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Practical
Research 2
Quarter 1: Module 5-7

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: JUDY MAE G. PANTOLLA, Master Teacher I
JOVELLANO V. ONTOG, Teacher III
MA. VICTORIA C. BALBIO, Teacher III
JOHN CARL P. CABARLES, Teacher II
GERAME H. TURA, Teacher III
RODOLFO F. BUMANGLAG, Teacher I
MARHOUF JAY T. KUSAIN, Teacher I

CONSOLIDATOR: JOVELLANO V. ONTOG, Teacher III

LANGUAGE EDITOR: MAYNERLINDA B. SALAZAR, Teacher II

CONTENT MARK ANTHONY C. MAMON, Master Teacher I

VALIDATORS: SYLVIA L. LASALA, Teacher III
JOVILYN G. ENOLPE, Teacher I

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor

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 Module 5 Stating Research Questions

Most Essential Learning Competencies

A. States research questions (CS_RS12-Id-e-4).
B. Indicates scope and delimitation of study (CS_RS12-Id-e-5).
C. Presents written statement of the problem (CS_RS12-Id-e-7).

What’s In
A. States research questions

Differentiating Research Problem from Research Question

The research question arises from the research problem which is an issue
someone would like to know about or a situation that needs to be understood and
addressed. These situations can be areas of concern, conditions that can be improved,
difficulties that need to be eliminated, or questions seeking answers.

Characteristics of Good Researchable Problems

A research problem leads to a hypothesis or a research question. To ensure
validity and to be able to achieve maximum results of the study, research problems
should be the following:
1. worth investigating,
2. able to contribute knowledge and value to the field,
3. improve educational practice, and
4. able to improve human condition.

Furthermore, good research questions must be feasible, clear, significant, and ethical.

Types of Research Questions

There are three basic types of questions that research projects can address:

1. Relational: when a study is designed to look at the relationships between two or

more variables. Examples: gender and professional success, learning style and
academic performance, type of school, and board exam performance

2. Causal: when a study is designed to determine whether one or more variables (e.g.,
a program or treatment variable) causes or affects one or more outcome variables.
Examples: commercial ads to brand popularity, regular exercise to life outlook, and
sleeping habit to mental ability

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3. Descriptive: when a study is designed primarily to describe what is going on or what
exists. Examples: lifestyle of people in coastal areas, profession in demand overseas,
and preferred candidate in an election

B. Indicates scope and delimitation of study

Scope and delimitations are composed of written indicators and data elements
of the coverage, limitations, and its context to build the integrity of a research project.
The contextualization of scope and delimitation is referred to the operation (operate
and use) and selection (basis of selection) of indicators and its data elements to
increase the integrity of a research paper.
Contextualization of scope and delimitation establishes validity and integrity of
the study. It is a well-written statement on how the indicators and data elements operate
in the study and the basis of its selection. It includes the selection and specification of
research paradigm (methodology), variables, participants of the study, setting and
context of the project, project timeframes, data sources, and other related indicators of
data sources preferred by the researcher.
The scope of the study is a statement of coverage or scope of the indicators and
data elements of a research. Any suitable to a project, the table below shows the
possible indicators and data elements in the scope of the study.

Indicators Data Elements

Research ▪ Theoretical roots of the selected research methodology
Paradigm (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed)
Variables ▪ Identified variable operations or parameters (in literature
review)
Participants of the ▪ grade level, strand, section.
Study ▪ institute and department; group of individuals
▪ inherent characteristics (experiences, linguistic and
sociocultural attributes, gender preferences, age,
demographic, and socioeconomic profiles)
Experimental and ▪ characteristics of data sources or subjects
Control Groups ▪ treatments and intervention for each group
Setting/Context of ▪ geographic location
the Project ▪ programs, projects,
Project ▪ fiscal, school, or academic year
Timeframes ▪ months, weeks, or days
Documents as ▪ year of publication
Data Sources ▪ theme or genre
▪ field of study and discipline
Biological Data ▪ scientific names,
Sources ▪ age, gender, body mass

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Chemical and ▪ chemical names, properties of chemical and physical data
Physical Data subjects concerned (mass, volume, temperature, moles)
Subjects
Any Indicators of ▪ specific data elements of the indicators preferred by the
Data Sources researcher
Preferred by the
Researcher

On another hand, the delimitation of the study is a written statement of the

indicators and data elements which are not included in the coverage of the study, either
researchers’ preferences or call of circumstances due to challenges in time, finance,
technology, and ability. Listed below are the possible indicators and data elements in
the delimitation of the study.

