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WELCOME BACK TO OUR

SUBJECT

Patria Filipinas D. Capa, MA, RCG, RPM

Objective

Identify Introduction, Background of the

Study, Scope of the Study, Significance of the
Study, Statement of the Problem and
Objectives of the Study
 Marketing / Report

The
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INTRODUCTION
 89

The Research Title

• summarizes the main idea of the

study simply
• identifies the variables or theoretical
issues under investigation and the
relationship between them.

• fully explanatory when

standing alone
Choosing a title • 10 to 15 substantive
words
• centered between the left
and right margins
• typed in uppercase and
lowercase letters

• NOT to be typeface bold,

italicized or underlined
 92

The Introduction

The introduction announces the topic

and establishes the context of the
research, explaining the reasons for
doing the study, and summarizing the
researcher’s current understanding on
the problem.

1. Introduce your topic

2. Establish the context of the research
problem and background
3. State the research and methods you
want to carry out
4. State your reasons for doing the
research
5. Explain why your research is
important
6.Summarize your understanding of
the research.

7. State your hypothesis

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The Background of the Study

The background of the study is a

brief account of the history of the
problem mentioning whether it has
been addressed in any form.
It includes discussion and
explanation of the research and the
problem at hand.

The following are the suggested information

that you can include in the background of the
study:

1. Definition-define concepts included in

your study

Example: Test-anxiety is a “situation-

specific personality trait that occurs before,
during and after a testing session” (Michele,
2006). It may also be defined as “the
uneasiness, apprehension, or nervousness
felt by students who have a fear of failing
an exam” (Ogundokun, 2011).
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2. Causes and effects-when discussing

the problem at hand, you may highlight
its causes and effects to the concerned
subjects

Example: Test-anxiety has cognitive

causes that bring out physiological
effects. A person with test anxiety
is a situation or condition where the
person experiences tension due to
fear as manifested by their increase
in heart rate, rapidity of breathing
and immobilization (University of
Rhode Islands, 2020).
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3. Methodology-you may cite the

methods used in other researches to
address the problem at hand.

Example: “Test-anxiety can be

investigated through experimental
study. Using this method, the
researcher is tasked to create
conditions which could stimulate
test anxiety and provide possible
treatment to battle it out.”
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4. Historical Background- may

mention previous and notable
researches from which your topic is
based.

Example: “Dance may have

originated in the form of
rudimentary as early as 1.8 million
years ago, when the bipedal
anatomy of Homo ergaster can
move the body fully which
enhanced the communication and
body language (Mithen, 2005 as
cited in Sevdalis & Keller, 2011).”
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5. Problems and issues-current

issues or problems of your specific
topic

Example: “Recent studies suggest

that Filipino students’ mastery
level in mathematics and science
are weak when they graduate from
high school (Espinosa, Monterola,
& Punzalan, 2013). Apparently,
presence of test anxiety follows;
thereby affecting their preparation
for examination and performance
in the examination itself. As result,
their obtained score in the
examination oftentimes fall short
of the average which may lead to
underachievement in the course.”
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6. Comparison of ideas-you may

compare and contrast the ideas and
methods indicated in previous
researches related to your topic.

Example: “Music has also been

proven to increase the
intelligence quotient of children
when engaging in practical
music making (Hallam, 2008;
Jenkins, 2001; Kokotsaki &
Hallam, 2011). With that, it can be
said that music can really affect
a person’s performance task.”
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7. Advantages and disadvantages-you

may highlight the need for further
investigation by highlighting
advantages and disadvantages

Example: “Autocratic coaching

style of ‘intense style’ is applied
when the coach assumes
authority and decision-making
centralized. An advantage of this
coaching style includes a
directive and dominating coach
who prepares for any type of
competition. However, the down
side of this coaching style is
one-way learning process.”
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The Scope of the Study

The scope refers to the limits of

the process in which your study
will be conducted.

It is the extent and focus of the

area of information or subject
being analyzed and topics the
researcher intends to cover.

It discusses the variables that

will be examined and the
methods that are going to be
used.
 98

Delimitations are parameters

or boundaries the researcher
makes to narrow the scope of
his/her research.

