INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

ASKUN MALL POJECT IN JIGJIGA CITY, AND HOSTED BY SRS

STUDY, DESIGN AND SUPERVISION WORKS ENTERPRISE
By
No Name of Student ID/NO Contact Address

1. Farah Jama Farah DBUR/3412/08 +251947351985

2. Hussein Mohamoud Ahmed DBUR/3411/08 +251947351983

3. Arafat Ahmed Abdullah DBUR/3410/08 +251947351962

Submitted to
DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

4th year 2nd Semester, Internship duration (18 March to 30 June, 2019)

Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.

July 2th, 2019 GC.

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 DECLARATION
We are here to declare that this internship report is submitted by us under the guidance of our
advisor Mr. Gezaheng T. We assure that the report contains actual events and facts that was
observed and performed during our internship practice program. All the contents are ours and
have not been submitted to any other institute.

Advisor:
1. Mr. Gezaheng T Signature: ____________

Students:
1: Farah Jama Farah Signature: ____________
2: Hussein Mohamoud Ahmed Signature: ____________
3: Arafat Ahmed Abdullah Signature: ____________

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, all praise due to almighty Allah {God} who simplified us all of our life footsteps and
enabled us to complete our internship duration in a safe and successful manner without any
complications.

Secondly, we would like to send our profound gratitude to our university (Debre Berhan
University), especially UIL department, for creating us this marvelous enlightening program of
developing our practical experience

Thirdly to express our profound gratitude for the excellent guidance, hearty acceptance, constant
cooperation and warm welcome of Eng. Muhiyadin Abdi Hussein, the Building construction
department head of SRS Study, design and supervision works enterprise

We are grateful to our advisor Mr. Gezaheng T, Who really showed off greater willingness in
helping us remain updated and for his corrective measures in the course of the internship
program.

Lastly, we should not forget to thank Eng. Wendense the site engineer of our site, and formans of
our site as well as their team who created us enjoyable and foremost working environment.

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is an outcome of the exercise we conducted during our internship period at SRS
Study, design and supervision works enterprise in Jigjiga, the capital city of Somali Regional
State where we have maintained three months and half presence. This was an opportunity for us
to put in practice the legal knowledge we had acquired study of Debre Berhan University.

The purpose of this report is to put in writing the work experience we had performed and the
learning attained from performing special tasks while working in professional environment.

In the first chapter of this report, we have discussed the background of hosting Agency SRS
Study, design and supervision works enterprise like its brief details, vision, mission, and etc.

Second chapter of the report divulges our overall internship experience, for instance how got into
the company, the section of the company we have worked in, the workflow of the section, tasks
being executed, challenges we faced and the possible solutions to the problems encountered
during the internship practice program.

Third chapter of this final report talks about the site works reach the end goals of the project.

Fourth chapter, we have discussed overall benefits we have gained during the internship when it
comes to the improvement in practical skills, upgrade of theoretical knowledge, interpersonal
communication skills, team playing skills, understanding of ethics and organizational and
entrepreneurship skills.

Beyond this, we have put some conclusions and recommendations also references & appendices
are included with the intent of recognizing used inputs and further enlightening & clarification of
concepts explained in the major sections, respectively.

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 ACRONYMS
 AUTOCAD-Automated Computer Aided Design
 DBU-Debre Berhan University
 EBCS-Ethiopian Building Code Standard
 ENG-Engineer
 Etabs: Extended three dimensional of building system.
 GC-Gregorian Calendar
 HCB: hollow concrete block.
 SRS, SDSWE: Somali regional state. Study, design supervision work enterprise
bureau.
 UIL: University Industry Linkage

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1: Sections work flow ..................................................................................................................... 8

Table 3. 1: Construction equipment used in our site................................................................................... 11

Table 3. 2: Construction materials used in our site ..................................................................................... 12

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Organizational structure ............................................................................................................. 5

Figure 2 1: Section's work flow .................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 3. 1: Construction Equipment .......................................................................................................... 12

Figure 3. 2: Construction materials ............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 3. 3: Different formworks on different elements ............................................................................. 15
Figure 3. 4: Reinforcements ........................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 3. 5: Reinforcements on different elements ..................................................................................... 17
Figure 3. 6: Earth work and Excavations .................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3. 7: Masonry works ........................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 3. 8: Hardcore .................................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 3. 9: Batching box............................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 3. 10: Mixer ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3. 11: Concrete transportation ......................................................................................................... 22
Figure 3. 12: Vibrator ................................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 3. 13: Curing using JONYA ............................................................................................................ 23
Figure 3. 14: Isolated and combined footings ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 3. 15: Construction Stages of both footings .................................................................................... 27
Figure 3. 16: Construction Stages of Grade Beam. ..................................................................................... 28
Figure 3. 17: Construction Stages a Ground slab........................................................................................ 29
Figure 3. 18: Construction Stages Elevated Column. ................................................................................. 30
Figure 3. 19: Construction Stages of Elevated slab and Typical beams. .................................................... 32
Figure 3. 20: Construction Stages stair. ...................................................................................................... 33
Figure 3. 21: Store keeping ......................................................................................................................... 33

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Table of Contents
Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... I
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................ III
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... IV
Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... V
List of tables .................................................................................................................................. VI
List of figures ................................................................................................................................ VI
Chapter one ..................................................................................................................................... 1
The background of SRS Study, design and supervision works enterprise ..................................... 1
1.1 mission, vision, major duties and responsibilities of sdwe ................................................... 1
1.1.1 Mission ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Vision.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.3 Major duties and responsibilities .................................................................................... 1
1.2 Main products of SRS,SDSWE: - ......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Its main customers or the end users of its products: - ........................................................... 2
1.4 Organization structure ........................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 Board of Management .................................................................................................... 2
1.4.2 Operational Functions Management ............................................................................... 3
1.4.3 The Survey and drafting functions ................................................................................. 3
1.4.4 Laboratory service functions .......................................................................................... 3
1.4.5 The Design functions comprise design of: ..................................................................... 3
1.4.6 Supervision functions comprise supervision of: ............................................................. 3
1.4.7 Project management functions........................................................................................ 3
1.4.8 Support (auxiliary) Functions ......................................................................................... 4
1.4.9 Administration functions ................................................................................................ 4
1.4.10 Financial Management Functions ................................................................................. 4
Chapter two: .................................................................................................................................... 6
Overall internship experience ......................................................................................................... 6
2.1 How we get into the company ............................................................................................... 6
2.2 The section that we have been working in ............................................................................ 7
2.3 Work flow in the section ....................................................................................................... 7