Indicators Data Elements

Research Questions Identified problem (from literature review) but intended to not
and Objectives include in Research Questions and Objectives
Theoretical Lens Identified theories and perspectives (in literature review) but
and Perspectives intended to not use in the study.
Variables Identified variable operations or parameters (in literature review)
but intended to not include in the scope of the study.
Participants of the Any specific data elements of indicators in Participants of the
Study Study preferred to not include by the researcher
Any Indicators of Any specific data elements of indicators in data sources, subjects,
Data Sources, and timeframes preferred to not include by the researcher.
Subjects, and
Timeframes

C. Presents written statement of the problem

Statement of the Problem is a set of written problem, questions or inquiry

statement which reflects the title and objectives of research project. It acts as a “guiding
star” in research process. When writing the research questions, it must be
understandable, brief, and relevant to the study to generate results and conclusion
aligned to the main problem.
A written statement of the problem is a defined, specific and reflection of the
title and objectives of a research project. It should be feasible, clear, significant, and
ethical (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2010).

What are the Indicators in Writing a Statement of the Problem?

The following are indicators in writing a statement of the problem:

1. The statement of the problem is composed of general statement and specific
research question.

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 2. The general statement of the problem summarizes the identified problem in the
title of research project.
3. The specific research questions are organized in logical and sequential manner.
4. The specific research questions are relevant with variables discussed in
conceptual framework of the research project.
5. The specific research questions are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant,
reflective, result-oriented, terminal and timebound to research project.

What’s More

Activity 1: Identifying Research Problems

Directions: Give 5 examples of issues or situations in your school or community which
you think requires attention.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________

Activity 2: Delimit
Directions: Identify the indicators of the given scope and delimitation statements and
propose the title of the hypothetical study. Write the answer on the space provided.

Choices:
Scope
Research Paradigm
Variables and sub-variables
Participants/Data Sources of the Study
Experimental and Control Groups
Setting/Context of the Project
Project Timeframes
Delimitation
Research Questions and Objectives
Theoretical Lens and Perspectives
Variables and sub-variables
Participants/Data Sources of the Study

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Hypothetical Study Set A.
Scope of the Study

1. This study which aimed to evaluate the developed unnamed

automated attendance monitoring system was bounded on
the theoretical roots of pragmatism on which the researchers
collect both quantitative and qualitative data.

2. This evaluation study focused on the assessment of the

developed unnamed automated attendance system in terms
of usability, reliability, acceptability, and satisfaction.

3. The 200 randomly selected data sources are currently

enrolled as Grade 11 or 12 in all strands and tracks of XYZ
National Senior High School, regardless of their gender and
ages.

4. XYZ National Senior High School is a public institution that

offers Senior High School Programs, which includes
Academic Track, TVL Track, and Sports and Design Track.

5. This analysis was done on the Second Semester of School

Year 2019-2020.

Delimitation of the Study

1. The objective of this evaluation is to assess the usability,

reliability, acceptability, and satisfaction of developed
unnamed automated attendance system, this evaluation
intends to not include the cost-effectiveness and
timeframes of project development.

2. Only selected 200 student-participants are included in the

study, faculty staff, administrators, and not teaching
personnel are not included.

Proposed Title of the Study

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Hypothetical Study Set B.
Scope of the Study

1. Only 6-weeks old Fish X with a body mass of 3.0g to 4.7g

are included in the project.

2. The experimental project is composed of three (3)

experimental groups and a control group with three (3)
replications for each group. Each group has 5 Fish X in a
water tank. The Experimental Groups 1 received Food
Pellet Mixture A; Experimental Groups 2 was given Food
Pellet Mixture B; Experimental Groups 3 received both
Food Pellet Mixture A and Food Pellet Mixture B;
Commercial Food Pellet Mixture was given to Controlled
Groups.

3. This experimental project aims to investigate the effects

of developed food pellet mixtures to the body mass of
Fish X. The project is guided by the positivist worldview
and the researcher collects quantitative data.

4. The fish tanks with 25° to 27°C tap water is installed in

Biological Science Lab of School ABC.

