WEEK 10: BASIC CONCEPT OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

TERMINOLOGIES INFECTION: invasion of body tissue by microorganism & their proliferation (main sx: Fever)

CARRIER: person who without apparent sx of disease, harbors and spread specific microorganism

CONTACT: any person or animal known to have been in such association with an infected person/ animal
exposed to infection

COMMUNICABLE PERIOD: etiologic agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from the body of the
infected person to the body of another person

STERILIZATION: destruction of pathogens even the spores

CONTAMINATION: invasion of surface (wound) or article (handkerchief) or matter (water & milk) implies the
presence of undesirable substance which may contain pathogenic microorganism
DISINFECTION: destruction of vitality of pathogens microorganism by chemical or physical means directly
applied
➔ COCURRENT DISINFECTION: ongoing practices that are observed in the care of the client, his supplies,
environment and control microorganism
➔ TERMINAL DISINFECTION: practices to remove pathogens from the client’s belongings and
environment after his illness is no longer communicable.
DISINFECTANT: substance for inanimate objects that destroys pathogens and not spores
ANTISEPTIC: substance intended for persons that inhibit the growth of pathogens but not necessarily destroy
them
BACTERICIDAL: chemical that kills microorganisms
BACTERIOSTATIC: chemical that prevent multiplication but does not kill all forms of microbes
ASEPSIS: absence of disease-producing microorganism; free from infection
➔ MEDICAL ASEPSIS (clean technique): reduced the number and transfer of mo; ex: Handwashing
➔ SURGICAL ASEPSIS (sterile technique): render and keep objects & areas free from pathogens; ex:
handscrubbing
SEPSIS: presence of infection

ETIOLOGY: study of causes

VIRULENCE: vigor with which the organism can grow & multiply; degree or intensity of disease produced

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION: infections assoc. with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN: causes disease in a susceptible person

RESIDENT FLORA: mo that are always present in specific areas of body; normally lives on a person’s skin

TRANSIENT FLORA: mo picked up by the skin as a normal activities that can be removed easily.

PATHOGENS: disease producing mo

PATHOGENICITY: ability to produce a disease; the ability of microbes to overcome the defensive powers of host
to induce disease

QUARANTINE: limitation of freedom of movement of such susceptible persons/ animals as have been exposed to
communicable diseases

COLONIZATION: a process by which strains of mo become resident flora, but their presence does not cause
disease

FUMIGATION: any process by which destruction of insects, felas, bugs, etc. and is accomplished by the
employment of gaseous agents

ISOLATION: the separation for the period of communicability of infected persons.

Disease control: reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a locally acceptable level
as a result of deliberate efforts and continued intervention measures to maintain the reduction

Disease surveillance: ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of outcome-
specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice
➔ A disease surveillance system includes the functional capacity for data analysis, timely dissemination
of these data to persons who can undertake effective prevention and control activities
 Mandatory reporting: obligatory reporting of a condition to local or state health authorities, as required for
notifiable diseases, epidemics or public health events of public health concern

Notifiable disease: disease that, by legal requirements, must be reported to the public health authorities

Public health authority: DOH (specifically the Epidemiology Bureau, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau,
Bureau of Quarantine and International Health Surveillance, Health Emergency Management Bureau, Food and
Drug Administration, government hospitals. Research Institute of Tropical Medicine and other National Reference
Laboratories, and DOH Regional Offices), the local health office (provincial, city or municipality), or any person
directly authorized to act on behalf of the DOH or the local health office;

COMMUNICABLE - An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises
DISEASE - transmission of that agent directly or indirectly to well person or its products from an infected person,
animal (vector) or inanimate reservoir (e.g. from a food source or contaminated water) to a susceptible
host
- Endogenous or Exogenous
2 TYPES
Contagious disease Infectious disease
- spread by direct contact w/ infectious agents - not only by ordinary contact
causing the disease - requires direct inoculation of organism through
- easily transmitted from 1 person to another a break on the skin or mucous membrane.
through direct or indirect means
CLASSIFICATIONS OF BASED ON OCCURRENCE
DISEASE SPORADIC ENDEMIC EPIDEMIC PANDEMIC
- Intermittent - Continuous - Occurrence is of - Epidemic disease
occurrence of few occurrence - unusually large # that occurs
isolated unrelated throughout a period of of cases in a worldwide
time, of usual number
cases in given relatively short - Simultaneous
of cases in a given
locality locality period of time occurrence of
- Disease occurs - Constantly present in epidemic of same
occasionally population, disease in several
irregularly, no community or country. countries
specific pattern
STD’s, diarrheal diseases, dengue fever, HIV-AIDS, MERS-COV,
Cancers, degenerative PTB, Influenza, different leptospirosis, mumps, SARS
types of pneumonia,,
diseases chicken pox, measles
Schistosomiasis, Malaria,
Filariasis