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 2.4 Work Tasks that we have been Executing. ........................................................................... 9
2.5 Procedure we used while performing our tasks .................................................................. 10
2.6 The good faces while performing our tasks ........................................................................ 10
2.7 Challenges we faced while performing our tasks................................................................ 10
2.8 Measures we have taken in order to overcome those challenges: ....................................... 10
Chapter three ................................................................................................................................. 11
Site works...................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Introduction to our site ........................................................................................................ 11
3.2 Construction equipment ...................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Construction materials......................................................................................................... 12
3.4 Major works on our site ...................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1 Formwork and scaffolding............................................................................................ 13
3.4.2 Reinforecements works ................................................................................................ 16
3.4.3 Excavation and earth work ........................................................................................... 17
3.4.4 masonry work ............................................................................................................... 18
3.4.5 hardcore work ............................................................................................................... 19
3.4.6 Concrete Work .............................................................................................................. 20
3.5 Structural elements .............................................................................................................. 24
3.5.1 footing pad and Foundation column ............................................................................. 24
3.5.2 Grade Beam .................................................................................................................. 28
3.5.3 Ground Slab .................................................................................................................. 28
3.5.4 Elevated Columns ......................................................................................................... 29
3.5.5 Typical Beam ................................................................................................................ 30
3.5.6 Elevated Slab ................................................................................................................ 31
3.5.7 Stair Case ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Store keeping in the site ...................................................................................................... 33
3.7 Information about our site -Askun mall- ............................................................................. 34
Chapter Four ................................................................................................................................. 35
Overall benefits from the internship ............................................................................................. 35
4.1 Improvement of Practical Skills .......................................................................................... 35
4.2 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge ..................................................................................... 35

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 4.3- Interpersonal Communication ............................................................................................ 35
4.4 Team Playing Skills ............................................................................................................ 36
4.5 Leadership Skill................................................................................................................... 36
4.6 Work Ethics ......................................................................................................................... 36
4.7 Entrepreneurship Skills ....................................................................................................... 36
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 37
Recommendation .......................................................................................................................... 38
References ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 40

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 CHAPTER ONE

THE BACKGROUND OF SRS STUDY, DESIGN AND SUPERVISION

WORKS ENTERPRISE
The SRS Study, design and supervision works enterprise is established under Somali regional
state(SRS) to Work as a public enterprise in august 2010 with the Somali regional state cabinet’s
regulation.

The enterprise is believed to assist the significant effort being made by the regional governments
in all aspects of millennium development goal, water resources, road and urban planning
development. The enterprise is currently fulfilling its structure and is engaged in the study,
design, construction supervision and contract administration of road, building and water
resources projects.

The enterprise is expected to play crucial role in the areas of the water reassures, buildings and
the road construction development through study design for water supply and sanitation,
irrigation and drainage hydropower generation, road, building, land use planning and
environmental studies and other related works.

Beside this it provides the super vision services for ongoing projects to improve the construction
qualities and standards.

1.1 MISSION, VISION, MAJOR DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SDWE

1.1.1 MISSION
SDSWE is specialized enterprise for crying out professional study, design and supervision works
in the field of dam, irrigation drainage, water supply sewerage, sanitation, road, building, urban
planning and maintenance.
The enterprise is determined to carry out all projects and task professionally, to the highest
standards of quality and within the agreed time frame.
1.1.2 VISION
The enterprise has a vision to be well-respected, domestic and international consulting firm,
providing a service of the highest quality in the industry
It is going to be the leading designer and consultant locally in the region and internationally in
the world.
1.1.3 MAJOR DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Executing study, design, bridge construction supervision and contract administration of water
supply and irrigation infrastructures
Undertaking ground water investigation, drilling supervision and contract administration
Conduct study, design, construction supervision and contract administration of road and building
infrastructures
Performing integrated land use planning and environmental impact

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Study of land resources on sub basins
Undertake geotechnical investigation using truck- mounted
Drilling machines, water quality test, soil fertility test and material test
Undertaking topographic surveying and drafting services
Conducting natural resources inventory.
1.2 MAIN PRODUCTS OF SRS,SDSWE: -
The main products of the enterprise are the following

 Selling designs
 Skilled man power
 Design services
 Consulting services
 Construction supervisions
 Land use planning
 Study of land resource on sub basins
 Contract administration
 Soil test services
 Lab soil test services etc.
1.3 Its main customers or the end users of its products: -
The main customers of the enterprise are all governmental and nongovernmental contractors
involved in construction of structures and the enterprise prepares designs, detailed drawings for
its clients such as
 Private sectors
 Community as a whole
 Government institutions
1.4 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Currently the proper organization and management structure of the enterprise was studied and
starting it is function. At present there are five directors and two technical services units at it is
head quarter located in Jigjiga.
To achieve its objectives, the Enterprise has the following structure.
1.4.1 BOARD OF MANAGEMENT
General Manager; and Directors, namely:
Supporting Services Coordinating Director,
Water Resources Study and Design Director,
Irrigations Study and Design Director,
Road and Building Design and Super vision Director
Land Use and Natural Resources Study Director, and;
Audit and PR & Documentation Divisions and
Laboratory and Surveying Services
Using this organizational structure, the enterprise has been carried out the following functions:

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1.4.2 OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS MANAGEMENT
The Study functions comprise the study of:
 Water resources
 Water supply and hydraulics
 Irrigation & drainage
 Sewerage disposal
 Land Use planning & natural resources study.
1.4.3 THE SURVEY AND DRAFTING FUNCTIONS
 Conducts surveying
 Prepares land survey on project areas for water related work
 Performs survey of built projects,
 Prepares topographic maps from field survey data.
1.4.4 LABORATORY SERVICE FUNCTIONS
 Soil fertility
 Soil mechanics
 Material strength
1.4.5 THE DESIGN FUNCTIONS COMPRISE DESIGN OF:
 Hydraulics
 Geotechnical
 Irrigation & drainage structures
 Flood control
 Water supply
 Sewerage disposal and
 Other related works
1.4.6 SUPERVISION FUNCTIONS COMPRISE SUPERVISION OF:
Water supply scheme construction
Irrigation & drainage systems construction
Wells and boreholes drilling & construction
Water & waste water treatment plant construction
Water storage facilities
Pumping (water) station construction
Bridges, accessory roads
1.4.7 PROJECT MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Conducts detailed negotiation with its clients over project plans.
Clarifies the project scope and definitions.
Provides detail plans and specification of how to achieve the projects goals.
Co-ordinates activities, resources and plans.
Keeps stakeholders and clients informed of project progress, i.e. prepares progress report.
Prepares payment certificate

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1.4.8 SUPPORT (AUXILIARY) FUNCTIONS

1.4.8.1 Planning functions

Planning of projects in line with capacities
Identifying and preparing project plans
Identifying projects’ scope and definition
Providing plans to achieve the projects goal.
Recommending feasible and cost effective methods for utilizing physical resources
Assessing follow up of project progress
Completion and evaluation
1.4.9 ADMINISTRATION FUNCTIONS
Personnel, general service and procurement activities.
Ensuring that optimal and qualified manpower is available in all activities and in line with the
institutional requirement of the enterprise.
Ensuring that optimal and required equipment and supply is available for all activities in line
with the institutional requirement of the enterprise
Ensuring that performance evaluation reports of the workers are prepared properly and timely
and used for the purpose of staff development
Ensuring the properties and assets are properly utilized
Ensuring the archives, transportation and other office services are adequately provided.
Follow up repair and maintenance work of vehicles and office equipment’s.
Provides adequate building maintenance, janitorial, publishing, communication services.
1.4.10 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Prepares and administers annual budget
Assesses properties and fixed assets according to commercial forms of depreciation annually.
Prepares annual balance sheet, profit and loss statement
Prepares cash flow analysis
Undertakes project accounting
Adopts commercial methods of receiving and making payment
Adopts commercial methods of invoicing and debt collections
Controlling and auditing
An effort is made to get a general picture of salary payments in comparable organizations.

