IMMANUEL KANT "Education is not a necessity to consider someone as

⁃ theology; the study of god and god’s relation Intellectual"

to the world.
⁃ German Philosopher
⁃ Born on April 22, 1724 in konigsberg,
Prussia. Now Kaliningrad, Russia
⁃ Died on Ferb. 12, 1884
⁃ 4th put of 9children of his prents
⁃ Entered collegium Fredecium; run by a
priest
⁃ Professor of logic and metaphysics in
university of konigsberg; HE discourages his student to take
down notes during class.
3 CRITIQUE BOOKS: CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Critique of pure reason
2. Critique of Practical reason
3. Critic of judgement
Philosophy in life
⁃ “A person should never be teated as tho
mean of other, but instead as the end of themselves”
⁃ “Right will always be right while wrong will
be wrong all the time”
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO
- Born in 106 BCE
- Killed in 43 BCE as a result of the conflict between
the senate and the Caesarians
- Studied Philosophy in Athens
- He wrote many works relating to philosophy, such as
on the republic, on invention and on the other orator.
- One of his famous quotes “A room without a book
is like a body without a book is like a body without a
soul.”
JEAN-PAUL AYMARD SARTRE
- La Rochelle- he was bullied
- Sensory extropia- his eye condition
- Simone de beauvoir- his companion, lover
- "Death consciousness"- Philosophy in Life
- Condemned to be free- sartre's primary idea
- Nobel Prize in Literature- Achievements
- Jean Baptiste sarte and Anne-marie-Parents
- 2 years old - his father died
- French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political
activist, buographer and literacy critic
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
Born on April 27, 1759
Died Sept 10, 1797
- an english writer, philosopher and an advocate of
women's right
- regarded as one of the founding feminist philosopher
and feminist
- During her brief career she wrote novels, treatises, a
travel narrative, a history of the french Revolution, a
conduct book and a children's book.
- Wollstone craft is best known for
" A Vindication of the rights of women" in which she
argues that women are not inferior to men but appear to be
only because they lack education.
- After Wollstonecraft's death her widower published a
"Memoir (1798)" of her life.
- revealing her unorthodox life.
- A social/Political Philospher

RALPH WALDO EMERSON SOREN KIERKEGAARD

- Leader of transcendentalism - -dubbed as the" father of extentialism"
- Most influential work is “Self-Reliance” - 3 most known works: Either/or, Fear and trembling,
- Widely known man of letters in America The sickness unto death
- Known as “sage of Concord” - His 3 steps/process to attain being an individual:
Aesthetic, Ethical, The Religious
NICCOLO DI BERNARDO DEI MACHIAVELLI - He says that the life's main purposes is to be an
Born in San Casciano individual
- Favorite Italian authors were Dante and Petrarch - Birthday May 05 1813
- Study under the priest Paolo da Ronciglione - Death November 11 1855
- Diplomat for 14 years in Italy’s Florentine Republic - He said "Subjectivity is truth, and truth is
- Notable work: “The Prince” Subjectivity"
- Father of modern Political Science
- Machiavellli believed that “Public and private ARISTOTLE
morality had to be understood as two different things Nicomachus- Aristotle's greek father
in order to rule.” - Amyntas- Macedonian King
- Athen and Atarneus places
ANDRES BONIFACIO CASTRO - Hermias - lead the Atarneus
- Founder of KKK - Pythuas - adopted daughter of hermias, aristotle's
- Birthdate: Nov 30 1863 ( Tondo, Manila) wife
- Death: May 10 1897 (Marangondon, Cavite) 33 years - Macedonia-place
old - Alexander the Great tutored by Aristotle
- Cause of Death: Execution - Chalcis- death place
- Contribution and works - The Nicomachean Ethics best known work by
 Father of Philippine Revolution aristotle on Ethics
 Mi Abanico (1870s) - Philosophy in Life
 Ang dapat mabatid ng mga tagalog (1896) - " I count him braver who overcomes his desires than
 Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (1896) he who conquers his enemies, for the hardest victory
- Philosophy In Life: is one self."
PLATO - Region: Western philosophy
- Fullname: Aristocles means the "best glory" - Father: landolfo
- Died at the age of 80 - Mother: Donna Theodora
- Born in 428 BC - Nobility family
- Giver Philospher born in Athens - Influences: Socrates, Plato , Aristotle , Gazali
- One of the world best known and most widely read - At around nineteen, Thomas made a radical decision
and studied Philospher to join the Dominicans.
