimbo, Chile

Died September 19, 1971 (aged 80)

Baltimore, Maryland, US

Nationality American

Academic background
 Upper Iowa University
Alma mater
Johns Hopkins University

Thesis The Assyrian Deluge Epic[1] (1916)

Doctoral advisor Paul Haupt[2]

2. Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler FRS FBA FSA (10 September

1890 – 22 July 1976)

Born Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler

10 September 1890

Glasgow, Scotland

Died 22 July 1976 (aged 85)

Leatherhead, England

Nationality British
was a British archaeologist and officer in
the British Army. Over the course of his
career, he served as Director of both Alma mater University College London
the National Museum of
Wales and London Museum, Director- Tessa Verney(m. 1914; died 1936)
General of the Archaeological Survey of Spouse(s) Mavis de Vere Cole(m. 1939; div. 1942)
India, and the founder and Honorary Margaret Collingridge(m. 1945)
Director of the Institute of
Archaeology in London, in addition to Children Michael Mortimer Wheeler
writing twenty-four books on
archaeological subjects.
Scientific career
Born in Glasgow to a middle-class family,
Wheeler was raised largely
in Yorkshire before moving to London in Fields Archaeology his
teenage years. After
studying classics at University College Influences Augustus Pitt-Rivers
London (UCL), he began working
professionally in archaeology, specialising in
the Romano-British period. During World
War I he volunteered for service in
the Royal Artillery, being stationed on
the Western Front, where he rose to the
rank of major and was awarded
the Military Cross. Returning to Britain, he
obtained his doctorate from UCL before
taking on a position at the National
Museum of Wales, first as Keeper of
Archaeology and then as Director, during which time he oversaw excavation at the Roman forts
of Segontium, Y Gaer, and Isca Augusta with the aid of his first wife, Tessa Wheeler. Influenced by
the archaeologist Augustus Pitt Rivers, Wheeler argued that excavation and the recording
of stratigraphic context required an increasingly scientific and methodical approach, developing the
"Wheeler method". In 1926, he was appointed Keeper of the London Museum; there, he oversaw a
reorganisation of the collection, successfully lobbied for increased funding, and began lecturing at
UCL..

LOCAL HISTORY OF BULA TOWN

Summarized by: JAIME T. MALANYAON

The recent archaeological findings excavated in the caves

in Cagaray Island in Albay, in Bacon, Pilar and Casiguran
in Sorsogon Province, reveal that the first explorers of
Bikol towns were the ancient Bikolanos.

When the Spaniards came to explore Bikol they only

started the evangelization to Christianity.The Franciscan
friars started their evangelization in Bikol in 1578. Fray
Pablo de Jesus and Fray Bartolome Ruiz led the
pioneering work. Within ten years of hard work the villages
became towns (Buhi, Bula, Cagsawa, Camalig, Canaman,
Daet, Indian, Iriga, libmanan, Libon, Milaor, Minalabac,
Nabua, Oas, Paracale, Polangui, and Quipayo). Bula was one of them.

Bula whose titular patron is St. Mary Magdalene celebrate its 4th centennial (400th year) evangelization
and as a town in the year 1978 amidst colourful social, civic and religious activities.

“Bula” literary means bamboo splits usually used either as firewood, fish taps and other homemade
bamboo crafts taken from the resilient bamboos that grow abundantly everywhere especially along river
banks, creeks and streams. A tale of the handed down by generations reveals that the early

Spaniards who came to the place, found the natives busy splitting bamboos. Wanting to know the name of the place,
the Spaniards arrogantly approached the menfolk who were laboriously splitting bamboos and asked them. The
natives however, not understanding the query in Spanish language and thinking, too that the foreigners were
interested on what they were working on answered “bala” (split bamboo). Since then, bala was changed to Bula as
the name of the place.

A more historical and perhaps authentic legend is that a certain Spanish named Broson y Brano gave the
name to this town based on the response of a native to a question asked in Spanish. The native was
splitting bamboo for fuel when he was asked what he was doing and he answered laconically “bula” so
Bula became the mission’s name.