BASED ON SEVERITY/ DURATION

Acute Disease Chronic disease Sub-acute Disease Latent Disease
- Develops rapidly - Develops more - Intermediate - Causative agent remains
(rapid onset) but slowly but lasts between acute inactive for a time but then
lasts only a short for a long period and chronic becomes active to produce
time - Develops rapidly symptoms of the disease
and has long - an infection held in check by
duration the defensive forces of the
body but activated when
the body resistance is
reduced
Measles, Mumps, TB, Leprosy Bacterial endocarditis
Influenza Chicken pox- Shingles ZosteR

TYPES OF INFECTION RECURRENT REINFECTION SUPERINFECTION AUTOINFECTION

- REAPPEARANCE - after an initial infectious - During the - The infected
OF SYMPTOMS agent has been illness, person is his own
- after infectious eliminated, a NEW additional direct source of
disease has been infection occurs caused by infection occurs re-exposure
treated or - same organism or by by another
subsided another strain of same infectious agent Encephalitis
- renewed species
presence of same
infectious agent covid -19 reinfection of
different strands, influenza
PATTERN OF INFECTION INCUBATION PERIOD
(COURSE OF INFECTION - extends from entry
PROCESS) of microorganism
to body
- to onset of
nonspecific s/s
Body malaise,
headache, fever
CHAIN OF INFECTION 1. CAUSATIVE AGENT:
Infectious agent
MO THAT PRODUCES DISEASES
- Virus
- Bacteria
- Fungus
- Parasite
- Protozoa
Three factors
A. pathogenicity: ability to
produce disease
B. Degree of virulence:
severity or harmfulness
C. its invasiveness:
tendency to spread.
PRODROMAL PERIOD ILLNESS PERIOD CONVALSCENT PERIOD
- Extends from the - host experiences - manifestations
onset of maximum impact subside
nonspecific signs of infectious - S/S start to abate
and symptoms to process until the client
the appearance of - Specific signs and returns to normal
specific signs and symptoms develop state of health
and become
symptoms
evident For outpatient care
Koplik spots in measles
2. RESERVOIR 3. PORTAL OF EXIT
- principal habitat in which a pathogen lives, enables a pathogen to
flourishes and is able to multiply. - infectious leave the reservoir or
agents: humans, animals or insects, host
environment, inanimate objects (gloves,
handkerchief, tissue) RESPI, GUT, GIT, SKIN &
MUCOUS MEM.
2 forms in humans Key portals of exit
1) Acute clinical cases - someone is infected and Alimentary: vomiting,
is displaying s/s of dse - more likely to be
diagnosed and treated which means that the Diarrhea or biting
patient's contacts and normal activities will
normally be restricted Genitourinary: sexual
transmission
2) Carriers - where someone has been colonized
with an infectious agent but is not unwell; can Respiratory - through
present more of a risk to those around them coughing,
because they do not display any signs or
symptoms of illness Sneezing and talking
4 main types
1) Incubatory carriers - people who are Skin - via skin lesions;
infectious even before their own symptoms start
trans-placental - where
2) Inapparent carriers: able to transmit an transmission is from
infection to others, without ever developing the mother to fetus
infection themselves

3) Convalescent carriers - in the recovery phase

of their illness but who continue to be infectious

4) Chronic carriers - has recovered but who

continues to be a carrier for infection
4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
A. CONTACT
B. AIRBORNE
C. VEHICLE-BORNE
D. VECTOR- BORNE
E. TRANSPLACENTAL: AIDS, chicken
pox, german measles
2 main ways
direct transmission:
- instantaneous; direct contact
with the infectious agent.
Ex: tetanus, glandular fever,
respiratory diseases and sexually
transmitted diseases.
Indirect transmission
- through animate mechanisms
such as fleas, ticks, flies or
mosquitoes or via inanimate
mechanisms such as food, water,
biological products or surgical
instruments - can also be
airborne, in which tiny particles
of an infectious agent are carried
by dust or droplets in the air and
inhaled into the lungs
5. PORTAL OF ENTRY SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
- usually this path is as the same as - Final and most
port of exit important link in
chain of infection
- means by which an infection is - their age - and in
able to enter a susceptible host particular if they are
very young or very
- inhalation (via the respiratory old
tract)
- absorption (via mucous 1) whether there is any
membranes such as the eyes) presence of malnutrition
- ingestion (via the GI Tract)
or dehydration
- inoculation (as the result of an
inoculation injury)
- introduction (via the insertion of 2) whether there is any
medical devices) underlying chronic
disease if the host suffers
from immobility
3) if they are taking any
medication which could
disrupt or suppress their
immune response
4) if they received
immunization
 ANIBIOTIC