- The student of socrates - Thomas believed that the state’s laws were, in fact, a
- The teacher of Aristotle natural product of human nature and were crucial to
- Most famous dialogues the republic social welfare. By abiding by the social laws of the
- Platos three views of justice “Justice is a balance of state, people could earn eternal salvation of their
Reason, Spirit and Appetite” souls in the afterlife

SOCRATES LAO TZU

- Born in circa 470 BC in Athens, Greece
- Born in Peloponnesian War - Founder of Taoism
- Major contribution Socratic Method - Author of Tao Te Ching
- Socratic Method help students/people see that there is - "Wu Wei" Philosophy
never one correct answer unless all other solution - Li Zong- his son
have been ruled - served as a keeper of archival records
- Believes in Mind over body - Book: Tao Te Ching
- Died of hemlock poison and died at the age of 71 - Yin Xi- Gate keeper of China's border
- His Quote "I am knowledgeable because I know - Lady YiShu- his mother
nothing
-
IBN RUSHD "AVERROES"
FRIEDRICH NIETZCHE
- Born: October 15, 1844, in Röcken bei Lützen,
- Born: April 14, 1126 in Cordoba, Al-andalus
- Died: in Weimar on August 25, 1900.
- Died: December 11, 1198 (aged 72) marrakesh.
- Other names: Abu al-walid, Muhammad Ibn ahmad
- Education:
ibn rushd, The commentator
• Schulpforta school.
• in 1864, he attended the University of Bonn
- Abu al-walid Muhammad (grandfather)- chief
for two semesters.
judge (qadi) and imam of the great mosque in
• transferred to the University of Leipzig,
Cordoba.
where he studied philology.
- Abu al-Qasim Ahmad (father)- chief judge
- He was strongly influenced by the writings of
philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. - Ibn Rushd is an author of more than 100 books and
- In 1869, Nietzsche took a position as a professor of treatises.
classical philology at the University of Basel in - He also refer to as the "Al-hafid (the grandson)" to
Switzerland. During his professorship, he published distinguish him from his father.
his first books, The Birth of Tragedy(1872) and
- "The commentator and The father of Rationalism" (in
Human, All Too Human(1878).
western world)
Books:
- Thus Spoke Zarathustra, was published in four - The Spanish form of 'Ibn' is 'Aven' or 'Aben'.
volumes between 1883 and 1885. He also wrote - He produced a series of summaries and commentaries
Beyond Good and Evil(published in 1886), The on most of Aristotle's works and on Plato's republic.
Genealogy of Morals (1887) and Twilight of the - He also wrote a commentary on Avicenna's medical
Idols(1889).
work and a number of summaries on the works of
Galen.
- He thought that people should be very aware of their
- His philosophy: " Philosophy was a product of the
body and of the real world in which they actually
human mind, while religion was from divine
live. He told his readers not to live in a daydream or
revelation, clarifying that the two ultimately
make decisions based on unrealistic thoughts. He
originated from the same source."
believed that ideas of heaven came from an inability
- Books: Tahafut al-tafut, Fasl al-maqal, Kashf al-
to cope with life in the world.
manahij
Thomas Aquinas
- was born in Italy about January 25 1225
EPICURUS
- died on March 7 1274 (aged 49)
- Education: University of Naples and University of - Birthdate: 341 BC
Paris - Birthplace: Island of Samos
- Notable Works: Summa Theologiae and Summa - Parents: Neocles and Chaerestrate
contra Gentiles - Teachers:
- Era: Medieval philosophy • Pamphilus - a platonist teacher
 • Nausiphanes - a follower of Atomism of
Democritus
- The Garden - the school he founded in Athens that
resembled a community of friends living together. It
is also the first greek philosophical school to admit
women.
- Major contributions:
- Epicureanism - the main goal is to attain the state of
ataraxia, which means untroubledness.
- Epicurean Paradox - a version of problem of evil. It
points out the contradiction between the existence of
evil in this world and the supposed existence of god
who is omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and
omnipresent.
- Philosophies:
- Materialistic - believes that the only thing that exists
are atoms and void.
- Empiricist - believes that the senses are the only
reliable sources of information about the world.
- Hedonistic - believes that what is pleasurable is
morally good and what is painful is morally evil.
