Lecture 12 I.

PROGRESSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Acme

Hole’s, 12th Ed.

What are the symptoms during the incubation period?

Can a person be contagious in the incubation period?
Examples of a long (months to years) incubation period during which the
asymptomatic person can be contagious:
Having a long incubation period serves the pathogen well because
infected persons do not know to isolate and people around them do not
know to avoid them. However, such pathogens must be experts at
___________________, otherwise they would be cleared from the system
withing 2 weeks. Indeed, both HIV and TB are experts at this.

Convalescent period for Influenza?

Convalescent period for COVID-19?
The period of contagiousness for all ID ends at Acme, when the fever has
broken. TRUE/FALSE
Is it possible to develop immunity without ever showing symptoms? How?
FEVER
Recall that fever is part of our nonspecific immune response – it is in the 2nd line of defense
along with phagocytosis and inflammation. Fever is miserably uncomfortable, but please realize
that it is serving a function.
Review the function of fever: _________ some pathogens
_________ the immune response
Pyrogen – any compound that induces a fever. Our own cytokines are potent endogenous pyrogens. In
fact…

Most all signs and symptoms of infectious disease – fever, malaise, muscle
aches, nausea, somnolence, fatigue - are due to what?
What are the symptoms of fever in the Prodromal → Acme Periods?

What are the symptoms of fever in the Decline Period?

Should you take an antipyretic at the first sign of a fever?

CONTAGIOUSNESS
Review:

The stage of infectious disease in which a patient is NOT contagious:

It depends on the ____________ but there is _____ stage in which we
have not found contagiousness of some kind of disease.

Contagiousness is directly proportional to the _________ for a given

disease.

Let’s look at the transmission of respiratory pathogens. Most respiratory pathogens are
transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or their secretions. So let’s look
at respiratory secretions:

Respiratory Secretion Size, Relative Distance traveled, R0 Correlation

 relative

Aerosol

Droplet

Sputum

Inanimate object capable of transmitting pathogen –

Can viruses penetrate intact skin –
Is there a direct anatomical connection between the eyes and the nose?
The Ro for the original SARS Co-V-2 is 2-3. The Ro for the delta variant is 6 and
early predictions place it at 9-12 for omicron. How can a mutation in a spike
protein enhance transmissibility?

II. SELECTED AGENTS OF ID

Disease Agent Class Impact Notes
Tuberculosis #___ single ID US does/does not
agent killer in use vaccine
non-pandemic because we rely
years on ________.
Influenza A virus 1918 pandemic – Cycles between:
catastrophic.
Seasonal flu –
Vaccine different
deaths and lost
every year
productivity
because _____
quickly ______.
Smallpox virus Eradicated. Prior Factors in
to eradication it eradication:
was
common/rare.

Malaria protozoa .5 million Successful

deaths/year, #1 vaccine elusive.
parasitic disease Mosquito control
and treatment
difficult in current
endemic areas.
Yeast infections fungi Most are More closely
Ringworm, jock ______________ related to ______
itch, athlete’s pathogens. than to ______.
foot
Schistosomiasis helminth #2 parasitic Control involves
disease, #1 NTD snail control,
High morbidity – sanitation,
lost productivity. treatment,
maybe a vaccine.