Understanding

Culture,
Society, and
Kenshin A, Austria
11-Plato
Sir. Niel Galon Capoquian
 Born: 571 BC, Chu Grandchild: Li Tong Children: Li Zong
-He advocated a deep, connective empathy between people as the
means to peace and harmony and claimed that such empathy was
possible through recognition of the cosmic force of the Tao which
had created all things, bound all things, moved all things, and
finally loosed all things back into their original state.

Lao Tzu

Born: May 3, 1469, Florence, Italy Died: June 21, 1527 (age 58
years), Florence, Italy Grandparents: Niccolo Machiavelli, Stefano
Nelli, Laudomia Acciaioli
-Machiavelli said the state is superior to all associations in the
human society. It is sovereign and is autonomous, Moral and
religious considerations cannot bind the prince. He is above and
outside the morality. He can use religion to realize his ends.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Born: 372 BC, Zou Died: 289 BC (age 83 years), Zou Parents:
Meng Mu, Meng Ji Era: Ancient philosophy Family: Meng Ji
(father); Meng Mu (mother)

-Mencius had worked out a definite program to attain economic

sufficiency for the common people. He also advocated light taxes,
free trade, conservation of natural resources, welfare measures for
the old and disadvantaged, and more nearly equal sharing of wealth.

Mencius
 Born: Qufu, Jining, China Died: Lu Grandchild: Zisi Great
grandchild: Kong Bai
-Confucius believed that to restore order, societies had to
encourage certain virtues, such as loyalty, trustworthiness, and
respecting your elders. He believed people were capable of
attaining these and other virtues through education. By learning
history, literature, and philosophy, people could gain insights.

Confucius

Born: 384 BC, Stagira, Greece Died: 322 BC (age 62 years), Chalcis,
Greece Children: Nicomachus, Pythias Grandchild: Demaratus

-Aristotle's MainContributions.
Aristotle's Main Contributions.Aristotle
Aristotleisisknown
knownfor
forinventing
inventingthe
the
scientific method of analysis, which can be applied to multiple fields of
study. He also is responsible for breaking fields of knowledge into
categories and subcategories, such as psychology, biology, politics, logic,
logic, chemistry,
chemistry, and botany.
and botany.

Aristotle

Born: Classical Athens Died: Athens, Greece Parents: Ariston

of Athens, Perictione
-Plato carved out a subject matter for philosophy by formulating
and discussing a wide range of metaphysical and ethical
questions. To explain the similarities and resemblances among
objects of the physical world, he developed a metaphysics of
Forms.

Plato
ACTIVITY 1B

Ac1b Born: February 5, 1930, Cabatuan Died: October 27, 2013

(age 83 years), Quezon City
-Felipe Landa Jocano, a Filipino anthropologist, was behind the
development of the Core Population Theory otherwise known as the
Evolution Theory - and one of the first to question Beyer's Wave
Migration Theory. Jocano was born on 5th February 1930 in
Cabatuan, Iloilo.

Felipe Landa

Born: July 13, 1883, Edgewood, Iowa, United States Died:

December 31, 1966 (age 83 years), Manila
-He became Professor of Anthropology in 1924 and held the
position until his retirement in 1954. He continued to live in the
Philippines until his death. Beyer was the pioneer of
anthropology in the Philippines and also made major
contributions in the fields of folklore, customary law,
archaeology, art and geology

H. Otey Boyer
 Born: November 21, 1694, Paris, France Died: May 30, 1778 (age
83 years), Paris, France
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-Voltaire mainly argued for religious tolerance and freedom of
thought. He campaigned to eradicate priestly and aristo-
monarchical authority, and supported a constitutional monarchy
that protects people's rights.

Voltaire

Born: June 28, 1712, Geneva, Switzerland Died: July 2, 1778 (age 66
years), Ermenonville, France Parents: Suzanne Bernard Rousseau,
Isaac Rousseau Siblings: François Rousseau
-Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan born political and moral
philosopher of the Enlightenment Era. He is well known for his work
On the Social Contract, which questioned the purpose and place of
government and its responsibility for its citizens.

Jean-Jacques
Rousseau

Born: January 18, 1689, La Brède, France Died: February 10, 1755
(age 66 years), Paris, France

-Montesquieu is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation

of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the
world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure
the place of the word “despotism” in the political lexicon.