IBN SINA
- Full name: Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Abdullah IbnSina
- Latinized Name: Avicenna
- Kunniyyah/nicknames: • Sheikh Al-Rais • Sharaf Al-
mulk
- "Arguably the most influential Philosopher of pre-
modern era"
- "Regarded as one of the most significant physicians,
astronomers, philosophers, and writers of the golden
Islamic age"
- Birthplace: Village of Afshana in Bukhara in Central
Asia, the capital of the Samani kingdom at that time,
in the present country of Uzbekistan
- Birthdate: 370 AH or 980 AD (Abbasid
Period/Caliphate - the start of the goldem era of
Islamic Civilization)
- Life:
- Before 10 years old: Memorized the quran, learned
the arabic language and a lot of literature
- Before 16: He learned philosophy ,geometry, and
indian mathematics. It was also said that he surpased
all of the scholars of his age in medical science. He
also studied fiqhi and sufism movement.
- At 18: He claimed to have mastered all the sciences
and become the physician of the prince of samanid
court, Nuh Ibn Mansour.
- He died of Colic and was buried at Hamadan,
Persia.
- Major Contribution:
• Kitab Al-shifa or the book of healing - A
scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.
- Al-shifa's other meaning is 'saviation', 'completion',
'wholeness'
• Wajib Al-wujud or the necessary
existence. - Most central aspect of his
philosophy.
- Philosophy in life: "if anything exist, then a
Necessary Being, namely God, must exist"
- Father: Abdullah Mother: Sitara
- Canon of Medicine (Book of Healing) treatise that
was widely used until century
- Philosophy: Contingency >> Necessary being that
sustains all contigent beings
- >>Classified mathematical branches and its subfield
DAVID HUME
- A scottish philosopher, historian, essayist, and
economist known for his philosophical empiricism
and skepticism.
- One of the most important british philosophers.
- Born on May 7,1711.
- Died on August 25, 1776 at 65 years old due to
Abdominal Cancer.
- At the age of 12: He enter the University of
Edinburgh with his older brother. but left at the age
of 14 or 15.
- He attempted to study law but later abandons it.
- Works:
o A treatise of Human Nature (one of the most
influential works in the history of
philosophy but was ignored during his time)
- 2.Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
(incomparably the best of his works)
- 3.The History of England (The best seller)
- He influenced Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, and
Charles Darwin.
- Philosophy: Empiricism - "All human knowledge
comes to us through our sensory experience."
ABU HAMID MUHAMMAD IBN MUHAMMAD AL-
GHAZALI
- Was born in Tus, Iran
- Went to Gorgan for 5 years of intensive education
 Was robbed by a group of bandits when
going back to his hometown.
 it is believed that his turning point was the
words of the leader of the Bandit: "You claim
that you know, but you lack knowledge when
I take your notes from you. Instead of
learning it by heart, you leave it in the notes."
- Went to Nishapur to study more after memorizing his
notes for 3 years.
- He was seen by Nizam Al-Mulk (statesman of
Baghdad) as an ideal man to defeat the Batiniyyah
movement because of his intelligence.
- Batiniyyah- a group of people that attacks the
Abasid Caliphate through deceiving uneducated
muslims with their philosophy.
- Works:
- The Aims of the Philosophers - A book he
published as a preparation for his major treatise.
- He explained the purpose of Philosophy in this book
and praised it.
- Al-Ghazali became more well known after this.:
- The Incoherence of the Philosophers
- His major treatise (book).
- A book that defends Islam against Philosopher and
their beleifs contrary to Islamic teaching.
- Disproved certain school of Philosophy.
- considered to be among the. masterpiece of the world
Philosophy.
- opened a new chapter in the discussion of the
relationship between religion and Philosophy.
 - accused to be damaging the cause of Philosophy.
- Ibn Rushd wrote a commentary to this book.
- The Revival of Religious Sciences
- contained a lot of information about Islam that is
needed at that time (after the defeat of Batiniyyah).
- Al-Ghazali's magnum opus.
- Achievements:
- "Proof of Islam"
- he earned this by the success he achieved with the
books he written to defend the Islamic faith against
such school of philosophy.