SENSITIVE: INTERMEDIATE: RESISTANT:

Organism is inhibited by the Org. are inhi CONTROL Bacteria is on the way to be
serum concentration of the drug MEASURES IN THE SPREAD OF resistant; org are resistant to the
that is achieved using usual INFECTION usually achievable serum drug.
dosage. bited only by the maximum
recommended dosage
CONTROL MEASURES Universal / standard precaution
IN THE SPREAD OF - Avoiding contact with the patient’s bodily fluids
INFECTION ➔ wearing gloves
➔ goggles
➔ face mask
➔ gown
➔ shoe cover.
- Medical instruments should be handled carefully and disposed properly in a sharps container
- Proper handwashing
- Considering all patients are infectious
- Standard precaution go beyond universal precaution regardless of diagnosis
- All personnel protective equipment shall be removed immediately upon leaving the work area.
➔ Used needles and other sharps shall not be sheared, bent, broken, recapped by hand.
- Eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics and handling contact lenses are prohibited
where there is potential occupational exposure.
➔ Food and drinks shall not be stored in refrigerators or cabinets where blood and other
potentially infectious materials are stored.
- All procedures involving blood shall be performed in such a manner as to minimize splashing
HISTORY CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
- Est. Jul 1, 1946 (Atlanta, Georgia US)
- Continued to advocate for public health issues & to push for CDC to extend its responsibilities to other
communicable diseases.
- Joseph Mountin: Founder
Edward Anthony Jenner: father of immunology
- producing the very 1st successful vaccine to prevent smallpox; founder of vaccinology in the West in 1796.
 CONCEPT OF IMMUNOLOGY
TERMINOLOGIES IMMUNITY: Body’s specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism

Immunology- a ➔ NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY (Nonspecific): Anatomic and Physiologic Barrier; WBC; Inflammation
division of biology o non-specific response to any foreign invader, regardless of the invader’s composition
concerned with the ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC DEFENSES
study of living 1.Intact skin and mucous membranes 6. Eyes:
organisms’ - Body’s first line of defense against - Protected from infection by TEARS which
exemption from microorganism continually wash microorganisms away
harmful agents - Has normal secretions (sweat) that make 7.Gastrointestinal Tract:
skin slightly acidic: Acidity inhibits bacterial - High acidity of the stomach: Normally
Susceptibility: growth prevents bacterial growth
reverse of immunity 2.Resident bacteria: - Resident flora of the large intestines:
and the result of the - Prevent other bacteria from multiplying and prevents the establishment of disease
suppression of use up available nourishment
factors that producing microorganism
3. Nasal Passages:
produces immunity 8. Vagina:
- Moist mucous membrane and cilia traps
- When girl reaches puberty, LACTOBACILLI
microorganism, dusts, foreign materials
Centers for Disease 4.Lungs: ferment sugars in the vaginal secretions
Control and - Have alveolar macrophages (large creating a vaginal pH of 3.5-4.5
Prevention July 1, phagocytes) which are cells that are - This low pH inhibits the growth of many
1946 in Atlanta, responsible to ingest microorganisms and disease-producing microorganisms
Georgia, United foreign particles. 9.Urethra:
States with CDC 5.Oral Cavity: - Urine: Flushing and bacteriostatic action
- Founder Dr. - Sheds mucosal epithelium to rid the mouth keeps bacteria from ascending
Joseph Mounti of colonizers
n - flow of saliva and it’s partially buffering
- continued to action help prevent infection
advocate for
public health
issues and to WBC: Participates both on the natural and acquired immune response
push for CDC to Granulocytes (Granular leukocytes) Agranulocytes
extend its A.Neutrophiles “Polymorphonuclear cells A.Monocytes (Macrophages)
responsibilities (PMN)” - phagocytic cells engulfing, ingesting,
to other - first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation and destroying greater numbers and
communicable quantities of foreign bodies or toxins
- Increased in ACUTE bacterial infection
diseases.
- publishes and B.Lymphocytes:
B.Eosinophiles
frequently - Consisting of B-cells and T-cells that play
- Increased during allergic and parasitic
updates major role in Humoral and Cell-
infections
guidelines on Mediated immune response
caring for
C.Basophiles
patients who - Increased in CHRONIC bacterial and
- Not usually affected by infection
require viral infections
isolation.