Montesquieu
 Born: November 30, 1863, Tondo Died: May 10, 1897 (age 33 years),
Maragondon Parents: Santiago Bonifacio, Catalina de Castro Children:
Andres Bonifacio y de Jesús

-Unlike the nationalist poet and novelist José Rizal, who wanted to reform
Spanish rule in the Philippines, Bonifacio advocated complete
independence from Spain. In 1892 he founded the Katipunan in Manila,
modelling its organization and ceremony on that of the Masonic order.

Andres Bonifacio

Born: July 23, 1864, Talaga, Tanauan Died: May 13, 1903 (age 38
years), Manila Parents: Dionisia Maranan, Inocencio Mabin

-He continued to serve as the chief adviser for General Aguinaldo after
the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12. He drafted
decrees and edited the constitution for the First Philippine Republic,
including the framework of the revolutionary government which was
implemented in Malolos in 1899.

Apolinario Mabini

Born: August 19, 1878, Baler Died: August 1, 1944 (age 65 years),
Saranac Lake, New York, United States Previous offices: Secretary of
National Defense of Philippines (1941–1941), More Presidential term:
November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944

-His most significant achievement was the passage of the Jones Act
that provided for the grant of Philippine independence. He was
elected senator in 1916 and eventually became Senate President. He
headed the first Independence Mission to the U.S. Congress, and
brought home the Tydings-McDuffie Independence Law in 1934.
Manuel L. Quezon
 Born: June 19, 1861, Calamba Died: December 30, 1896 (age 35
years), Rizal Park, Manila Full name: José Protacio Rizal Mercado y
Alonso Realonda Parents: Teodora Alonso Realonda, Francisco
Mercado

-José Rizal (1861-1896) is one of the most revered figures in

Philippine history. He was a multifaceted intellectual and a political
activist, best known for his political writings that inspired the
Philippine revolution and ultimately led to his execution by the

Jose Rizal Spanish colonizers.

Born: August 30, 1850, Bulacan Died: July 4, 1896 (age 45 years),
Old Hospital de la Santa Creu, Barcelona, Spain

-In 1882 Del Pilar founded the newspaper Diariong Tagalog to

propagate democratic liberal ideas among the farmers and peasants.
In 1888 he defended José Rizal's polemical writings by issuing a
pamphlet against a priest's attack, exhibiting his deadly wit and
savage ridicule of clerical follies.

Marcelo H.
Del Pilar

Born: December 18, 1856, Jaro Died: January 20, 1896 (age 39 years),
Barcelona, Spain Parents: Maria Jacoba Jaena, Placido López

-In 1888 Filipino expatriate journalist Graciano Lopez Jaena founded

the newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona. Throughout its course, La
Solidaridad urged reforms in both religion and government in the
Philippines, and it served as the voice of what became known as the
Propaganda Movement.

Graciano Lopez
Jaena
 Born: March 22, 1863, Baliwag Died: May 23, 1918 (age 55 years),
The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Parents: Mariano
Ponce Sr., Mariana Collantes de los Santos
-Ponce was the co-founder of La Solidaridad with fellow co-founder
Graciano López Jaena. He was also the head of the Literary Section
of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, created to aid the Propaganda
Movement where he served as secretary.

Mariano Ponce
ACTIVITY 1C
Born: Alopece Died: February 15, 399 BC, Classical Athens
Children: Lamprocles, Menexenus, Sophroniscus Parents:
Sophroniscus, Phaenarete
-It has been said that Socrates' greatest contribution to philosophy
was to move intellectual pursuits away from the focus on `physical
science' (as pursued by the so-called Pre-Socratic Philosophers such
as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and others) and into the
abstract realm of ethics and morality.

Socrates

Born: April 5, 1588, Malmesbury, United Kingdom Died: December 4, 1679

(age 91 years), National Trust - Hardwick Hall, United Kingdom Parents:
Thomas Hobbes Sr. Siblings: Anne Hobbes, Edmund Hobbes

-Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds
an influential formulation of social contract theory. In addition to political
philosophy, Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including
history, jurisprudence, geometry, theology, and ethics, as well as philosophy
in general.