5. The masses of Fish X will be observed in twelve weeks

and project was carried on the second semester of
school year 2019-2020.

Delimitation of the Study

1. A 6-weeks old Fish X lower and higher the body mass

than 3.0 and 4.7g is not included in the study.

2. This experimental research project tested the effects of

the developed food pellets mixture to the body mass of
Fish X. The sizes, and other measurement is not included
to the study.

Proposed Title of the Study

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Activity 3: Organizing Research Questions
Directions: Use numbers to arrange the following specific research questions in logical
and sequential manner. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

Set A:

_______ 1. What is the performance of the participants before the implementation of

Intervention A?
_______ 2. Based on the findings of the study, what plan of action can be imposed?

_______ 3. Is there any significant difference on the performance of the participants

before and after the implementation of Intervention A?
_______ 4. What is the performance of the participants after the implementation of
Intervention A?
_______ 5. What is the perception of the participants towards Intervention A?

Set B

_______ 1. What is demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. strand
b. grade level?
_______ 2. What is the level of users’ satisfaction of the learning and media center in
terms of:
a. reference service
b. facilities and spaces
c. collection of information sources
d. equipment and technology?
_______ 3. Based on the findings of the study, what plans of improvement can be
proposed?

Set C

_______ 1. Is there any significant difference on the Body Mass of Experimental Fish X
Groups?
_______ 2. What is the effect of Food Pellet Mixture B to the Body Mass of Fish X
Group B?
_______ 3. What is the effect of Food Pellet Mixture A and Food Pellet Mixture B to the
Body Mass of Fish X Group C?
_______ 4. Is there any significant difference on the Body Mass of Experimental Fish X
Groups and Controlled Fish X Group?

_______ 5. What is the effect of Food Pellet Mixture A to the Body Mass of Fish X
Group A?

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 Set D

_______ 1. What are the language and literature learning materials used by the
learners in School District A?
_______ 2. Based on the findings of this analysis, what plan of action can be
proposed?
_______ 3. What are the gender and cultural biases on the identified and collected
language and literature learning materials used by the learners in School
District A?

What I Have Learned

A. States research questions

In stating research questions, you need to know the following: the difference
between a research question and problem; the characteristics of research questions
and problems; and the three types of research questions.

B. Indicates scope and delimitation of study

Measurable, attainable, and timebound are some of the factors to consider in

developing a research project. The identification of a well-contexed scope and
delimitation allows the researcher to specify the necessary knowledge, tools,
techniques, boundaries, and procedures to attain the objectives that may constrained
by the challenges abilities, time, finances, and technology.
The scope and delimitation of the study are interrelated section elements,
composed of well-written boundaries preferred by the researcher based on their
knowledge developed on literature review.

C. Presents written statement of the problem

Statement of the Problem is also referred to Research Questions, or Research

Problem, regardless of its nomenclature, it is bounded by indicators that makes the
research project SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, or result-oriented,
terminal or timebound).
Statement of the Problem is a written statement and formulated guide in
managing relevant information and techniques necessary throughout the inquiry
process.

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 What I Can Do

A. States research questions

Directions: Think of a problem that is experienced by a community and by the
institutions listed below then formulate a research problem and question.

A. Community B. Government C. School

1. Formulate a research problem for each.

2. Write a research question for each problem.

B. Indicates scope and delimitation of study

Directions: Write the scope and delimitation of your research project to complete the
table below

Scope and Delimitation of My Research Project

Bibliographic Information
Title
Author/s
Year
Indicators Scope of the Research Paper
Research Paradigm
Variables
Participants of the Study;
Setting/Context of the Project.
Project Timeframes
Experimental and Control Groups
Other Scope Note

C. Presents written statement of the problem

Directions: Write the statement of the problem and specific research questions of your
research project to complete the table below

Research Title
General Written Problem
Statement
Specific Research Questions

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 Module 6 Conceptual Framework and Definition of Terms

Most Essential Learning Competencies

A. Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework (CS_RS12-If-j-6)
B. Define Terms used in Study (CS_RS12-If-j-6)

What’s In
A. Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework
There are two kinds of framework used when writing the background of the study.