KARL MARX
- German philosopher
- Born on May 5, 1818 and Died on March 14, 1883
- he was the one of how philosophy is defined
- socialism and communism
- bourgeoisie ( high / middle class or capitalist)
proletariat ( working class)
- against the capitalist movement/ capitalism
- "THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO" class struggle
( finished in prussels, Belgium)
- "DAS CAPITAL" died working on it when he was
in London and compiled by friedrich angels ( his
friend)
- both of these contributed to the ideas of socialism and
communism
- MARXIST ( his followers) MARXISM
( compilation of his work)
- Father of Modern Sociology and Father of
Communism
- Karl Marx declared " philosophers have only
interpreted the world in various ways ; the point is to
change it"
BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL
Born May 18, 1872 DIied February 02,1970
- British philosopher, logician and public intellectual
Founder of Analytical Philosophy
produced a body of work that covers logic, philosophy of
mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology and had
great influence on modern mathematical logic
Philosophy in life "time enjoy wasting is not wasted time"
AL- FARABI
• Alpharablus - abu nasr
• strong follower of aristotle, plato....
• inspiration of ibn rushd & ibn sina
DISCOVERIES/ CONTRIBUTION
• wrote book "the city state"; inspired by plato’s book the
republic
• explained concepts of metaphysics; universe it's
expansion
• believed that music can cure illness wrote " the book of
music"
FACTS ACHIEVEMENT
• the second teacher and first Muslim scholar to write on
politics
• expanded works of philosophers
Mencius
Born at the state of Zhao in Shangdong province
His real name is Mengzi or Mengzu
Notable work: "Mencius" and "Human Nature: A
Reader"
He developed the Four Seeds: Ren/benevolence,
Yi/righteousness, Zhi/Knowledge, Li/propriety
Philosophy in Life: "All humans have innate but
incipient tendencies toward benevolence, rightiousness,
wisdom, and propriety"
David Hume (April 26,1711)-(August 25,1776) <<Abedin>>
-A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist
known especially for his philosophical empiricism and
skepticism.
-uncommonly precocious
came from a "good family" socially well connected but not
wealthy.
-he found the law "nauseous"
-decided to become scholar and philosopher.
-preferring to read classical texts especially Cicero
" A treatise of human nature" began writing at 23 yrs old
1775, Hume was diagnosed with intestinal cancer
died on 1776
- brief autobiography " My own life"
- Philosophy In Life “truth springs from arguments amongst
friends"
JOHN STUART MILL
- Influential philosopher, economist and utilitarian in the 19th
century
- he was home schooled and educated in an early age by his
father.
- James Mill ( father of John mill who was a philosopher,
economist and historian)
- Jeremy bentham ( teacher of John mill and was one who
influenced John mill specifically in utilitarianism)
- Words Worth ( he escaped the depression because of
reading the poetries of wordsworth.
- East India Company ( where he worked until his
retirement)
- Harriet Taylor ( his wife; he married her after 21 yrs of
friendship)
( She died after 7 yrs of marriage, she influenced john mill
about writing the book of "the subjection of women")
- ON LIBERTY ( the only purpose for which power can be
rightfully exercised over any member of civilized community,
against his will is to prevent harm to others.
His Philosophy in Life
UTILITARIANISM ( actions are right in the proportion as
they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce
the reverse of happiness) this is his philosophy in life.
-the subjection of women ( one of the treaties on feminism.)
( women has a right to vote, right to learn and right to get a
divorce.)
CONFUCIUS
- Also known as Kong Fu Zi or Kongzi which means
“Master Kong”
- Born on 551 BC, state of Lu (present day Qufu,
Shandong Provincce
- Died on 479 BC, state of Lu Cause of Death “Natural
Causes”
- His Father was a soldier named Kong He and died
when Confucius was 3 years old and spent his
childhood in poverty and raised by his mother named
Yan Zhengzai.
- Confucius is known as the first teacher in China who
wanted to make education broadly available.
 - Have influence the civilization of china also helped
shape chinese culture and other east Asian country.
- Major Key works:
- The Analects – recorded saying of Confucius,
- a compilation of speeches by and conversations
between Confucius and his disciples. it is a
collection of sayings and ideas of Confucius
- The Complete Confucius it contain (Analect, a note
of the great learning and a note of the doctrine of the
mean)
- Philosophy in Life
- Confucianism- importance of having good moral
character, which can affect the word
- Five Classics:
- Book of changes manual of divinity
- Book of history collection of ancient historical
documents
- Book of poetry(odes or song) contain 305 poems
which is said to be compiled by Confucius
- Book of rites deals with the principle of conduct,
including public and private ceremonies
- spring and autumn annals it said to be written by
Confucius itself it is the chronicle of major history
events in feudal china 8th century up to the 5th century
. ⁃
- 4 books:
- Analects,
- The Great Learning is a guide for moral self-
cultivation. According to the Great Learning, the key
to moral self-cultivation is learning, or the
investigation of things. Through the investigation of
things, one comes to understand the principle in all
things, which allows one to better comprehend the
world.