Some of the bench marked organizations include:

 Oromia Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise

 Building (Construction) Design Enterprise
 Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
 Civil Service Commission
 Somali Water Works Construction Enterprise
 Proposed Organizational Structure

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 Chief executive Manager

Legal Advisor Surveying and drafting

service

Internal Audit Laboratory Service

process

Finance, Procurement HRM Planning, Public Relation,

& Property Adm. Marketing and ICT support
process

DEPUTY CHIEF
EXECUTIVE MANAGER

Electro-mechanical, Study and

Contract Construction
industries and Technical Design PEO
Administration Supervision
Works PEO PEO
Coordination PEO

Figure 1. 1 Organizational structure

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 CHAPTER TWO:

OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 HOW WE GET INTO THE COMPANY
After when we have finished 3rd year, University Industry and Linkage (UIL) give us application
latter in order to search hosting company for the internship on the 4th year 2nd semester. So on
July 2018. We arrived to capital city of Somali Regional State (SRS) in order to get information
about the quality of different bureau that works for our profession.

One week letter we decided to submit our application letter to SRS Study, Design and
Supervision Works Enterprise (SRS,SDSWE), because of some our friends those are senior Civil
Engineering students told us that SRS,SDSWE has high professional stuff those can participate
to upgrade our knowledge in both site work and office work during our internship, and also
SDSWE is Somali region’s leading design and supervision enterprise of building structures, land
use, highway, bridges and even construction of water related structures. After we submitted our
application latter to SDSWE office specially department of buildings, they accepted and they
said to us “come the office on August we will give you acceptance letter“. But as we know
during on August 2018 GC, there was a huge political conflict in the Somali regional state, so
most of governmental office has shutdown.

Finally we get our acceptance letter on 16th October, 2018 GC, and the head of building
department Eng. Muhiyadin Abdi Hussein helped us to get this acceptance letter, since the
work flow of SRS,SDSWE is not work probably because it affected the power change that
happened in SRS and also new general director was named to the company.

On 18th March, 2019. Was the first day we started our internship work, and 30th June, 2019 was
last day of our internship work, that time three month and half was unforgeable time in our life.

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 2.2 THE SECTION THAT WE HAVE BEEN WORKING IN
We had been working on the side of the consultant and our role were not only limited to visiting
sites and practically understanding the job but our role were also to make some designs, quantity
takeoffs and study designs.
2.3 WORK FLOW IN THE SECTION

Project Engineer

Site Engineer Office Engineer

Data Collector Forman Store Keeper

Carpenter
s Mixer Operator Daily Labors

Mason
Crane Operator
s

Bar bender

Electrician

Figure 2 1: Section's work flow

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Table 2. 1: Sections work flow

Title name Function

Project Manager: Generally regulates whole project activities undergoing on the site. Also
project manager studies plans before heading to commence any footstep
about what he/she is going to be built. On the other hand, he/she organizes
special meetings within site’s involving employees to discuss with them
how things are going on and how to be solved if any problem face site’s
work; meanwhile, reviews work schedule, salary and wages payment.

Office Engineer: Has the responsibility of making take off sheet and making break down
work to check whether or not the work is being done as planned.

Site Engineer: Controls all construction activities on the site starting from the very
beginning up to the termination point, On the other hand, prepares daily
labor’s report, schedules weekly and monthly work performance of the site
and send it to the office engineer as monthly report. In addition to that,
he/she checks and reviews any sub-contract payment, also quantifies any
materials on request etc.

Data Collector: Collects the data about work being done like the type and amount of
material used on the work; and the type and number of workers
participated on the work.

Forman: Controls work of bar bender, carpenter and daily labors. Give guidance
how work is to be done and give a correction if there is any mistake done.

 Check the whole work process

 Studies drawings before starting the work
 Qualifies some materials & make request
 Reports any challenges of work procedure and their execution as
per the design laid.
Store Keeper: Is accountable to any and amount of material and equipment entering and
leaving the store.

Bar benders: They make different steel structures to assist the construction process. Also
they prepare a bar which is used for slab, beam, and column reinforcement
work.

Electrician: Put electric lines through the building based on the design building

Masons: Responsible for different concrete works like making formworks and

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 casting concrete in the designed shape and size, HCB building works etc.

Carpenters: Perform works related to wood. They form different wood structure to
assist the construction process. Especially, Carpenter makes wood
structures that support different structural components like beam, column,
slab, until set and attain their sufficient strength. Also Carpenter makes
framework that support workers to climb up and do their tasks being on
them.

Daily Labor: Assist other workers by transporting construction materials and supplying
them with tools that they need to perform their tasks

2.4 WORK TASKS THAT WE HAVE BEEN EXECUTING.

Activities of the company that we have been working are
I. Office work
II. Site work
In the office work we have been learning & working on the structural design section and quantity
survey. The structural design is done using Etabs software.
Steps for the structural design:
 Analyzing the architectural drawing
 Modeling the structural allocation for the architectural plan (columns lay out and axis
definition)
 Depth determination for slab
 Design load calculation for slab
 Individual panel moments for the slab using bending moment coefficients
 Calculating slab reinforcement in both direction using panel moments
 Load transfer to beam using shear force coefficients
 Inputting the transferred loads to Etabs using the series of steps of the software
 Etabs works for the bending moment, the joint reaction forces, the reinforcement & other
analysis results which are crucial for the design of beam.
The quantity survey is done by using Excel sheet.
 Take off sheet
 Bill of quantity
 Bar schedule
On this office work, we have done all above on what we have seen during our internship period
and submitted in the company office.

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2.5 PROCEDURE WE USED WHILE PERFORMING OUR TASKS
During our internship season there were some activities that we carried out in the site and
office, And we used this procedure to perform our tasks:

 First we accepted any kind of tasks that our supervisor had given it to us,
 Before performing the tasks we studied it carefully with compatible things like drawing
and format of tasks,
 Whenever, we encounter problems in the given task we asked the Professionals to make
it us understand and right a solution,
 Then we performed the task,
 Then we gave it to them to check up,
 After we had finished the task we reported to our company supervisor.
 Finally our supervisor approved our work.
2.6 THE GOOD FACES WHILE PERFORMING OUR TASKS
During our internship program we cooperated with the company and also to our site team; and
we carried out a great responsibility of evaluating, overlooking and even active participation
against performing our tasks. Some of the good tasks we performed are included: excellence
supervision, motivation of workers, having well communication and daily discussion with our
field students.