Thomas Hobles

Born: August 29, 1632, Wrington, United Kingdom Died: October

28, 1704 (age 72 years), High Laver, United Kingdom
-Locke proceeded to argue that the principal purpose of the
investiture of political authority in a sovereign state was the provision
and protection of individuals' basic natural rights. For Locke, the
protection and promotion of individuals' natural rights was the sole
justification for the creation of government.

John Locke
 Born: October 2, 1832, Camberwell, London, United Kingdom Died:
January 2, 1917 (age 84 years), Wellington, United Kingdom Parents:
Harriet Skipper, Joseph Tylor
-Tylor's contributions to the science of anthropology are historic,
especially his analysis of small-scale society and the relationship
between culture and mentality, and his work on the evolution of culture
and the religion of animism (omnipresent spiritual life in all organic
living things).

Edward Taylor

Born: July 9, 1858, Minden, GermanyDied: December 21, 1942 (age 84

years), Faculty House, New York, United States Education: University
of Bonn (1877–1879), Heidelberg University, University of Kiel
-Franz Boas's most significant contribution to anthropology is the
theory of cultural relativism. Up until Boas presented his findings after
his Baffin Island expedition, many social scientists believed that any
culture outside of Western civilization was somehow inferior.

Franz Boas

Born: February 12, 1809, The Mount House, Shrewsbury, United

Kingdom Died: April 19, 1882 (age 73 years), Home of Charles
Darwin - Down House, Downe, United Kingdom
-Darwin's discovery of natural selection, the origin and adaptations of
organisms were brought into the realm of science. The adaptive
features of organisms could now be explained, like the phenomena of
the inanimate world, as the result of natural processes, without recourse
to an Intelligent Designer.

Charles Darwin
ACTIVITY 1A

Born: January 8, 1946 (age 78 years), Guagua Children: Kara David

Grandchild: Julia Kristiana David
-He has authored several books including “Reflections on Sociology
and Philippine Society”, published in 2001, and “Nation, Self, and
Citizenship: An Invitation to Philippine Sociology,” published in
2002, that won the National Book Award in 2002 and 2003
respectively.

Prof. Randy David

Born: April 21, 1864, Erfurt, Germany Died: June 14, 1920 (age 56
years), Munich, Germany Grandparents: Friedrich Fallenstein, Emilie
Fallenstein
-Get a brief introduction to what are considered some of his most
important theoretical contributions: his formulation of the connection
between culture and economy; conceptualizing how people and
institutions come to have authority, and how they keep it; and, the
"iron cage" of bureaucracy and how it shapes our lives.

Max Weber

Born: April 15, 1858, Épinal, France

Died: November 15, 1917 (age 59 years),
Paris Children: Marie Durkheim, Andre Durkheim
-He is most well known as the author of On the Division of Social
Labor, The Rules of Sociological Method, Suicide, and The
Elementary Forms of Religious Life. However, Durkheim also
published a voluminous number of articles and reviews, and has had
several of his lecture courses published posthumously.

Emile Durkheim
 Born: November 28, 1820, Barmen, Germany
Died: August 5, 1895 (age 74 years), London, United Kingdom Parents:
M Friederich Engels Sr., Elizabeth Engels
-In the mid-19th century, Marxism helped to consolidate, inspire, and
radicalize elements of the labour and socialist movements in western Europe,
and it was later the basis of Marxism-Leninism and Maoism, the
revolutionary doctrines developed by Vladimir Lenin in Russia and Mao
Zedong in China, respectively.

Friedrich Engels

Born: May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany

Died: March 14, 1883 (age 64 years), London, United Kingdom
-Approaches to studying society in sociology are also influenced by
Marx's contributions, specifically critical theory, conflict theory, and
dialectical materialism, which highlight Marx's ideas about class
consciousness and how to initiate change and reform to improve society

Karl Marx

Born: January 19, 1798, Montpellier, France

Died: September 5, 1857 (age 59 years), Paris, France
Parents: Rosalie Boyer, Louis-Auguste-Xavier Comte
-Auguste Comte was one of the founders of sociology and coined the
term sociology. Comte believed sociology could unite all sciences and
improve society. Comte was a positivist who argued that sociology
must have a scientific base and be objective. Comte theorized a three-
stage development of society.

Auguste Comte