1. Theoretical Framework is a synthesis of the thoughts of giants in the field of

research as the researcher connects those theories to his proposed research.
Example: A study on The Role of Psychological Capital in Global Mindset
Development shows a diagram of a Theoretical Framework.

Based on the Global Mindset Theory, the proponents of the study propose that
personal, psychological, and job - related complexity would be good candidates for
antecedents related to leaders' global mindset (Clapp - Smith, Luthans & Avolio, 2007,
p. 135).

Figure 1. Antecedents of Global Mindset (Clapp - Smith et Al., 2007)

2. Conceptual Framework comprises the researcher’s thoughts on the identification of

the research topic, the methodology – the researcher will use, the methods,
procedures and instruments, the data analysis and interpretation of finding,

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recommendations and conclusions the researcher will make (Ravitch & Riggan, 2017).
Conceptual Framework is the logical conceptualization of the researcher’s entire
research study. In other words, it is a logical master plan for the entire research study.

Example: A study on the Analysis of the Citizens of Azerbaijan Concerning Turkish

Textile and Apparel Goods from the Perspective of Customer Satisfaction shows a
diagram of a Conceptual Framework.

As seen in the figure, the diagram consists of the independent variables

"Product", "Price", "Promotion" and "Location/Place" and "Customer Satisfaction" that
are included in the Marketing Mix. (Sultanov, Huseyinli N., & Huseyinli T., 2020, p. 329)

Figure 2. The Effect of Marketing Mix Elements and Customer Satisfaction

(Sultanov etc al., 2020)

Distinguishing between Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework

● Researcher’s idea of how the ● Dwells on time tested theories that
research problem will have to be embody the findings of numerous
explored. investigations on how phenomena
occur.

● It embodies the specific direction by ● It provides a general representation

which the research will have to be of relationships between things
undertaken. during a given phenomenon.

● Specifies the variables that will have ● Describes a broader relationship

to be explored in the investigation. between things.

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B. Define Terms used in Study
Definition of Terms is an annex to a piece (book, research paper, pamphlet, etc.)
either at the start or more likely near the top with an inventory of acronyms, jargon,
credits, etc.

Types of Definition of Terms

1. Conceptual Definition is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group
of words, and which is understood by many people. The usual source of Conceptual
Definition is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of everyday language.

Examples of Conceptual Definition:

❖ Alternator – Is an electric generator that converts energy to electricity within the

sort of alternating current.
❖ Power Cable – Is an assembly of one or more electrical conductors, usually held
in conjunction with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for the transmission
of electrical power.

2. Operational Definition is the meaning of the concept or terms used in a particular

study. Unlike the Conceptual Definition, it is stated in a concrete term that allows
measurement.
Examples of Operational Definition:

❖ An alternator is a device used in converting mechanical energy into electrical

energy.
❖ Power Cable is a bundle of electrical conductors or wires to transport power.

Difference between Operational Definition and Conceptual Definition

Aspect Conceptual Definition Operational Definition

Meaning of Tells a researcher what the Tells the researcher how to

Concept concept means. measure the concept.
Describing a Describes a thing in terms of its Describes a thing in terms of
thing intellectual characteristics and the particular physical actions
relationships to other conceptual it takes
units

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 Abstract Provides an abstract, every - day, Makes the abstract qualities
dictionary-like description concrete

Definition Working Definition of a concept or Specifies what operations

term should be performed to
measure a concept

Example Example: Adolescence is that the Example: Teenagers - These

transitional stage of physical and are the group of a young
psychological development that adolescent whose age is
happens during the period from between 12 to 19 years old
puberty to adulthood

Guidelines in Defining Variables Operationally

An operational definition of a variable describes what is observed and what is
measured. These definitions are written quantitatively using length, width, height, time,
distance, temperature, and a numerical value of something. Operational definitions can
range from very simple and simple to complex, counting on the character of the
variable and the needs of the researcher. Operational Definitions should be tied to the
theoretical constructs under study. The theory behind the research often clarifies the
nature of the variables involved and, therefore, would guide the event of operational
definitions that would tap the critical variables.
When it involves operational definitions, the more clearly you specify the
procedures, the more likely that the procedures are going to be administered precisely
and therefore more likely that researchers who attempt to replicate your work will use
the same procedures.
The best way to explain the process of coming up with an operational definition
is to identify several theoretical concepts and develop multiple operational definitions
of each. This not only explains how the process is done but also shows that most
concepts can be measured in more than one way.
The Operational Definition of a variable is the specific way in which it is
measured in the study. It defines a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure
or manipulate it, which enables one to precisely communicate with others about what
something is. Redefining a variable in terms of specific, measurable terms is named
operationalizing a variable. An operational definition allows the researchers to explain
during a specific way what they mean once they use a particular term. Defining
variables during this way allows other people to ascertain if the research has validity. It
is critical to operationally define a variable in order to lend credibility to the
methodology and to ensure the reproducibility of the results of the study.