2.7 CHALLENGES WE FACED WHILE PERFORMING OUR TASKS

 Communication Challenge
 Low or less health safety material
 Climatic change

2.8 MEASURES WE HAVE TAKEN IN ORDER TO OVERCOME THOSE

CHALLENGES:
 Learning site language
 Share our experience with engineers
 Inform company to give us safety material which finally gave us.
 Adopt climatic problems of the city

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 CHAPTER THREE

SITE WORKS
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO OUR SITE
Askun mall is found in Jigjiga, the capital city of Somali Regional State. The building is a G+4
Commercial Building. Its construction for our intern commenced on 18th, March, 2019. And at
the end of our intern the first floor had been under casting.

3.2 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Table 3. 1: Construction equipment used in our site

Equipment name Function

Mixer This machine used to blend ingredient of concrete each other to achieve its
planned design proportion. Hence, the mixer plays a vital role regarding to
the efficiency and quality of the concrete.

Vibrator Is used to compact the newly casted section of concrete, in order to prevent
segregation.

Compacter Is used to compact backfilling soil at every 20cm, till reached the desired
level.

Truck Is a large truck usually with a container on the back of it that is used for
carrying and unloading loose material used in the sit e.

Wheel borrow Used to transport rocks, backfilling soil, and even sometimes concrete within
the site.

Excavator: Normally it’s used to dig pit excavation and trench excavation, but on our
site is not used it.

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Figure 3. 1: Construction Equipment

3.3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Table 3. 2: Construction materials used in our site

Material name Function

Cement in our site national cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Diri Dawa Ethiopia,
were used, for both mortar and concrete works; and it is been stored on a dry
wooden bed 25cm above the ground level to prevent deterioration.

Aggregate It’s commonly used in concrete to provide volume (as a filler material) at low
cost. On our site naturally crushed stones are used, and they are stored in a
clean surface to avoid any climatic defect.

Sand The sand must be free from any kind of impurities like silt, mica etc. Sand
from Mombas was used on our site which was naturally purified one.

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Water Water chemically reacts with cement and makes concrete workable. Water
should be free from any impurities like Salt,Sugar, Carbonates, Silt, Algae and
etc. On our site they used water from Jigjig’s dam. “Gidib”

Steel It should be placed on dry place to avoid corrosion and to protect direct
sunlight. Some of the steels of different diameters used in these sites are: Φ6,
Φ8, Φ10, Φ12, Φ14, Φ16, Φ20, Φ24, S-300, S-420.

Figure 3. 2: Construction materials

3.4 MAJOR WORKS ON OUR SITE

3.4.1 FORMWORK AND SCAFFOLDING
The form work is temporary construction material used as a mould for structure, in which
concrete is placed and in it harden and matures. When the concrete has reached the strength the
form work is no longer needed and is removed. The operation of removing form work is called
striping. After stripping the removed formwork is reused for another structural element. These
kinds of form works are mainly called panels. Form work may be steel or wooden material of
any desired shape. We use steel formworks of rectangular and circular shapes of different sizes
heard from site engineer that wooden form work has disadvantages, like possibility of warping,
swelling and shrinkage of the timber. In order to prevent this we have provided impermeable
coating. Steel form work is comparatively costly but it has many advantages

 it can put to high number of uses

 it provides easy of striping
 it ensure an even and smooth concrete surface
 it possesses great rigidity
 it have the ability to resist shrinkage or distortion

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Requirements of good form work
A good form work should satisfy the following requirements.
 The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for reuse
 It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete
 It should be strong enough to withstand all coming loads
 It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum.
 It should be as light as possible
 The surface of form work should be smooth to afford easy stripping
Fixing form work
We observed how much they care while fixing form works. It should be properly fixed to avoid
loss of concrete material and unwanted shape on the structure. Proper fixing also minimizes great
chiseling to remove the unwanted shapes. The foreman’s check that the form works fixed for
elevation columns are vertical enough by using plumbing bobs. Before the column, beam or slab
is cast the carpenter foreman check the necessary thing like
 Vertical and horizontal alignment for column
 The level of the panel for the slabs
 Any defects on the panel
 It should be cleaned & oiled to avoid sticking of concrete on its surface,
Before placing of formwork, scaffolding is to be done firstly. Scaffolding is a temporary
structure supporting one or more platform used either as workplace or for material during any
type of construction work. And the main Purpose of scaffolding is to easy access from ground to
the structure or building being worked upon, Materials used for as scaffolding maybe wood,
steel, bamboo, Whatever the materials are, they should be of sufficient strength to support the
weight & stress by process and workers and to provide safe means of access & work place

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 Footing column Elevated column
scaffolding formwork formwork

Figure 3. 3: Different formworks on different elements

Time of Removing Formwork

 For non-load bearing parts of formwork (e.g. vertical formwork of beams and formwork
for columns and walls)………………………………………….…..18 hours.
 For soffit formworks to slabs………………………………………..21 days.
 For soffit formwork to beams……………………………………….21 days.
 For soffit formwork to stair ...……………………………………….21 days.

After all the form work parts have been removed the workers clean and store it for
future use and this reduces or lowers the cost of construction.

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3.4.2 REINFORECEMENTS WORKS
The entire necessary reinforcement bar for this project is prepared in the site. According to the
design the maximum bar diameter is 24mm. That is why the bar benders accomplish the task by
using hand tool like Bega and simple cutting machine.

During our internship we sow the construction stage for stair case, beam, column and slab. The
beam reinforcement placed suspended on the bar and the stirrups (staffa) is tied according to the
design then the beam reinforcement is put in the right position by considering the spacing
needed. The mesh is done as per the design; here we sow the reinforcement which is not include
the structural design, which is use to separate the bottom bar with the top bar locally called the
“kebeleto”. Once the bar gets their position installation conduit sanitary pipe is put as per the
drawing. Finally the slab and the beam spacer are put after all, the dust is going off from the
form work by using the compressor and casting process is getting on. Reinforcements are used to
counterbalance weak tensile strength of concrete. S-300 of Turkey is used. Diameters of steel
bars were composed of Ø6, Ø8, Ø10, Ø14, Ø16, Ø20, and Ø24. Stirrups were used prevent
torsion, and shear; meanwhile, to tie longitudinal bars—those are used to resist bending against
structural members. On the other hand, spacers were used to provide uniformity and spacing of
the reinforcement. In addition to that, they should be placed in a dry place to avoid corrosion;
fortunately it was in hand of technically marvelous workers those tried to bend and carefully
tighten it without altering as per the design request is.

Structurally, since negative moment (tension) develops from at top portion of the support, 1/3 of
negative reinforcement should be provided. And at this stage overlaps undergo at the bottom part
of the support section. While, at the mid span the positive moment (tension) develops at the
bottom section, overlapping undergoes at the top portion.