- The Doctrine of the Mean is deals with how to
maintain perfect balance and harmony in one's life.
focuses on following the Way and acting in
accordance with what is right and natural
- The Mencius (Book of Mencius), containing the
conversation of Mencius who is of one of Confucius's
great followers.
- The keynote of Confucian ethics is jen, variously
translated as "love," "goodness," "humanity," and
"human-heartedness."  ⁃
- It is best expressed in the Confucian golden rule, "Do
not do to others what you do not want done to
yourself." Other important Confucian virtues include
righteousness, propriety, integrity, and filial piety.
One who possesses all these virtues becomes
a gentleman
- Philosophers
KARL MARX Domaub
BIO
⁃ Karl Heinrich Mark
⁃ Born on May 5, 1818 at Trier, Rhine
Province, Prussia in Germany
⁃ Died March 14, 1883, London, England
⁃ Famous advocate for communism
⁃ Communist Manifesto, the most celebrated
pamphlet in the history of the socialist movement.
⁃ He was the oldest surviving boy among his
9siblings
⁃ His father is Heinrich Marx
⁃ His mother is Henrietta Pressburg
⁃ He baptized in the Evangelical Established
Church
CONTRIBUTIONS
⁃ His theory of history
⁃ Economic analysis
⁃ Prediction of a communist future
⁃ Critical engagement with contemporary
capitalist society
PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE
⁃ “Follow your own path, no matter what
people say”.
LAO TZU -Amerol
BIO
⁃ lived in 6th century BC
⁃ author of Taoist Classic “Tao Te Ching”
⁃ Birth name of “ER LI”
⁃ Laozi was an honorific name “old venerable,
master”
⁃ Worked as a scholar and keeper of the
archives in the royal court of Zhou
He was admired by other philosophers.
⁃ He wrote Tao Te Ching or “The way and it’s
power”
⁃ Regarded as founder of Taoism.
TAOIST PRINCIPLES ARE:
⁃ Inaction, Simplicity and living in harmony
& nature.
PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE
⁃ “Be content with what you have; rejoice in
the way things are. When you realize there is nothing lacking,
the whole world belongs to you”
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN
BIO
⁃ Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgensten”
⁃ Specialty: metaphysics, epistemology,
philosophy on mind
⁃ Born on April 26, 1889
Died on April 29, 1951
⁃ Australian-British
⁃ He was a popular 20th century philosopher
whose work held great importance for a global philosophy,
particularly for philosophies of language
CONTRIBUTIONS
⁃ his 1sth book is Tractatus Logico -
Philosophicus (1921) was to bring about the entire new school
of philosophy
⁃ His last book is Philosophical Investigations
(1953) remains as one of the most significant works of the
20th century philosophy.
PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE
⁃ “The limits of any language means the limit
of my world”.
JOHN LOCKE
BIO
⁃ Born on August 29, 1632
⁃ English philosopher
⁃ Father of liberalism
⁃ involvement in National Socialism
CONTRIBUTIONS
⁃ founder of modern philosophical empiricism
⁃ He postulated, “at birth, the mind was a
tabularasa”- latin phrase for “blank state”
⁃ Political philosophy, one of his major
contributions
⁃ His wrote a book “Essay Concerning Human
Understanding” and “Two Treatises of government”
PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE
⁃ “All men are created equal and are born with
the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and property”
MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI
BIO
⁃ also know as “Mahatma Gandhi”
⁃ Lawyer, Politician, activist, and writer
⁃ His philosophy is “Gandhian Philosophy”
⁃ Born on Oct. 2, 1869
⁃ Died on Jan. 30, 1948 (78lifespan) he was
assassinated
⁃ His notable work is his autobiography “the
story of my experiment with truth”
⁃ “Father of India”
⁃ Developed Natal Indian Congress”
⁃ Fought India’s independence against British
rule.
⁃ His 4 philosophies are the Truth, Non-
violence, Satyagraha, and Sarvodaya.