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 What’s More
Activity 1. Distinguishing between Theoretical Framework and
Conceptual Framework in a Research Study
Directions: Identify whether the given illustration is a theoretical framework or a
conceptual framework. Explain for choosing such a Framework.

Answer: ___________________________________
Explanation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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2

Answer: ___________________________________
Explanation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Answer: ___________________________________
Explanation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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4

Answer: ___________________________________
Explanation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Answer: ___________________________________
Explanation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2: Identifying the types of Definition of Terms
Part 1
Directions: Below are examples of the Definition of Terms. Identify the examples as
Operational Definition or Conceptual Definition. Write your answer on the space
provided.
Examples of the Definition of Terms

__________________ 1. High Self – Esteem is a person demonstrating a high

degree of self - worth
__________________ 2. High Self – Esteem is a person scoring high above a
certain number of a self – esteem scale
__________________ 3. Teenagers - These are the group of a young adolescent
whose age is between 14 to 18 years old
__________________ 4. Teenagers - These are the group of a young adolescent
whose age is between 12 - 19 years old.
__________________ 5. Illegal Migration is the migration of people across
national borders in a way that violates the immigration
laws of the destined country
__________________ 6. Weight refers to the numbers that appear when an object
is placed on a weighing scale
__________________ 7. Rain is drops of water falling from a cloud in the sky
__________________ 8. Happiness means never having to say you are sorry
__________________ 9. Time is that quantity which comes in units of seconds
which can be measured by a stopwatch
__________________ 10. Formulating an abstract philosophy to explain the world
which cannot be proven or seen

Part 2
Directions: Supply the conceptual definition and operational definition of each
research study.
1. A Comparative Study Between the Right and Left-Handed Person with Regards to
their Excellence in Science Subject

Conceptual definition
a. Orthodox or Right – Handedness
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
b. Southpaw or Left – Handedness
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 Operational definition
c. Orthodox or Right – Handedness
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
d. Southpaw or Left – Handedness
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Teacher - Student Classroom Learning Relationship: Its Effect to the Academic

Performance of General Academic Strand Students

Conceptual definition
a. Classroom Learning Relationship
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

b. Academic Performance
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Operational definition
c. Classroom Learning Relationship
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

d. Academic Performance
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. Senior High School Graduating Students’ Qualifications and Readiness to undergo

Work Immersion

Conceptual definition
a. Qualifications
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
b. Work Immersion
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Operational definition
c. Qualifications
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 d. Work Immersion
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. The Effect of Senior High School Science Teachers’ Teaching Approach on

Senior High School Students' Motivation

Conceptual definition
a. Teaching Approach
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
b. Motivation
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Operational definition
c. Teaching Approach
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
d. Motivation
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. Foreign Language: An Elective Subject Course as an Adage to Senior High School

Students’ Employability

Conceptual Definition
a. Foreign Language
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

b. Elective Subject
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Operational Definition
c. Foreign Language
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

d. Elective Subject
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Activity 3: Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework
Directions: Consider the following sentences to be research problems. Make a
conceptual framework for each research studies. Use the space or a separate sheet to
make your conceptual framework.

A. The effect on the parents’ unemployment on their children' s attitude towards

schoolwork.

Conceptual Framework:

B. The impact of online learning and technology on the physical, social and
psychological health of senior high school students

Conceptual Framework

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 What I Have Learned
A. Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework

1. Theoretical Framework is a synthesis of the thoughts of giants in the field of

research as the researcher connects those theories to his proposed research.