Explains why some definite

aspects of the subjects were
chosen and why others were
excluded

Researcher mentions the

following in Delimitations:
number of participants

instruments to be used
the place where the study will
take place or gather data
the time frame in completing
the study
 98

Limitations are shortcomings,

conditions or influences that
cannot be controlled by the
researcher that impose
restrictions on the methodology
and conclusion.

They are the constraints on

generalizability.
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ILLUSTRATION

1. Population
S
_______target population of 100
elementary students
D
_______sample size of 50 from the
target population

2. Participants
S
_______elementary students
D
_______Grade 3-5 elementary
students
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3. Sampling technique
S
_______random sampling
D
_______stratified random sampling

4. Geographical Location
D
_______Guagua National Colleges
S
_______Guagua, Pampanga

5. Instrument
S
_______quantitative research
design
D
_______administer survey
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The Significance of the of the Study

The significance of the study

states the benefits of the study
and who the beneficiaries will be.

Examples of beneficiaries

• Students
• School
• Community
• Economy
• Government Agencies
• Other non-government
Agencies
• Future researchers
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The Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem

concentrates on the issue or
problem that the researcher
intends to investigate

The general statement of the

problem maybe written in the
form of objectives.

Therefore, this should answer

two basic questions:

1. What do you intend to do?

2. What is the main purpose
of your study?
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Remember
Statement of the problem
states the general objective
of the study.

It maybe stated in this general pattern:

This main objective of this

study is to determine
the___(indicate the topic) of ___
(indicate the respondents of the
study) at the ___(indicate the
locale of the study) for the
(indicate the period of the study
or time frame)
 Considering a topic on study
habits:

This main objective of this

study is to assess the study
habits of senior high school
students at the Guagua
National Colleges for the
Academic Year 2019-2020.

Writing the research questions:

Research questions are specific

questions in the specific
objectives of the
interrelationships of variables
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To complete the process:

Statement of the Problem:
The study aims to assess…

Specifically, this study will provide

answers to the following
questions:

1. What are the profile of the

respondents in terms of
a. age
b. gender
2. How is the teaching strategy of
the teachers described by
themselves and the students?
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Among the most common

formats are as follows:

This study aims to or will

determine, compare, contrast,
examine, develop, clarify,
assess test or evaluate
the issue being studied.
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The Objectives of the Study

The research objectives

describe and summarize clear,
concise, precise, declarative
statement of what to expect and
to be achieved in doing a study.
It provides direction in
investigating the variables
under study.

Characteristics of Research
Objectives:

1.Research objective is a concrete

statement describing what the
research is trying to achieve.
2.Research objective should be:
S-Smart
M-Measurable
A-Attainable
R-Realistic
T-Timebound

3. Research objective should be relevant,

feasible, logical, observable, unequivocal,
and measurable.
4. Research objective is a purpose that
can be reasonably achieved within the
expected time frame and with the
available resources.
5. The research objectives include
obtaining answers to research questions
and the research hypotheses.

6. Include general and specific objectives.

General objectives-refer to broad goals
Specific objectives-refer to short term
and narrow down focus of the
general objectives.
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Examples of Research Objectives [Engineering—

Experimental]

Statement of the Problem: The

main objective of this study is to
evaluate the effects of coconut
fiber on tensile strength of
concrete

Specifically, the study’s specific

objectives are the following:

1. Develop a concrete with

reinforced tensile strength using
coconut fiber and compare it with
a conventional concrete

2. Determine the measurement of

aggregates and other materials
and ingredients needed in
producing a conventional brick.
3. Measure the tensile strength of
the coconut fiber reinforced
concrete.
4. Measure the tensile strength of
the conventional concrete.
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Summary
The Introduction of a research includes,
Research Title, Introduction, Background of the
Study, Scope of the Study, Significance of the
Study, Statement of the Problem and Objective
of the Study.

• The Research Title summarizes the main idea of

the study.
• The Background of the Study includes brief
account of the history of the problem,
mentioning whether it has been addressed in
any form.
• Scope of the Study includes the study’s extent
and focus of the area of information or subject
being analyzed; delimitations, which are the
boundaries to narrow down scope; and
limitations which are the influences beyond the
researcher’s control.
• Significance of the Study states the study’s
benefits and who the beneficiaries are.
• Statement of the Problem concentrate on the
issue or problem the researcher intends to
investigate.
• Objectives of the Study describe and summarize
clear, concise, precise, declarative statement of
what to expect and to be achieved in doing a study