MAHATMA GANDHI- H.amer
BIO
⁃ 1869-1948
⁃ Mohamdas Karamchano Gandhi
⁃ Mahatma; great souled
⁃ Prophet of non-violence in 20th century
⁃ Father of India
⁃ ⁃
ACHIEVEMENTS IN PHILO
⁃ one of the contemporary sources of a
philosophy of peace
⁃ Leading philosopher of non-violence &
intrapersonal peace
⁃ Leading theorist & practitioner of active non
violent resistance in 20th century
⁃ enemy
PHILO IN LIFE
⁃ Truth and Non-violence
⁃ “Non-violence is the means and Truth is the
end”
⁃ “Truth through non-violence”
MARTIN HEIDEGGER-
BIO
⁃ German philosopher
⁃ Born on Sept 26, 1889 at Messkirch in
South-west Germany
⁃ Died on May 26, 1976
⁃ He finished his theological training in
Freiburg to pursue Mathematics and philosophy instead.
⁃ His thinking has contributed to such diverse
field as Phenomenology, Existentialism, Hermeneutics,
Political Theory, Psychology and Theology.
⁃ He was banned from teaching because of his
PHILO IN LIFE
⁃ “There is no realm of life that is not
subjective to its dominance”
RENE DESCARTES-
BIO
⁃ Father of Modern Western Philosophy
⁃ French
⁃ He discovered Cartesian plane
⁃ “I think therefore I am” ; Cogito, ergo sum
⁃ Ge died at age of 53
⁃ He wrote the book “Seeking the truth in the
science” (1637)
⁃ “Rules for the direction of the mind” a book
he wrote on 1929 but published posthumously in 1701
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO
⁃ born in 106 BCE
⁃ Killed in 43 BCE as a result of the conflict
between the senate and the Caesarians (primarily Mark
Antony and eventually Octavius)
⁃ Cicero’s father was a member of the Roman
class called the Equestrians
⁃ Studied Philosophy in Athens
⁃ Cicero’s life was an example of that old
adage, “The pen is mightier than the swoed”.
⁃ His political career began in 75 BCE age the
age of 31, he served as a questior for the province of sicily
⁃ Served as an Aedile in 69 BCE (age37);
Praetor in 66 BCE (40)
⁃ He attained the highest honor a roman
citizen could hope for being elected consul at the incredibly
young age of 43 in 63 BCE
⁃ He had to deal with the catiline Conspiracy,
an attempt to overthrow the republic with a foreign army.
He rallied in a speeches called “Cateline &
Conspiracy”
⁃ The execution of Roman Citizens without
trial led the senate to exile to Thessalonika in Greece
⁃ Rome is divided into two camps; The
senatorial camp (by cicero) and the Caesarians camp (Mark
antony)
⁃ Mark Antony declared Cicero as public
⁃ cicero was killed at the age of 63
ABU YUSUF YA’QUB IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI-
BIO
⁃ was born in 801 AD in kufa, Iraaq
⁃ Died in Baghdad, Iraq in 873 AD
⁃ was appointed in the Grand library “House
of Wisdom” by the ruling caliph (head of state) Al-mamoon.
⁃ Was given the title “Father of Arab
Philosophy”
⁃ He wrote a book “Manuscript on
Deciphering the Cryptographic Messages” means a
handwritten book on understanding the secret of writing.
⁃ philosophy in life: “THE world is not eternal
and that god is a Simple one”
ALBERT EINSTEIN
- Father of modern physics Born in Ulm kingdom of
Wurttemberg, german empire on march 14 1879.
Father : Herman Einstein( was a scintifc utility
salesman electrician.
- Mother: Pauline coke (housekeeper) 12 yrs old, he
taught himself algebra and Euclidean geometry.
Married Maleeva Mary in 1903
- 3 children: Liesel Einstein, Hans Albert Einstein,
Edward Einstien.
- In 1905 completed his thesis “ New Determination of
molecular dimension”.
- He came up with his revolutionary works which were
focused on photoelectric effect Brownian motion the
special theory of relativity and the equivalence of
matter and energy(e=mc2).
- In 1905 he published his four groundbreaking papers.
the papers provided information on the photoelectric
effect Brownian motion special relativity and the
equivalence of matter and energy.
- This papers brought Einstein to the limelight and he
became instantly famous and was recognized as the
leading scientist. he died at Princeton New Jersey
United States on 18 April 1955 at the age of 76.