2. Conceptual Framework comprises the researcher’s thoughts on the

identification of the research topic, the methodology – the researcher will use,
the methods, procedures and instruments, the data analysis and interpretation
of finding, recommendations, and conclusions the researcher will make (Ravitch
& Riggan, 2017)

B. Define Terms used in Study

1. Definition of Terms is an important part of a research paper or report in which

the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
2. There are two types of Definition of Terms: Conceptual Definition and the
Operational Definition.
3. Conceptual Definition is the universal meaning that is attributed to a word or
group of words, and which is understood by many people. Operational Definition
is the meaning of the concept or terms used in a particular study.
4. Conceptual Definition differs from Operational Definition in a way that the
Conceptual Definition tells a researcher what the concept means. While the
Operational Definition tells the researcher how to measure the concept.
5. The best means to illustrate the method of developing operational definitions for
variables is to spot several theoretical constructs and develop multiple
operational definitions of such. This not only illustrates how the method is
completed, but also shows that most of the constructs are often measured in
addition than a method.
6. Operational Definitions define a variable in terms of the procedures used to
measure or manipulate it, which enables one to precisely communicate with
others about what something is.

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 What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the following questions for you to reflect on the theoretical and
conceptual frameworks, and terms in your research study

1. What theories and/or concepts you need for your research study?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you need them (refer to number 1) in your research study? Why these
theories/concepts relevant to and useful for your research?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

3. How can you use the theories/concepts you have chosen to connect in your
research in analyzing your data?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. What are the important terms in your research study? Give at least eight (8)
terms and state their conceptual or operational definitions.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Module 7 Lists research hypothesis (if appropriate)

Most Essential Learning Competencies

A. Lists research hypothesis (if appropriate) (CS_RS12-If-j-8).
B. Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework (CS_RS12-
If-j-9)

What’s In

Hypothesis in Research
Research question is an inquiry among the variables that are used in a research
study. Hypothesis, on the other hand, is a tentative prediction of a possible explanation
for an observable phenomenon that is usually being investigated through experiments
(Harland 2011; Creswell 2009; Fraenkel & Wallen 2009, Blay 2009).

The purposes of hypotheses in research are: (1) gives focus on a particular topic
to study, (2) shows a relationship between the variables, (3) provide direction of the
study, (4) summarizes results and conclusion (5) prove the relationship between
variables and the effect of independent to the dependent variables (Baraceros, 2016).
Furthermore, according to the Sharma of Panjab University, functions of the hypothesis
are to test the existing theories, suggest theories, and describe social phenomena.

The pair hypotheses namely the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
are needed to determine the possibilities in the observable data. Null hypothesis (H0)
is “always assumed to be true” while the alternative hypothesis (H1) states what the
observable data would look like if the null hypothesis has failed to accept (Panik, 2012).

Types of Hypotheses

There are different types of hypotheses that can be applied in your study.

1. Theory-driven vs. Data-driven hypotheses

Theories are principles that explain a phenomenon. It can be supported or

challenged by the new study. A theory-driven hypothesis shows the connection
between two or more variables based on the existing theory. If the hypothesis is
formulated based on the results or data of the existing journals, then it is a data-driven
hypothesis (Baraceros, 2016).

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 A hypothesis that is based on existing theory that explains the relationship of
variables and the effects of one variable on the other variables is theory-driven, but if it
is based on the findings of previous research studies, it is a data-driven hypothesis.

2. Directional (one-tailed) vs. Non-directional (two-tailed) hypotheses

The directional hypothesis manifests the relationship between two or more
variables. Hypothesis in this type shows that one variable is superior to the other
variable or vice-versa. On the other hand, the non-directional hypothesis shows a
relationship but does not predict that one variable is better than the other (Baraceros,
2016).

3. Descriptive vs. Causal hypotheses

Non- experimental research employs a descriptive hypothesis. It describes the

relationship between variables due to the impact of an event (Baraceros, 2016). Causal
hypothesis, on the other hand, is a prediction that determines if the change in
independence could be the cause of change to the dependent variables (Williams as
cited in Causal & Relational Hypothesis: Definition and Examples, 2016).

Formulate Hypothesis

Below are the steps on how to formulate a hypothesis.

1. Identify the independent and dependent variables of your research title

(Harland, 2011).
2. Decide on what kind of hypothesis to be formulated.
3. Make a prediction by choosing the type of relationship to be used between the
independent and dependent variables. Phrases that propose differences like
greater, higher, more than or their antonyms can be used to show prediction for
a directional hypothesis. Phrases such as the same, equal, significant can be
used for non-directional (Harland 2011).
4. Check hypothesis if it can be tested, analyzed and investigated (Mc Bride; Lapan
as cited in Baraceros, 2016).
5. Write the hypothesis in declarative sentences (Mc Bride; Lapan as cited in
Baraceros, 2016).

