Mid Question Answer

1 (a). Defining the problem means half the problem solved - explain this statement in terms of
importance of problem definition in research methodology? What are the differences between
research and non research problems?

The statement "Defining the problem means half the problem solved" emphasizes the crucial role of
problem definition in research methodology. It suggests that a clear and well-defined problem
statement is instrumental in solving the problem itself.
- A well-defined problem statement provides a clear sense of purpose for the research. It helps
researchers focus their efforts on a specific issue, enabling them to develop appropriate
research questions and objectives. Without a clear problem definition, researchers may waste
time and resources investigating irrelevant or loosely defined problems.
- Defining the problem guides the selection of appropriate research methodologies and
methods. It helps researchers determine the most suitable data collection techniques, sampling
strategies, and analytical approaches.
- Problem definition helps researchers identify the necessary data and information required to
address the problem.
- Aids in resource allocation, including funding and personnel.
- Facilitates systematic thinking and problem-solving strategies.

Research Problem Non-Research Problem

Focuses on generating new knowledge or Focuses on addressing a specific issue or concern.

understanding.

Involves systematic inquiry, investigation, and Often requires immediate action or decision-making.
analysis.

Aims to contribute to the existing knowledge base. Aims to solve a practical problem or improve a situation.

Often driven by curiosity, exploration, or Often driven by personal, organizational, or political

theoretical interests. motivations.

Requires a well-defined problem statement and May have a broad scope or may lack a clear problem
research questions. statement.

Typically follows a structured research May be addressed through practical, professional, or

methodology. experiential approaches.

Aims to generalize findings to broader contexts or Often focuses on specific situations or contexts.
populations.

Example:
- It is found that in a locality the prevalence
of Diarrhea disease increased from 15% to
45%.
- How does online education affect student’s
learning abilities
Example:
- Outbreak of cholera following a severe flood is a
common phenomenon in many countries.
- Reasons for sudden rise in prices of many
essential commodities following the
announcement of the budget by the finance
minister need no investigation.
1 (b). What are the sources of research problems? Identify and explain the tasks involved in
defining the research problem precisely.

The sources of a research problem can vary depending on the field of study and the specific research
context. Some common sources from which research problems may emerge:
● Literature Review
● Practical or Real-World Issues
● Personal Curiosity or Experience
● Stakeholder or Community Needs
● Emerging Trends or Technologies
● Theoretical Gaps or Debates
● Replication or Extension of Previous Studies
● Collaboration or Funding Requirements
● Policy or Social Issues
● Feedback from Peers or Advisors
These sources can provide researchers with valuable insights and opportunities to identify research
problems in their respective fields of study.

Defining the research problem:

The proper and clear definition of a research problem is an essential part of any research study and
should never be rushed. However, in practice, this is frequently overlooked, resulting in a slew of
issues
later on. As a result, the research problem should be defined in a systematic manner, with equal
weightage given to all relevant points.
The technique for this purpose entails performing the following steps in general order:
(i) a general statement of the problem
(ii) an understanding of the nature of the problem
(iii) a review of the available literature
(iv) the development of ideas through discussions
(v) rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition.
To summarize, the task of defining a research problem frequently follows a sequential pattern—the
problem is stated broadly, ambiguities are resolved, and the thinking and rethinking process results
in a more specific formulation of the problem that is both realistic in terms of available data and
resources and analytically meaningful.
2 (a). What do you mean by literature review? Why are critical reviews of relevant literature
important in research studies? Identify the different sorts of gaps in the literature.

A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your
selected area of study.
The purpose of a literature review is to gain an understanding of the existing research and debates
relevant to a particular topic or area of study, and to present that knowledge in the form of a written
report.
Importance of literature review in research:
• It provides a context for the research
• We can justify the research
• We can ensure the research hasn't been done before (or if it is repeated, that it is marked as a
"replication study")
• It shows where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge
• Enables the researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject

Identifying gaps
If you do not find articles in your literature search, this may indicate a gap.
If you do find articles, the goal is to find a gap for contributing new research. Authors signal that there
is
a gap using words such as:
• has not been clarified, studied, reported, or elucidated
• further research is required or needed
• is not well reported
• suggestions for further research
• key question is or remains
• it is important to address
• poorly understood or known
• lack of studies.
2 (b). What are the differences between theoretical framework and conceptual framework?
"Nothing is so practical as a good theory"- Under this statement, explain the role of theory in
applied research.