Similarly, during those early periods, it has been told that the town was constantly besieged by bandits
and marauders. Legend has it that during one of the enemies’ raids, the mighty image of St. Mary
Magdalene towered to block the way of the enemies and warded them off. To this day also, she has
remained Bula’s patron saint and protector whose feast is celebrated annually on July 21-23.

BULA IN THE 1800’S

The town is situated in a lowland so that it is flooded
come the rainy season. Its boundary reaches as far as
the “Mission Post” of Pili which is two hours walking
distance. East of Bula is the town of Baao, a walking
distsance of three hours. In the southwest it is bounded
by a mountain range and the northwest by town of Minalabac. The area of this town in the western part
reaches up to the sea cost. They are plenty of hardwood trees in the mountains, coconuts, palm trees,
rattan vines and fruit trees abound in its virgin forests. Large tracts of land are planted to rice, sugar cane
maiz, mongo, gabi and other root crops for the majority of the natives are farmers although there are also
fishermen among them. The women are occupied in weaving “guinaras” in their crude weaving looms,
from abaca fibers, and they even try weaving fine products likes sinamay. Their produce find market in
the towns of Rinconada a reaching as far as the province of Albay.

During the latter part of the 19th century, there were originally four barious and several sitios in Bula. The
oldest barrios are Ombao, Causip, Palsong and Baao, the latter became a separate municipality and is
now known as the town of Baao. All these barrios are situated along the Pawili and Bikol Rivers. The
sitios gradually developed and became separate barrios so that at the onset of Second World War in
1942 there were 23 barrios existing in Bula. Aside from the original four barrios, Salvacion and San
Roque were orgainized and/or created during the intervining period.

Bula in the 2000’s after WW II (1945) up to 1960, an addition of eleven barrios were created and
organized. Today therefore the town of Bula is composed of 33 barangays. Presently, the town proper of
poblacion area is composed of three barangays, namely: Sagrada Familia, San Roque and Salvacion.
The seat of government is located in Barangays Salvacion and has become the common boundary of the
three poblacion barangays.

As one of the oldest towns, the oldest church bell in the country was alleged to have been installed in this
town but was taken to manila through Dr. Bantug and was rung during the 1937 International Eucharistic
Congress. Afterwards the bell was never returned to Bula. Its first church built in 1688 was destroyed by
the typhoon in 1700. The repairs were completed in 1876 was destroyed by an earthquake in 1902. Later
on a new modem church was erected during the term of the Rev. Concordio Sarte who was later to
become Bishop of Legazpi.

This town is the rice granary of Rinconada. Irrigation system constructed by the Bikol River Basin
Development Program had improved the production and the small tenants now owning the lots they have
been cultivation before, which were partly owned by several haciendas. With this agricultural rice
production, the economy greatly improved.

Aside from farming, the fishing industry in the lake remains the source of income for the people. The
abundance of bamboos also boosted the handicraft industry even before the Second World War.

Incomes generating home industries were boosted by Luis Malanyaon, then public school’s supervisor.

References:

 Annual Report Dist. Supervisor 1978

 F. Mallari, op. Cit p. 179
 Oral histories of residents.
CULTURES/ PRACTICES IN BULA
Sta. Elena of Bula This is religious and war dance in the search of Saint Helena for the cross on
which Jesus died. This popular tradition connected to the festival certainly originated from
pagan traditions brought to Spain by the Roman Empire. In Sta. Elena, Bula, Camarines Sur, the
tradition is held on the last week of February. On the feast day of Sta. Elena, there is the re-
enactment of the finding of the true cross by the two groups-- Reyna Elena and Reyna
Emperadora, they do this in the form of Zarsuela. This is the story of how Sta. Elena found the
cross, where a battle between the Christian and the Moros came about and the Moros being
defeated helped to find the place where the Cross was buried. An old man pointed them the
exact location where
they could find the
three (3) crosses. Not
knowing which cross
Jesus was nailed, an
angel told them that
the cross that could
heal the sick and that
could bring the dead
to life is the true
cross. When they
found the true cross,
they put it in the
temple. Ambrosio
Lopez Sr. was the
first trainer and at
the same time the
musician using violin
as instrument . He is
a native of Sta. Elena
Bula.