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
- Inflammation
- Is a local and nonspecific defensive FIVE CHARACTERISTIC SIGNS:
response of tissues to an injurious or Pain (Dolor)
infectious agent Swelling (Tumor)
- It is an adaptive mechanism that: Redness (Rubor)
- Destroys or dilutes the injurious agent Heat (Calor)
- Prevents further spread of injury Impaired function of the part
- Promotes the repair of damaged tissue
➔ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (Specific):
o Specific immunity develops after birth
o Acquired during life but not present at birth
o Occurs after exposure to an antigen like infectious agent
ACTIVE PASSIVE
- host produces its own antibodies in - Antibodies are produced by another
response to natural antigen source, animal or human.
- Immediate protection
ACTIVE NATURAL
- Recovery from a disease (mumps, PASSIVE NATURAL: 6 mos- 1 year protection
measles, chicken pox) - Transplacental transfer of antibodies
- Lifetime protection - Breastfeeding-colostrum
- Antibodies are formed in the presence - Transfer of IgA “gAtas, lAway, luhA”
of active infection (disease) in the body

ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL: 2-3 weeks protection

- Antigens (vaccines or toxoids) are
usually administered to the person to
stimulate antibody production
- All kinds of immunization
- Many years but not lifelong protection
LYMPHOCYTES
Antibody-Mediated Defenses (B-Cells) “Humoral
(Circulating Immunity)”
- defenses reside ultimately in the B
lymphocytes and are mediated by
antibodies produced by B cells
- Defend primarily against the extracellular
phases of bacterial and viral infections
B CELLS: ultimately responsible for the
production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and
for Humoral Immunity
Classes of Immunoglobulin
(Antibody-Mediated Immune Response)
Ig - most abundant immunoglobulin in
serum (80% of the total serum
immunoglobulins)
G - Relatively abundant extravascularly
(interstitial fluid)
- Crosses placenta (natural passive
immunity of newborn because it
crosses placental barrier)
- Assumes major roles in blood-
borne and tissue infections
- Enhances pha(G)ocytosis
- chief Ig in external secretions like
breastmilk, saliva, tears, and
mucus of the bronchial,
A genitourinary and digestive tracts
- major role in secretory immune
response
- protective function on mucosal
surfaces exposed to environment
transported across mucous
membrane with secretions
- largest (Malaki)of the
immunoglobulins and appears
mostly in the intravascular serum
M - rapid protection because it is the
first antibody noted after antigen
injection in an adult (1stIg class
produced in primary response to
bacterial & viral infections)
- First Ig to be synthesized by the
neonate
- Mediates the immediate
hypers(E)nsitivity reactions that are
- Immune serum (antibody) from an
animal or another human is injected
- Tetanus Ig, Gamma globulin
- Antitoxin, Antiserum Administration
Cell-Mediated Defenses (T-cells)
“Cellular Immunity”
- occurs through the T-cell system
- On exposure to antigen, the lymphoid
tissues release large numbers of activated T-
cells into the lymph system. These T-cells
pass into general circulation
- When Cell-Mediated Immunity is lost
(CD4), as occurs with HIV infection, an
individual is “defenseless” against most
viral, bacterial and fungal infection
Major Group of Tcells
(Cell Mediated Immune Response)
cytotoxic T cell
(TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer
cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T
cell)
- T lymphocyte (a type of white
blood cell) that kills cancer cells
- cells that are infected particularly
with viruses.
T helper cells (Th cells), CD4 cells
- role in adaptive immune system.
- help the activity of other immune
cells by releasing T cell cytokines
(help suppress or regulate
immune responses)
suppressor T cell
- blocks the actions of some other
types of lymphocytes, to keep the
immune system from becoming
over-active.
Memory T cells
- subset of infection- and cancer-
fighting T cells (also known as
a T lymphocyte) that have
previously encountered &
responded to their cognate
antigen
- first proliferated to fight the
infection.
- Location: lymphoid organs and
spleen
 E responsible for the symptoms of
hay fever, asthma and anaphylactic
shock
- Takes part in allergic; combats
parasitic infections.
- located on the surface of B
lymphocytes
D - surface receptors-reaction with
antigen influences lymphocyte
activity
- small amount in serum; biologic
function UNKNOWN.
IMMUNIZATION – IMMUNIZATION
EPI & Updates - vaccines are introduced into the body before the infection sets in.
- promotes health and protects children from disease-causing agents.
VACCINES
- causative agent of a disease so modified as to - These are always antigens, therefore they
be incapable of producing the disease yet at the always induce active immunity when
same time so little changed that it is able, when administered thereby causing the recipient’s
introduced into the body, to elicit production of immune system to react to the vaccine that
specific antibodies against the disease. produces antibodies to fight infection, and are
most useful in the prevention of disease
Expanded Program In cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF
on Immunization - to ensure that infants/children and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood
(EPI) vaccines.
JUL 1976: launched - Vaccination among infants and newborns (0-12 months) against seven vaccine-preventable diseases:
by DOH ➔ Tuberculosis
➔ Poliomyelitis
➔ Diphtheria
➔ Tetanus
➔ Pertussis
➔ Hepatitis
➔ measles.
- Presidential decree No. 996 (September 16, 1976).
➔ “Providing for compulsory basic immunization for infants and children below eight years of age.”
MANDATES
RA No. 10152 “Mandatory Infants and Children EPI Routine Schedule of Immunization:
Health Immunization Act of 2011” - Wednesday: designated immunization day in all
- Signed by President Benigno Aquino III parts of the country.
- July 26, 2010. - Monthly: in a Barangay Health Station (BHS) –
- basic immunization for children under 5 - Quarterly: in far flung areas
including other types that will be determined by
the Secretary of Health.
UPDATES
2012 - Rotavirus and Pneumococcal vaccines 2016 - the Expanded Program on Immunization had a
were introduced in the EPI. transition to become the National Immunization
➔ Immunization will be prioritized among Program (NIP).
the infants of families listed in the ➔ immunizations of other populations such as
National Housing and Targeting System senior citizen immunization, school-age
(NHTS) for Poverty Reduction immunization, and adolescent immunizations.
nationwide.
2018 - there are a total of 13 recommended
2014 - Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 vaccinations on the updated childhood immunization
➔ was included in the routine schedule
immunization of EPI ➔ for Filipino children, ages 0 to 18 years old.
➔ It's one less vaccine compared to last year's —
the dengue vaccine was removed
 CHILDHOOD
IMMUNIZATION
(2018) SCHED
BCG: 0-2 mons (up
to 6 mons)