Research without theory is blind, and theory without research is empty. Therefore, the role of theory
in applied research is immense. It is described below:

(i) Provides a conceptual foundation and understanding of the basic processes underlying the
problem situation. These processes will suggest key dependent and independent variables.

(ii) Theoretical constructs (variables) can suggest independent and dependent variables naturally
occurring in the real world.

(iii) Causal or associative relationships suggested by the theory may indicate whether a causal or
Descriptive design should be adopted.

(iv) The theoretical framework may be useful in defining the population and suggesting variables for
qualifying respondents, imposing quotas, or stratifying the population.

(v) The theoretical framework (and the models, research questions and hypotheses based on it guide
the selection of a data analysis strategy and the interpretation of results.

(vi) The findings obtained in the research project can be interpreted in the light of previous research
and integrated with the existing body of knowledge.
3 (a). Briefly explain the components of an approach to the problem

The components of an approach to the research problem are as follows:

– An objective or theoretical framework,
– Analytical models,
– Research questions and hypotheses, and
– Identifying the information needed.

1. Objective or Theoretical Framework: The objective or theoretical framework provides the

overall goal or purpose of the research. It outlines the broader context, concepts, theories, or
perspectives that guide the investigation. The framework helps researchers establish the direction and
scope of their study and ensures alignment with existing knowledge and theoretical foundations.

2. Analytical Models: Analytical models refer to the conceptual or mathematical frameworks that
researchers employ to analyze and interpret the data collected during the research. These models can
be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both, depending on the nature of the research
problem. Analytical models assist in organizing and structuring the data and enable researchers to
derive meaningful insights or conclusions.

3. Research Questions and Hypotheses: Research questions are specific inquiries or problems that
researchers seek to address through their study. They articulate the information researchers intend to
uncover or the relationships they aim to explore. Hypotheses, on the other hand, are tentative
statements or predictions that propose possible explanations or outcomes. Both research questions and
hypotheses provide a clear focus for the research and serve as guiding principles throughout the
investigation.

4. Identifying the Information Needed: This component involves determining the specific data,
information, or evidence required to answer the research questions or test the hypotheses. It involves
considering the variables, measurements, and indicators necessary for data collection. Identifying the
information needed helps researchers plan the data collection process, select appropriate methods, and
ensure the availability of relevant data to address the research problem effectively.

These components collectively form an approach to the research problem, providing researchers with
a systematic and structured framework for conducting their study.
3 (b). Show graphically how research problems, research questions, theoretical framework and
hypotheses are interrelated.
1. What do you mean by research design? Compare and contrast among the
exploratory, descriptive and causal research design.
A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the research project.
It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure or
solve research problems.

Ques- Components of a Research Design

1. Define the information needed
2. Design the exploratory, descriptive, and/or causal phases of the research
3. Specify the measurement and scaling procedures
4. Construct and pretest a questionnaire (interviewing form) or an appropriate form
for data collection
5. Specify the sampling process and sample size
6. Develop a plan of data analysis
2. "A research design is the heart and soul of the research project"-Explain this
statement with the addressing issues of the research design.
The statement "A research design is the heart and soul of the research project" means
that the research design is the crucial foundation of the entire study. A research design
is the backbone of a research project, providing a framework for the entire study.
A research design forms the fundamental structure and plan of a research project. It
serves as a guiding framework, directing all stages of the study, from identifying the
research problem to data collection, analysis, and reporting. A strong research design is
crucial for a successful study, ensuring its focus, reliability, and value. It determines the
type of research and its objectives, specifies measurement and data collection
procedures, sample selection, and analysis methods. In the end, a well-considered
research design leads to trustworthy and meaningful research outcomes.

Criteria of a good research

1. § Originality - What is the 'gap' in knowledge that you wish to fill?
2. § Feasibility - Show that your scope, timescale and resources are realistic.
Reflect
3. on the key questions that you are seeking to answer to ensure that your project is
4. not too broad to be achievable.
5. § Context - Situate your own research within a body of existing work.
6. § Critical thinking - Identify issues and problems within the status quo.
7. § Impact - What are the benefits to wider society?