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 What’s More

Activity 1: Problem or Prediction

Directions: Determine whether the following sentence is a research question or
hypothesis. Write your answer on the space provided.

_______________ 1. Workforce factors can influence the performance of JuMaNan

employees.

_______________ 2. What is the level of development of the capital markets and

securities industry in Metro Manila?

_______________ 3. A good organizational climate will increase employees’

performance.

_______________ 4. How exchange rates and inflations predict exports and

imports before and during the pandemic?

_______________ 5. How ethics set limits of ethical behavior?

_______________ 6. Human Resource Management practices have a positive

relationship with the organizational performance of the
institution.

_______________ 7. What is the level of awareness of the students in software

piracy and copyright.?

_______________ 8. What are the relations of supervisory practices to employees'

work attitudes?

_______________ 9. The pulp of the passion fruit has a higher antioxidant property
than the juice of the fruit.

_______________ 10. What are the effects of the music on the physiological and
behavioral pain responses of newborns who undergo heel
lancing procedure?

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Activity 2: Plan your prediction
Directions: Given the research title and short description of the study, identify the
types of hypotheses being used.

Research Study A
Smarthome for Home Safety and Monitoring System Using Smartphone
Application and Wireless Sensor Network
Michael T. Tombeng and Hsui-Hse Yao

Short description of the study

Emergencies like gas leak, fire and air pollution inside a house can cause danger
to the lives of the residents. Smart applications and wireless sensor networks and
monitoring systems are in charge of controlling technology in order to detect the
potential dangers inside a house.

_____________ 1. Home safety and monitoring systems can produce sensors that
could be sent to the control center by the network.

_____________ 2. Home safety and monitoring systems cannot produce sensors

that could be sent to the control center by the network.

_____________ 3. Data produced by the sensors can be transmitted to the server

using Zigbee wireless modem.

_____________ 4. Data produced by the sensors cannot be transmitted to the

server using Zigbee wireless modem.

Research Study B
Effects of 24- Hour Fasting on the in Vitro Phagocytic Activity of Netrophils
Alain Justin S. Berbano, Richard C. Delas Alas and David Hedrik Putra Palar
and Ma. Estrella H. Sales

Short description of the study

There are terms that you need to know to understand the study. These are the in
vitro, phagocytic and neutrophils. In vitro is a process of conducting an experiment
outside the body with the use of a petri dish, test tube or any laboratory materials.
Phagocytic (phagocytosis) is any organism or cell that engulfs or covers the blood
cells completely. Neutrophils, on the other hand, are white blood cells that increase
when there is an infection.
The aim of the study is to determine the engulfing activity of white blood cells of
twenty (20) students who fasted for 24 hours.

_____________ 5. Fasting would cause a significant change in the neutrophil

phagocytic activity during a 24- hours religious fast.

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_____________ 6. Fasting would not cause a significant change in the neutrophil
phagocytic activity during a 24- hours religious fast.

_____________ 7. The change of white blood cell count is related to the

phagocytic activity.

Research Study C
Meeting the Challenges of Effective International Human Resource
Management: Analysis of the Antecedents of Global Mindset
Joana P. Story, John E. Barbuto Jr., Fred Luthans, and James A. Bovaird

Short description of the study

This study discussed the challenge to International Human Resource
Management in developing organizational leaders to respond to global challenges. To
address this concern, a global mindset must be created among leaders.

_____________ 8. Leaders’ amount of time spent abroad will be positively related

to their global mindset indicators.

_____________ 9. Leaders’ experience abroad is related to their global mindset

indicators.

_____________ 10. The complexity of the leaders’ global role will be positively
related to their global mindset indicators.