The following vaccines are in the 2018 NIP: Recommended Vaccines

- BCG, monovalent Hep B - These are vaccines not included in the NIP
- Pentavalent vaccine (DTwP-Hib-HepB) - Recommended by the Philippines Pediatric Society
- bivalent OPV (PPS), Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the
- IPV Philippines (PIDSP) and the Philippine Foundation
- PCV for Vaccination (PFV).
- MMR
- MR
- Td
- HPV
VACCINES BCG: Baciilus At birth (w/in 1st 2 mons of 1 Protects from possibility of TB
- Age Calmette life) meningitis & other TB
- Number of Guerin infections
doses Can still be given up to 6mons
- Minimum At birth (NB > 2kgs w/in 24 1 Early start reduces the chance
interval bet. HBV hrs of life) of being infected and becoming
Doses carrier of hepa B
- Reason
Prevents liver cirrhosis & cancer

DTwP-HIB- 6 wks 3 4 wks/ 1 Against Diphteria, Pertussis,

HepB/ month Tetanus, Hepa B, Haemophilus
PENTAVALENT (6, 10. 14) Influenza Type B

IPV/ OPV 6 wks 3 4 wks/ 1 Against Polio

month
(6, 10, 14)
PCV 6 wks 3 4 wks/ 1 Against Pneumonia
month
(6, 10, 14)
ROTAVIRUS 6 wks 2 4 wks/ 1 Against Diarrhea
month
(2nd dose not
later than 32
wks)
INFLUENZA 6 mons 2 4 weeks Against flu viruses.
/1month

MCV1 9 months 1 Prevents death, malnutrition,

MEASLES (but may be given as early and protection from measles
as 6 months of age in cases
of outbreaks as declared
by public health
authorities)

JAPANESE 9 months 2 12-24 months Against Japanese Encephalitis

ENCEPHALITIS *(18yo & virus.
above -1
dose)
 MCV2 (MMR) 12 months 2 4 weeks Aagainst measles, mumps, and
MEASLES- /1month rubella virus.
MUMPS-
RUBELLA
Varicella 12 months 2 3 months Against chicken pox.
Vaccine (for children
13yo & above
– 4wks.)