Negative bars resist negative bending moment due to the pressure by soil on the masonry wall on
which grade beams rest

Figure 3.4A : Reinforcements Figure 3.4B : Negative bars

Figure 3. 4: Reinforcements

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 1St floor Slab and Footing pad and
Grade Beam Beam reinforcement foundation column
Reinforcements reinforcements

Figure 3. 5: Reinforcements on different elements

3.4.3 EXCAVATION AND EARTH WORK

The exaction work that held in our site are the following

 Site clearance
 Pit excavation
 Trench exaction
 Backfill

During site clearance these material (including trees bushes and top 20 to 30cm soil), termite
hills and any other obstruction have to be cleared with Working space of 1m is required in each
side so In our site the site clearance of the building is held before we came.

Pit excavation is the removal of the earth material for the

purpose of footing pad and footing column construction, at
this stage the earth material was excavated to the specified
dimension but including working space for batter
movement during pad construction

Figure 3.6A: Pit

Excavation

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Trench Excavation Is a type of excavation which is generally deeper than its wide. And it’s
where we dig to prepare to put our masonry wall.

Figure 3.6B: Trench Excavation

Back fill is to mean replacing excavated soil into selected

figure 3.6C: Backfill
material which is from another place—mostly quarry wastes.
In each layer of 20cm after being backfilled, consequently,
compaction is to be carried out in order to ignore voids and give
sufficient strength to the soil. And the objectives of compaction
are included: to Increase the granular contact between particles
and hence increase the shear strength of the soil which means
increasing the stability and bearing capacity of the soil, It
reduces the void ratio of the soil, hence it increases permeability
if the soil. It reduces further compressibility and volume changes
against the soil.

Figure 3. 6: Earth work and Excavations

3.4.4 MASONRY WORK

Masonry is the word used for construction with mortar as a binding material with individual
units of bricks, stones, marbles, granites, concrete blocks, tiles etc. Mortar is a mixture of
binding material with sand. Binding materials can be cement, lime, soil etc. Therefore
a masonry wall is a wall made from materials which have been cemented together with the use
of mortar. In our site a stone type of masonry is used, it is usually built on corner areas or edges
of the building and it is main uses include preventing and withstanding erosion, fast-moving
water or floods, and other factors affecting foundation soil, the depth of masonry wall may vary,
in my site the earth was slope, so the depths was between 1.5 and 0.5 and thickness is used Here
is the process of how it was constructed. The equipment used for masonry construction

 Plum bob: for checking alignment & making masonry wall straight.
 Rope (Sebago): for making alignment or straight.
In this stage we observe how to used equipment for masonry construction.

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PROCEDURE

 Firstly Trench excavation for masonry wall including work space is made.
 After the excavation is done, a string lines is prepared to fix the area on which the
masonry are going to be placed
 Then, lean concrete was placed in the trench,
 Then 0.5m thickness masonry wall construction has been started using a mortar of 1:4 on
the periphery of the building for joining stones and layers of the wall
 The first layer is finished then the second up to the required level. Since the depth varies.
 Finally after the last layer is finished backfill is done around the masonry

masonry wall Masonry wall

Figure 3. 7: Masonry works

3.4.5 HARDCORE WORK

Hard core: is made from a crashed stone which is used under reinforcement bars to support
them—for the ground slab only.

The hardcore works are made after laying the foundation and grade
beam followed by selected fill material. After compaction of the fill
material, a 250 mm thick basaltic or equivalent stone hard core,
consolidated and blinded with crushed stone, then 50 mm of lean
concrete is placed to fill the voids and provide a level surface for the
next layer. Then mesh reinforcement with diameter of ø8 c/c 300 is
applied to distribute the loads to the hardcore. Finally a 50mm, C-25
concrete is filled at the top and become ready for screening works.
Also it is used to carry load imposed by concrete.

Figure 3. 8: Hardcore

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3.4.6 CONCRETE WORK
Concrete (construction), artificial engineering material made from a mixture of Portland cement,
water, fine and coarse aggregates, and a small amount of air. It is the most widely used
construction material in the world. Concrete is the only major building material that can be
delivered to the job site in a plastic state. This unique quality makes concrete desirable as a
building material because it can be molded to virtually any form or shape. Concrete provides a
wide latitude in surface textures and colors and can be used to construct a wide variety of
structures, such as highways and streets, bridges, dams, large buildings, airport runways,
irrigation structures.

3.4.6.1 Lean concrete

Most of the time the c-5 grade concrete is called lean concrete. It is mostly used under sub
structures. It is a 50 mm thick qualify of C-5 with minimum cement content of 150 kg/m3 of
concrete. It has some advantages like;
 It acts like a hard stratum
 It protects all sub structural elements from extra moisture.
 It prevents the soil particles under substructures from any relative movement

lean concrete

3.4.6.2 Concrete mixing

Though mixing of materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete. The mixing
should ensure that the mass become homogenous, uniform in color and consistency. The design
of concrete mixtures (mix design) involves the determination of the most economical and
practical combination of ingredients to make the concrete workable in its plastic stage and to
make it develop the required qualities when hardened. Generally, a properly designed concrete
mix achieved three objectives. These are: workability of the fresh concrete, required quantities of
the hardened concrete and the economy. There are two methods adopted for concrete mixing.
These are
 Hand mixing _Practical for small scale concrete works
 Machine mixing _obviously it gives better and uniform mixes than hard mixing and
generally recommended.

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It is seen from experiment that the strength of concrete will increase with increasing time of
mixing, but for mixing time beyond 2 min, the important in compression strength is not very
significant.
 Preparation of concrete
Form of concrete ingredients preparation is called batching; there are two types of batching
namely:
1. Volume batching: is preparing of concrete ingredients by using volume for each type of
material.
2. Weight batching: is preparing of concrete ingredients by using weight instead of volume.
The main aim of concrete preparation using one of these two types of batching is to reach
maximum compressive strength after 28 days.
The mix ratio for the preparation of concrete in our site was 1:2:3 (for C-25). This ratio is based
on this size provided below box - 50*40*18cm.

Figure 3. 9: Batching box

 Concrete mixer
Concrete mixers are used to mix the ingredients of concrete. Efficient and quality of concrete
depends largely on time of mixing, speed of the mixing drum, timely supply of water, correct
setting of the machine, proper cleaning of the mixing blades and inner surface of the drum. These
mixers are available in different size. Even if, there are different types of of concrete mixers used
for construction work: like Hand fed tilting drum mixes, Loader fed tilting drum mixes,
Reversing drum mixers, Roller pan mixers, Split drum mixer etc the construction company uses
stationary & mobile mixers. . On our site, they used mixer in order to avoid time delay.