Bula takes pride in celebrating Bamboo and Tambubong Festival

BY: ANA-LIZA S. MACATANGAY

BULA, Camarines Sur, July 10 (PIA) --- “Our

People, our Treasure” has been aptly chosen
as Bula’s theme for its 436th annual fiesta
that clearly manifests the local government's
appreciation of the significant contribution of
its constituents, not only in their local
economy but also in preservation of their
rich cultural heritage.

Bula is famous for the rich supply and abundance of bamboo, known as one of the
fastest-growing plants in the world – thus the creation of Bamboo festival here. Its
economic significance was evident in the line of bamboo furniture makers along the
Maharlika highway.

Mayor Rolando N. Canet has enjoined cooperation of every sector to be a part of

the celebration as they take pride in celebrating their festival in this opportune time
when the town of Bula rises behind new achievements for new and productive
changes.

“After more than a year that the new mandate has been entrusted to us, in leading
a responsive, new leadership to our constituents, it is only appropriate to give back
and express our gratitude to God for all the blessings bestowed upon us through
the intercession of Mary Magdalene.”

Canet also stated that it is not important that these accomplishments are
enumerated but to ensure that the constituents can see, feel and experience these
tangible changes.

This year, as Bula celebrates the feast day of Saint Mary Magdalene, they have also
prepared a long list of activities in time for the town’s feast on July 22.

A grand motorcade happening on July 12 will jumpstart the celebration.  On the
following day, the organizers slated the Youth Day celebration which will be
followed by a Barangay Day and three in one celebration of Senior Citizen’s Day,
Health Day and Persons with Disability (PWD) Day on July 14 and 15 respectively.

In recognition of the farmers and fishermen who also contributed to the local
economy of the municipality of Bula, there will also be Farmer’s and Fisherfolk’s day
on July 16 where they can showcase their produce.  Bula is a first class municipality
and classified as partially urban. It still boasts of its big ricelands where Bulaenos
get their source of palay.

Tambubong for Bulaeños means palay on its early blooming stage.

Other activities lined up the following programs:  July 17- LGU Day; July 18- Araw
ng Kababaehan and the much awaited Coronation Night of Ms. Bula 2014; July 19-
DepEd Day and the one-day Civic parade; July 20- Military Parade; July 21 – Fluvial
Procession of the image of Saint Mary Magdalene at Bula River and on July 22- the
main date of the celebration.
 Canet also commended the LGU’s elective
officials, heads of offices and its
employees, including the socio-civic and
religious organizations for their
unwavering support to rapidly transform
the system of governance in Bula which
resulted to the social and economic
growth of the said municipality.

Bula, according to history, is among the towns in Camarines Sur founded by the
Spanish conquistadores when they arrived in Bicol after their sojourn from Visayas
in 1576. Other areas include Naga City, Quipayo,  Calabanga and Nabua.
(MAL/LSM-PIA5/CamSur)
- See more at: http://news.pia.gov.ph/index.php?
article=861404889563#sthash.zeQOxT3o.dpuf
Posted by Philippine Information Agency Regional Office V 
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Albright
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/William_F._Albright
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler
https://municipalityofbula.gov.ph/about-us/history-of-bula/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBula
%2C_Camarines_Sur&psig=AOvVaw32gvniT2zWRgFtJESh6Fg7&ust=1614745503362000&source=image
s&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIDUkaaqku8CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikiwand.com%2Fen%2FBula
%2C_Camarines_Sur&psig=AOvVaw32gvniT2zWRgFtJESh6Fg7&ust=1614745503362000&source=image
s&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIDUkaaqku8CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAS
http://piabikol.blogspot.com/2014/07/bula-takes-pride-in-celebrating-bamboo.html