Hepatitis A 12 months 2 6 mons Against Hepatitis A virus.

Vaccine (HAV)

Human 9 yo 9-14 yo: 2 >6months Prevent most genital warts and

Papilloma 15 & up: 3 >0, 2, & most cases of cervical cancer.
virus (HPV) 6months
Vaccine

Meningococcal 9 mons – baby 2 >8 weeks Against meningococcemia.

conjugated 11-12 yo >booster @
vaccine 16yo

Tetanus Toxoid
Immunization
Schedule for
Women

ADMINISTRATION

CHARACTERISTICS
 COLD CHAIN AND - Temperature monitoring of vaccines is done in all
LOGISTICS levels of health facilities to monitor vaccine
Public Health Nurse temperature.
(Cold Chain - Temperature checking is done twice a day early
Manager) in the morning and in the afternoon before going
home.
- Temperature is plotted every day in monitoring
chart to monitor break in cold chain.
Vaccine Wastage
- Wastage is defined as loss by use, decay, erosion
or leakage or through wastefulness
GENERAL - It is safe and immunologically effective to
PRINCIPLES administer all EPI vaccines on the same day at
IN VACCINATION different sites of the body.
- The vaccination schedule should not be
restarted from the beginning even if the interval
between doses exceeded the recommended
interval by months or year.
- Giving doses of a vaccine at less than the
recommended 4 weeks interval may lessen the
antibody response. Lengthening the interval
between doses of vaccines leads to higher
antibody levels.
- No extra doses must be given to children who
missed a dose of DPT/HB/OPV. The vaccination
must be continued as if no time had elapsed
between doses.
CONTRAINDICATION - Anaphylaxis or severe hypersensitivity reaction
TO IMMUNIZATION to a previous dose of vaccine is an absolute
contraindication to subsequent doses of vaccine
- Person with a known allergy to a vaccine
component should not be vaccinated.
- DPT2 or DPT3 is not given to a child who has
convulsions or shock within 3 days after DPT1.
Vaccines containing the whole cell pertussis
component should not be given to a children with
an evolving neurological disease (uncontrolled
epilepsy or progressive encephalopathy).
NOT - Allergy or asthma (except if there is a known
contraindication. allergy to a specific component of vaccine
Infants with these mentioned above)
conditions SHOULD - Minor respiratory tract infection
be immunized - Diarrhea / vomiting
- Temp. below 38.5 C / low grade fever
- Family history of adverse reaction following
immunization
- Family history of convulsions/seizures
- Known or suspected HIV infection with no signs
and symptoms of AIDS
- Child being breastfed
-
Vaccine can be stored in Refrigerator
- Regional – 6 months
- Municipal / City – 3 months
- Main Health Center – 1 month
Transport Box: 5 days
- FEFO (First expiry and first out) vaccine is
practiced to ensure that all vaccines are utilized
before its expiry date.
- Proper arrangement of vaccines and labelling of
vaccines expiry date are done to identify those
near to expire vaccines
- Do not give more than one dose of the same
vaccine to a child in one session. Give doses of
the same vaccine at the correct intervals.
- Strictly follow the principle of never, ever
reconstituting the freeze dried vaccine in
anything other than the diluent supplied with
them.
- If you are giving more than one vaccine, do not
use the same syringe/needle and do not use the
same arm or leg for more than one injection.
- Repeat BCG vaccination if the child does not
develop a scar after the first injection.
- It is safe and effective with mild side effects after
vaccination. Local reaction, fever, and systematic
symptoms can result as part of the normal
immune response.
- Do not give live vaccines like BCG to a individuals
who are immunosuppressed due to malignant
disease (child with AIDS), going therapy with
immunosuppressive agents or radiation.
- A child with a sign and symptoms of severe
dehydration
- Fever of 38.5 C and above
- Chronic illness such as diseases of heart, lung,
kidney or liver
- Stable neurological condition such as cerebral
palsy or Down’s Syndrome
- Premature or low birthweight (vaccination
should not be postponed)
- Recent or imminent surgery
- Malnutrition:
- History of jaundice at birth
>> Generally, one should be immunized unless the
child is so sick that he needs to be hospitalized.
>> Note: If parent strongly objects to an
immunization for a sick infant, do not give it. Ask the
mother to comeback when child is well.