Figure 3. 10: Mixer

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3.4.6.3 Transportation and Placement of concrete
After fixing formwork (of footing pad, footing column, elevated column, grade beam and slab) is
terminated, their enforcement steel has been set, tied, and fastened in its position in the forms.
We are now ready to Place the concrete in the forms. The concrete should be placed and vibrated
before its setting starts.

Once the concrete arrives at the project site, it must be delivered to its final positions without
segregation. While placing the concrete, the compaction is done using a vibrator. The
compaction helps to avoid any segregation. They place the mix of concrete in appropriate
amount to avoid difficulties in compaction. Transporting of concrete, is taking the mixture of
concrete from the mixer to the place needed to cast. While transporting concrete, they used half
cut plastic material and crane.

figure 3.11A: Crane Figure 3.11B: Half

cut plastic material

Figure 3. 11: Concrete transportation

3.4.6.4 Vibration of concrete

In this process, efforts are only directed to reduce the voids in the compacted
concrete. During vibrator and immediately after depositing, concrete shall be thoroughly by a
means of mechanical Vibration. Vibrators produce vibrations which when transmitted to Plastic
concrete make it to flow and affect compaction. Over vibration should not be allowed as
otherwise coarse aggregate particles will get concentrated at the lower layers and only
mortar will be left at the top surface. Vibrator is also known as needle, poker or immersion
vibrator. It consists of a power unit and a long flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head
is attached. Whenever compaction is to be done, the vibrating head is inserted in concrete. This
is very useful for compaction of concrete works.

Figure 3. 12: Vibrator

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3.4.6.5 Curing of concrete
The process of hydration and setting of a cement mixture is known as Curing. During the setting
and hardening of concrete, heat is generated and this would result in rise in the temperature of
the concrete. It is therefore necessary that during the period of setting and hardening of cement
concrete should keep moist. The purpose of curing can be summarized as:

 To prevent rise in temperature on amount of the heat of hydration developed during

hardening of cement.
 To prevent drying of the concrete which might result in contraction cracks.
In ASkun mall site they were around the elevated column cover by JONYA in order to prevent it
from evaporation of water.

The very essence of curing can be summarized, to prevent drying of the concrete this might
result in contraction cracks. It is 7 days for columns and beams and 21 days for slabs.

Figure 3. 13: Curing using JONYA

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3.5 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Structural elements are among the most significant parts of a structure which transfer load of the
structure to the underlying soil. Their selection depends up on different factors including; the
type and condition of soil and also the type of the superstructure.

3.5.1 FOOTING PAD AND FOUNDATION COLUMN

Foundation is part of a building, usually below the ground, that transfers and distributes the
weight of the building into the ground, it is a structure that transfers loads to the earth.
Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations. In our site –Askun Mall- Shallow foundation is used especially isolated footing and
combined footings. When constructing foundation it is necessary to test the soil, but there was no
any soil test done. So according to our site there were two types of footings which are:

Isolated footing: is one among the most common type of footings that is used in the current
constructions which is single footing and single foundation column. In our site, 6 of the footings
were isolated. Their dimensions were 2.5m*2.5m—squared. All of the isolated footings were
square in shape, having depth of 0.5cm, while the cross-section of foundation column were
50cm*50cm—squared and having height 2.3m.

Figure 3.14A:
Isolated Footings

Combined footing: is called when two or more footings are supported by a footing. In order to
give the structure additional strength us per the design. This type of footing is provided under
different situations including; when columns are close to each other and their footings overlap,
when soil having low bearing capacity and require more area under individual footing. Also the
column end is situated near the property line and the footing can’t be extended. On our site, 3 of
the footings were combined, were having the same design with cross-section of 5m*2m. All of
the combined footings were rectangular in shape, having depth of 0.5cm. While the cross-section
of foundation column were 30cm*30cm—squared and having height 2.3m.

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 Figure 3.14B: Combined footings

Figure 3. 14: Isolated and combined footings

The steps used to construct of Footings:

 After setting out done pit excavation work started

 The area for pit including working space which is mostly 25 cm each side is marked by
something like gypsum, hash or etc.
 Then the pit excavation is started in our site hand digging tool is used such as hoe or etc.
for pit excavating and shovel or etc. for removing soil from the pit,
 The depth of the pit depends on the hardness of soil and the pad depth plus footing
column depth due to design
 After the excavation is done plumb-bob is used to transfer points from the string lines to
the base of the pit, to fix the area on which the footing pads are going to be placed
 Then lean concrete for pad is poured and placed inside the pit at the pad area
 Then the pad formwork is installed using wooden type of formwork.
 Then pad reinforcement is installed together with footing column reinforcement checking
the eccentricity of the pad and column
 After The reinforcement steel has been set, tied, and fastened in its position in the forms.
The materials for the concrete have been Prepared, and the concrete has been
mixed
 Then the concrete is poured in the pad and casted with vibrator which is used to remove
void content in the concrete in order to prevent segregation.
 After pad casting is finished it is cured in days
 Then the footing column formwork and reinforcement bars is installed in position with
spacer between the bars and formwork.to provide concrete cover
 And finally footing column casted using C-25 concrete with vibrator
 Then the column formwork is removed after 24 hours and cured in 7days

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  The backfill of the excavated area is made in addition compacting excavated area.

Footing pad and

foundation column
Pit Excavation with lean concrete reinforcements

Casted footing pad then Backfill with

footing column compacting

Figure 3.15A: Construction Stages of Isolated footings

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Figure 3.15B: Construction Stages of Combined footings

Bottom bar instalation Footing Column

Excavation formation

Fixing Footing Column Top bar instalation Casting with Vibrator

Backfill with Compactor

Figure 3. 15: Construction Stages of both footings

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3.5.2 GRADE BEAM
A trench is excavated and the masonry wall is constructed then will be lying or placemen of the
grade beam above the masonry and lean concrete of the building.

The steps used to construct a grade beam:

 Lean concrete was laid for a grade beam area except the exterior beams because the beam
will rest on the masonry wall on the edges.
 The reinforcement bars are over hanged on the columns
 The bar bender ties the stirrups with the given c/c spacing
 Construct the form works of the grade beam
 Nail with their position of the beam to the form work
 Check the horizontal level of the form work using water tube level
 Place the reinforcement bars in the form work of the beam with spacers
 Casting of the concrete
 Compacting using dynamic vibrator with different layers
 Removing of form work.

Formwork of Grade Reinforcement of

beam Grade beam Casted

Figure 3. 16: Construction Stages of Grade Beam.

3.5.3 GROUND SLAB

Ground slab is not like floor slabs, because it is isolated from the grade beams and its load is not
supported by beams and columns but supported by ground; and hard-core is placed for ground
slab which is used to carry load imposed by concrete slab. Mostly the thickness of hard core in
many building site is 30 cm—the same to our site. In ground slab no reinforcement and
installation work except a light mesh bar. Usually, the advantage of this mesh is to resist the
thermal variation and shrinkage. Here is the process of how it was constructed.