Activity 3. Planning of the Projection

Directions: Suppose you are interested in conducting a research study entitled
“Game-based learning engagement: A Theory- and Data-driven Exploration”. What
are you going to do to formulate a theory-driven and data-driven hypotheses?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

29
 What I Have Learned

1. The hypothesis is a tentative prediction of a possible explanation for an

observable phenomenon.
2. Pair hypotheses are called the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
3. Theory- driven hypothesis is formulated based on the theories while the data-
driven hypothesis is based on the findings of the previous articles.
4. The directional hypothesis manifests that one variable is superior to the other
variable while the non- directional hypothesis does not show that one variable is
better than the other variable.
5. The descriptive hypothesis describes the relationship between variables due to
the impact of the event while the causal hypothesis determines if the change in
dependent variable is caused by the independent variable.
6. To formulate hypotheses, identify first the independent and dependent
variables. Decide on what kind of hypothesis will be formulated. Make a
prediction by choosing different phrases that could propose differences
between variables. Check the hypothesis if it can be tested, analyzed, and
investigated.

What I Can Do

You have learned the characteristics of a good research problem. You already
know the guidelines for choosing a research problem. As a student, what are the
problems that you encountered that you want to address? What can you do to start
the change? Plan your action in assessing the problem.
You have learned the different kinds of hypotheses and how to formulate
hypotheses. As a student, what are the problems that you encountered in school?
What are the possible solutions to those problems? Based on these two questions, you
can write a hypothesis and test whether your solution can solve the problem. Answer
these questions in a separate sheet of paper.

30
 31
MODULE 6 MODULE 5
Activity 1 WHAT’S MORE
1. Theoretical Framework Activity 1
2. Theoretical Framework Answer may vary
3. Conceptual Framework Activity 2
4. Conceptual Framework Set A
5. Theoretical Framework Scope
1. Research paradigm
2. Variables and sub-variables
Activity 2 3. Participants/Data Sources of the Study
Part I 4. Setting/Context of the Project
1. Conceptual definition 5. Project Timeframes
2. Operational definition Delimitation
3. Operational definition 1. Research Questions and Objectives
4. Conceptual definition 2. Participants/Data Sources of the Study
5. Conceptual definition (Possible) Proposed Title
6. Operational definition Unnamed Automated Attendance Monitoring
7. Operational definition Stem
8. Conceptual definition
9. Operational definition Set B
10. Conceptual definition Scope
1. Participants/Data Sources of the Study
Part II 2. Experimental and Control Groups
3. Research Paradigm
Explanations to answers may vary (Depending on 4. Setting/Context of the Project
Learner's Perspective). 5. Project Timeframes
Delimitation
1. Participants/Data Sources of the Study
Activity 3 2. Variables and sub-variables
● Answers May Vary (Depending on (Possible) Proposed Title
Learner's Perspective). Possible Answers ✓ Effects of the Developed Food Pellets
Mixture to the Body Mass off Fish X
✓ The Potential of the Developed Food
Pellets Mixture to the Body Mass of
Fish X
Activity 3
Set A (1. 2; 2. 5; 3. 4; 4. 3; 5.1)
Set B (1. 1; 2. 2; 3. 3)
Set C (1. 4; 2. 2; 3. 3; 4. 5; 5. 1)
Set D (1. 1; 2. 3; 3. 2)
WHAT I CAN DO
A. States research questions
Answers may vary
B. Indicates scope and delimitation of study
Answers may vary based on the research project
of the learners
C. Presents written statement of the problem
Answers may vary based on the research project
of the learners
Answer Key
32
Module 7
Activity 1
1. Hypothesis
2. Research question
3. Hypothesis
4. Research question
5. Research question
6. Hypothesis
7. Research question
8. Research question
9. Hypothesis
10. Research question
Activity 2
1. Non – directional hypothesis
2. Non – directional hypothesis
3. Non – directional hypothesis
4. Non – directional hypothesis
5. Causal hypothesis
6. Causal hypothesis
7. Causal hypothesis
8. Causal hypothesis
9. Causal hypothesis
10. Causal hypothesis
Activity 3
Answer: Two stages can be
performed in this study. For a theory-driven
perspective, the researcher can review
theoretical and empirical research articles
about game-based learning. After reviewing
those articles, formulating the hypothesis will
be made.
In terms of data-driven, the
researcher can review qualitative research like
a case study. These contain the coding and
interpreted results based on the recorded and
observed actions and reactions of the
participants. Furthermore, the researcher can
also review quantitative journals and analyze
the results. Finally, the researcher can
formulate hypotheses based on the findings of
the previous articles.
Answer Key