Name: FLORIAN M. ECALNER Task No.

2
Address: Manangle, Sipocot, Camarines Sur Subject: EDUC 200
CP NO: 09203367785 Date: October 8, 2022

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. D

Essay:

1. Cite the difference between conceptual and theoretical frameworks and give
example each.

These are being define as, theoretical framework describes the theoretical
underpinnings of your work based on existing research, a conceptual framework allows you
to draw your own conclusions, mapping out the variables you may use in your study and the
interplay between them. Hence, conceptual framework is an idea that has been formally
developed and organized. While a theoretical framework is a set of concepts, models,
principles and definitions. The following are the examples;

Theoretical: Problem statement and research questions A new boutique downtown is

struggling with the problem that many of their online customers do not return to make
subsequent purchases.

Conceptual: through observation: The most famous example of a conceptual research is Sir
Issac Newton. He observed his surroundings to conceptualize and develop theories about
gravitation and motion. Einstein is widely known and appreciated for his work on conceptual
research.

2. Differentiate between research problem and research objectives. Give examples each.

A research problem is a broad issue that you would like to address through your research. It
identifies a difficulty, doubt, or an area of concern, in theory or in practice, that requires
thought and investigation. Research objectives are clear statements of what you aim to
achieve through your research.

Examples:
Problem: What is the level of phonological awareness of the Grade 7 students in terms of
deletion, segmentation, and categorization?
Objective: Evaluate the level of reading skills of the respondents in terms of decoding
unfamiliar words, noting details, and reading comprehension.
3. State the difference between null and alternative hypotheses and give example each

The null and alternative hypotheses are two competing claims that researchers weigh
evidence for and against using a statistical test:

• Null hypothesis (H0): There’s no effect in the population.

• Alternative hypothesis (Ha or H1): There’s an effect in the population.

The effect is usually the effect of the independent variable on the dependent
variable.

Example:

Null: There is no significant relationship between the level of phonological awareness and
the reading skills of the respondents.
Alternative: There is significant relationship between the level of phonological awareness
and the reading skills of the respondents.

4. Discuss briefly the four sources of research problem

1. Objective or aim of the problem which is to be investigated.

2. The topic or theme which needs to be investigated.

3. The time dimension of a decision problem is always the future.

4. The area or location in which the study is to be conducted.

Explanation:

1. Objective or aim of the problem which is to be investigated. This answers the question
“Why?” Why is there a need for investigation, inquiry or study?

2. The topic or theme which needs to be investigated. This answers the question “What?”
What is to be researched or studied?” For example: What would a rival company do if we
decrease our prices by 25%? What would sales be if prices were Rs. 89? Rs. 99? How would
a rival firms action influence our sales and profits? The right question needs to be
addressed if research is to help decision makers. The decision maker can’t acquire all the
information, but it is often feasible to identify the factors that are critical to the existing
problem. These factors are then included in the problem definition.

3. The time dimension of a decision problem is always the future. The period or time of the
study when the data are to be gathered. This answers the question “When?” When is the
research to be performed?” Managers frequently run the risk of making the correct
 decision at incorrect time. It is essential that the decision maker as well as the researcher
determine the right time reference for-the decision.

4. The area or location in which the study is to be conducted. This answers the question
“Where?” Where we need to conduct the study? The space coordinates give you the
geographic boundaries within which the action is to be taken. In the problem definition,
these lines are hardly ever neat political divisions or subdivisions. The universe of interest
should be defined either conceptually or by enumeration.

5. In an outline form, explain briefly the Six Criteria of a good research problem.

Criteria of a Good Research Problem

Interesting

• Attracts the attention of the Researcher and the people to conduct the research
projecteven without incentive or research grant at all.

Innovative

• Though replicability in conducting research is allowed, it is advisable that a research

problem is something novel, original, and unique to attract the attention of the people
and contribute to the economic development of the country.

Cost- effective

• A good research problem should be economical and effective in solving the needs and
problems of the society, it should also augment socioeconomic and health conditions of
the people and many others.

Relevant to the needs and problems of the people

• Researchers must keep in mind that they conduct research not for their personal
aggrandizement but to solve the needs and problems of the people.

Relevant to Government’s Thrust

• A research problem must respond to the government’s thrusts. For instance, government’s
thrust is on “waste management” or “war on waste”. An investigator will conduct a study
to fight against waste.

Measurable and Time-bound

• A good research problem is measurable by using research instruments, apparatus or

equipments, as well as statistical tools to arrive at scientific and meaningful results.