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The steps used to construct of Ground slab:

 After the soil back filled with selected material, it is compacted

 The hard core has been level and filled by crashed stones of 30cm,
 Then a reinforcement bars in a mesh was laid.
 Then a concrete 100mm of C-25 is poured above it and casted to the required floor level.
 When casting the slab should be isolated from beam by using something like plywood.

Compacted soil in
Ground slab Hardcore and mesh casting
reinforcement bars

Figure 3. 17: Construction Stages a Ground slab.

3.5.4 ELEVATED COLUMNS

Column is a vertical or inclined structural member that carries loads mainly in compression and
transfer loads from ceiling, floor of roof slab and from a beam directly to the foundation then to
the subsequent soil. It is assumed to be the most crucial structural member of a building, because
the safety of a building rest on the column strength. This is because of failure of column would
cause progressive collapse in the entire building whereas such event would not occur when the
other members fail.

Also columns may have different shapes, but in our site, rectangular, squared and circular forms
were available.

The steps used to construct Elevated Columns:

 Firstly the reinforcement bars prepared in ground and tie the stirrups of the column,
 Column reinforcement bars are erected by overlapping the reinforcement bars coming out
from the foundation columns (development length) and already tied to the grade beam,
 Then the formwork was placed and fixed tightly insuring its verticality using plumb bob
and water level,
 Checking of center line with respect other column using horizontal alignment [robe],

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  Then spacers were placed on every side of the column reinforcements,
 Lastly, a water-cement mix grout (Boyaka) was poured at the bottom of the form work
before the C-25 is poured,
 Columns casted while pouring compact the concrete in different layers and vibrator.is
used,
 During casting the concrete should not be poured from a height exceeding 1.5m to avoid
segregation,
 Form work of the column Removed after 24 hrs. Starting from the time that the concrete
is set.

Figure 3. 18: Construction Stages Elevated Column.

3.5.5 TYPICAL BEAM

Beams are structural members of building used to carry slab and wall loads and transfer these
loads to the supporting columns. Beams can be continuous, fixed or cantilever. Beams having the
same thickness with the slab are called submerged beams.

Negative bars are provided in beams for the purpose of resisting tensile stresses developed
around supports.

Before these beams were casted we observed and checked the reinforcements and concrete raw
materials for the following parameters:

 Alignment of the reinforcement

 Whether number and diameter of bars is accordingly to design
 Whether bars are properly tied
 If proper concrete cover is provided.
 Other related parameters.

The steps used to construct Typical Beam:

 The reinforcement bars are over hanged on the column

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  The bar bender ties the stirrups with the given c/c spacing
 Place the reinforcement in the position of the beam
 Construct the form work of the beam by considering its concrete cover
 Check the horizontal level of the form work by using water tube level
 Casting of concrete
 Compacting using dynamic vibrator with different layers
 Removing of form work after 24hrs.

3.5.6 ELEVATED SLAB

By definition, slab is a structural element used to support live loads and equipment loads (dead
loads) and transfer these loads to the supporting beams or concrete walls. Slabs can be one-way
or two-way, depending on the ratio of long span to the short span. If the ratio of the long span to
the short span is greater than two, the slab is said to be One-way; but if the ratio is less than two,
the slab is said to be Two-way slab. When the slab is one way, the bending is one directional and
when it is two way, the bending is two directional. Slabs can be categorized in to three; Solid,
Flat and Ribbed.

Solid slab is made of reinforced concrete. Ribbed slab is made of RC precast beam and ribbed
blocks. While Flat slab is made without beams to this end I have deeply understood the
construction of solid slab during my.

In construction, different slabs are used, the slab may be horizontal or inclined; the inclined one
is used in ramps, stair cases and inclined roofs. While square or rectangular plan forms are
normally used; triangular, circular and other plan forms are needed for different functional
requirements. On our site they used square, rectangular and also circular shapes as per the design
was. Also in terms of loading system, different types are available to be used; like solid, ribbed,
cantilever and flat slab. But on our site only cantilever and solid slabs were available.

The steps used to construct Elevated Slab:

 Form work of the entire slab is provided; including cristi which is a vertical member
made up of wooden or steel material which is used to support the new casted beam.
 The beam bars are lowered down in to the form work of the slab,
 The reinforcement bars of the slab are placed on the panels according to the design,
 The negative bars on the slab are placed l/3 of the span length,
 Spacers are placed between the reinforcement bar and panels in order to have a concrete
cover,
 The pipes of electricity are installed according to the electrical drawing,
 The sub distribution board pipes are raised.
 Later on, it is casted using vibrator.
 Then curing is done with the next 21 days.

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 1St floor Slab and Casting Slab and
Cantiliver Slab Beam reinforcement Beams

Figure 3. 19: Construction Stages of Elevated slab and Typical beams.

3.5.7 STAIR CASE

Stair Cases are structural members to give access to floors above and below or in other words it
is a structural element utilized to simplify moving up and down. The place we were working at
has a stair of two landings. From the design we observed that the stair case is well ventilated and
easily accessible and even exposed to natural light. Since a stair is a structural member like
beam, and slab it has its own way of load transferring mechanism. The design of the stair
resembles a one way slab. It is supported at the far ends of the direction of flight. Main bars of
diameter 14mm are provided along the flight with center to center spacing of 10cm. in addition,
distribution (minimum) bars are provided across the flight for the sole purpose of preventing
shrinkage of concrete.

Here is some of what we have observed in our site

 The concrete cover for stair is 15mm

 Main bars are placed parallel to the direction of flight to take the tensile stress in the
inclined slab.10mm to 16mm diameter bars are provided without lapping
 Distribution bars are placed across the flight perpendicular to main bars
 It supports, and to act as a negative bar for the flight. The length of starter bars depend on
the bond strength of concrete

Step bars are placed in each step to take the shear stress as in the case of stirrups in beams. 8mm
diameter bars are often used.

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 Stair on
reinforcement and Casting
forwork Final stage

Figure 3. 20: Construction Stages stair.

