Name: ALONTO, ABDULLAH NUR ASH- Date Performed: Oct 7, 2021 Section: A03

SHAMS M.
Course: BS CHE Date Submitted: Oct 9,2021 Instructor: Meg Anne Santos

EXPERIMENT 3
Manufacture of Paper
Report Sheet

Weight of Paper, g 47
Weight of pulp, g 422
Weight of dried paper, g 7

Dimensions of dried paper, in cm x cm 25x21

Density of paper produced, g/cm^3 0.1333

Thickness of paper produced, mm 1

1. Describe the quality of paper produced.

The paper is hard and rough. The surface of the paper is not smooth and has
bumps. The color of the paper is dirty white which is not a good quality.

2. What are the factors which affect the quality and recovery of paper from its raw material?

The factor that can improve the quality of the paper is thorough mashing of
the soaked scratch paper. Proper alignment and smoothing of the soaked pulp in the silk
screen can improve the surface of the dried paper. Better bleaching and washing of
bleach can whiten more the color of the paper.

3. What is the kraft process? Sulfite process?

The Kraft pulping process is the dominant manufacturing process for converting wood
chips into pulp, the intermediate material from which a wide range of finished or semi-
finished paper products are produced. The sulfite process is a chemical process used to
make paper pulp that uses an acid bisulfite solution to soften the wood by removing the
lignin from the cellulose.

4. What additives are mixed with the pulp? What are the functions of these additives?

The additives that are mixed with the pulp are Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)
powder granules, Soda Ash, Titanium Dioxide, China Clay, Cationic Retention Aid,
Pigments & dyes, and Calcium carbonate. CMC provides a versatile acid-free adhesive
that can be added to the pulp to promote fiber-to-fiber bonding. It gives paper castings
strength and makes the surface of finished art pieces more durable.

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 Plant fibers such as onion skins, corn husks, and bark can be used to make paper.
Soda Ash dissolves the non-cellulose components of these materials without weakening
the final paper. Titanium Dioxide is a strong white pigment that makes paper whiter
and more opaque by acting as a filler, resulting in a smoother surface and less "pick."

China clay, also known as opal gamma kaolin, is a fine white powder that is used to
make paper more opaque and smooth, as well as to reduce shrinkage. It is particularly
useful for paper casting and will appeal to both papermakers and model makers. The
cationic retention aid adheres pigments, dyes, and other additives to the pulp's fibers.

A pigment can be added to the pulp, and the Cationic Retention Aid will assist in
binding it to the fibers. Natural dyes, Deka L Direct dyes, and Procion MX Fibre Reactive
Dyes can also be used to color pulp. Lastly, Calcium carbonate acts as an alkaline
reserve in paper, promoting acid-free archival properties. It slows shrinkage in paper
castings and produces a smoother surface.

5. What are the types of paper? How do they differ from each other?
There are many types of paper. They are used in different ways and purpose. 7 common
types of paper are Bond paper, Gloss coated paper, Matt coated paper, Recycled paper,
Silk coated paper, Uncoated paper, and Watermarked paper. Bond paper is a type of
paper that is stronger and more durable than regular paper. It is primarily made of rag
pulp rather than low grade wood pulp. It works well for letterhead, typed reports, and
envelopes.

Because of its high shine, gloss paper is commonly used for flyers and brochures.
There is no need for a seal varnish because the ink does not rub off. Matt paper is the
opposite of gloss paper; it is coated with a matt finish to produce a non-shiny paper
that prevents glare. This paper is ideal for reports, flyers, and leaflets.

Recycled paper is ideal for those looking to reduce their environmental impact
because it is made from re-used paper products. It can be used for a wide range of
documents, including reports, memos, and forms. Silk coated paper, which falls
somewhere between gloss and matt, has a smooth silky coating that makes it smooth to
the touch but lacks the shine of glass paper. This paper can be used for a variety of
purposes, including magazines, books, and catalogs.

Uncoated paper has no coating and is commonly found in office printers, making it
excellent for ink receptivity and absorbency. Because it is uncoated, it can be used with
both a printer and a pen, making it ideal for forms, letterheads, and memo paper.
Lastly, Watermarked paper gives the impression of luxury and high quality when used in
high quality paper. An impression is pressed into the paper to achieve the desired effect
by attaching a wire pattern. This paper is frequently used as a security feature for
important documents such as exam certificates.

6. What are the similarities and differences in the process of home made paper vs industrially
manufactured paper?

One of the differences between home made paper and industrially manufactured
paper is the quality of the paper. Industrially manufactured paper will always have
better quality because they mix many additives to the paper. However, Home made
paper is easier and more convenient to make. Home made paper can be made with
resources that are readily available in the market.

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