3.6 STORE KEEPING IN THE SITE

On our site the store hall was made up of Galvanized Iron Sheet with elevated timber floor; to be
kept all construction equipment and materials. In order to protect them any climatic defect that
can alter their quality, shape and even their color. Unfortunately, they didn’t placed
reinforcements inside a save and climatically secure place; side out they put it on a disposed
place that lead it to lose its color and turn in to reddish

Figure 3. 21: Store keeping

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 3.7 INFORMATION ABOUT OUR SITE -ASKUN MALL-
 Concrete quality:
o For all structures, C-25 (with ratio of 1:2:3).
o For lean, concrete grade of C-5.
o National cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Diri Dawa Ethiopia For both C-25
and C-5
 Reinforcements:
o Ø14 for all pads
o Ø20 for foundation columns
o Ø14 for grade beam and Ø16 for typical Beans
o Ø8 for solid slabs and ø10 for cantilever slabs
o Ø14 and Ø16 for columns
o Ø8, ø10 and ø14 for staircase
 Cover to reinforcement:
o For footings=50mm.
o For suspended slabs and stairs=15mm.
o For beams and columns=25mm.
 Spacing of reinforcement:
o 15cm for footing pads
o 16cm, 15cm for solid slabs
o 16cm for cantilever slabs
o 10cm, 18cm and Var for column stirrups
 Overlap:
o Overlap to column reinforcement and beam (whether it is grade beam, typical
beam and top type beam) =40ø. Since their bars are different.
o Overlap to ground floor slab=400mm.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

OVERALL BENEFITS FROM THE INTERNSHIP

4.1 IMPROVEMENT OF PRACTICAL SKILLS
During our internship, we were able to improve our practical skills and understand how works
are executed on the construction sites. Below are practical skills we gained during the internship
program:-
 Reading architectural and structural drawings
 Preparing of own plans in AutoCAD and analysis also designing in Etabs and Safe.
 Preparing take of sheet, bar schedule and bill of quantity
 Construction of formwork and its types of formworks.
 Construction materials and equipment
 Concrete mixing, procedures, handling, placement and casting
 The meaning of the term 1:2:3 in concrete mix
 Placing the reinforcement bars in different positions.
 Concrete Casting: - Beam, Slab, Stair, Column, and footings,
4.2 UPGRADING THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
In addition the practical knowledge upgrades our theoretical knowledge by
 Understanding every single work with satisfactory scientific reasoning
 Referring different books and web sites whenever we encounter difficulty
 Asking the site engineer and the supervisor when we come across a problem
 Observing different construction works
 Learning different kinds of construction machineries
 Reading and interpreting of working drawings
4.3- INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
It is known that, on the site, we encounter different types of people with different types of
educational background, language, behavior and field of expertise. In line with this, most of the
words the site workers use on the site are different from those we know from our class lessons.
As a result we started learning these words to improve our interpersonal communication skill
with the workers.

On the other hand, during our internship program we used to have a lot of contacts with students
from different universities, engineers and also other responsible peoples. Thus we used to ask
them different questions in order to grasp their point of view too. Thus, the communication skill
is very important, because have the following benefits
 Suggestions and orders for foremen and construction workers
 sharing ideas
 Respecting other attitude
 Speaking ability and Managing of daily activates

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4.4 TEAM PLAYING SKILLS
We used to join our colleagues from other universities to discuss engineering problems and
possible solutions. We used to support each other in the tasks clarifying the complexities and
accomplishing of the tasks accurately and on time. Thus we have gained the following point as a
team play experiences.
 Anyone can raise his/her opinion freely in team playing
 How to Share ideas openly & willingly
 Ways of treating others in a respective and supportive manner.
 During team playing respecting others idea.
 Treating others in a respective and supportive manner.
 When Ideal disputes were solved with peaceful communication.
4.5 LEADERSHIP SKILL
It is very important to control and monitor the peoples in the project site. During our internship
program we saw how the project manager monitors the peoples specially, the Forman, the store
keeper and well as other team leaders. It is the portion of the work that acquires managing skill
in different aspects such as managing work flow, assigning the Forman and the team leaders to
their respective tasks, properly allocating and insuring the proper management of it, and also
controlling everything in the site.

4.6 WORK ETHICS

In construction industry, you need to develop healthy working environment and double
productivity through punctuality, honesty by avoiding corruption and bias, cooperation, office
discipline without disturbing working condition and reliability.

4.7 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS

Al though we were working on the side of the consulting Bureau, we came across some
entrepreneurship skills including resource utilization in profitable manner in a given period of
time and the importance of manpower and construction equipment.
The obvious goal of the Bureau was to improve the standards in place for housing and
construction of high-quality buildings in the Somali regional state.

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 CONCLUSION
This Internship program is proved to be a bridge between the student life and professional life.
The various types of tasks and trainings that we have been undertaking during this internship on
the site and the office enhanced our knowledge in building construction. We are very glad to see
that what we have learnt in the university can be a repeated in the real world. We were able to
apply our theoretical knowledge of designing and construction works in the real life situation.

This internship program played an important role on facing real challenges. We are attaining a
high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise in a building construction. By working
with SRS, study design and supervision works enterprise we achieved lots of knowledge &
experience.

During this internship we had been able to see the different theoretical aspects, methodologies
and how to design a certain building. In the supervision session, we have been able to see the
important theoretical and practical aspects of building construction. And we are sure of that we
will gain lots of experiences in the remaining months.

On this internship program we want to lay a sound foundation for our future career. We are very
proud to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely critical
period of the history. It will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate in
other disciplines as well.

Once and for all, let we say internship is far more fascinating than many things and complies
with real life situation.

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 RECOMMENDATION
We would like to recommend every person on the site to perform the necessary tasks.
In many sites we went, the workers did not use safety wearing like helmets and gloves to protect
them from accidental hand and head injuries. Therefore, we are recommending the workers of
any company to wear safe wearing in order not to overcome an accident.

The department of Civil Engineering should prepare such type of practical section repeatedly
with favorable time schedule and resource concern. If possible it would be better to go on job
training at the time of theoretical lessons.

The SRS, study design and supervision works enterprise where we maintained presence for
nearly three months and half needs to increase the number of civil and construction engineers.
Despite impressive work flow, the shortage of experienced engineers was challenging matter.

Finally, internship program must continue since, it provides the students with knowledge of the
real site work and it also helps them to practice the theoretical knowledge with experimental
engineering skills.

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 REFERENCES
 Debre Berhan University, ‘Lecture Notes’,[Unpublished]
 Internet “Wikipedia, Encyclopedia”.
 Ministry of Works and Urban Development, ‘Ethiopian Building Code Standard; EBCS-
1-EBCS-8’,1995
 Oral discussion from site engineer and company supervisor
 SRS, study design and supervision works enterprise, ‘Company Profile’ [Unpublished]

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 APPENDICES

If the work can’t be accessed Oil is used as releasing agent

from the ground, construction during the initial fixing and at a
workers need to use scaffolds later date when workers remove
to build upper parts temporary support from the
hardened concrete

 Bars: steel bars are embedded in tensile region of structure (sometimes in compression
regions as well)
 Beams: these are horizontal load bearing members which transmit floor loads to the
columns.
 Bega –an opening steel bar which is used to bend bars
 Cement: is important building material in the building industry, manufactured from
calcinations and grinding of its components.
 Column: is a vertical load bearing member of the structural frame which transmits the
beam loads down to the foundation.
 Concrete: is a man-made stone made by mixing sand, broken stones and cement in pre-
determined proportions, with sufficient water to enable the setting action of the cement
content to take place
 Fondo (soffit) – a form work under a beam.
 kebeleto –a metal which is inserted between the bottom and top slab bars to prevent
vibration of bars
 Plumbing bob or Tumbi– leveling instrument used to check a member is vertical
 Slab: carries the live loads of the building members and transfers them to the beams.
 Wehaleke –used to check a water level.

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