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Gorfaynta Buugga Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity

Book · December 2019

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Hassan Mudane
Istanbul Ticaret University
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Baraarug Library

Cinwaanka Buugga: Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity

Qoraha: Mohmood Mamdani

Gorfeeyaha: Hassan Mudane

“Define and Rule” waa buug yar oo xiiso badan, kama badna 165 bog. Waxa uu xambaarsan yahay
aqoon macne leh oo ku saabsan sida gumeystaha Ingiriisku u xukumay Afrika. Mamdani, buuggiisan
wuxuu diiradda ku saarayaa taariikhda xukunka dadban iyo isbeddeladii ku yimid qorshaha xukun ee
gumeysiga.

Wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex cashar, oo uu qoraagu ka jeediyey jaamacadda Harvard, E.B Du
Bois. Saddexdaas qaybood waxay kala yihiin:
Qaybta aragtida,
qaybta hirgelinta iyo qaybta jawaabcelinta.

Qaybta Aragtida

Wixii ka dambeeyay sanadkii 1857, waxaa dhacay dhacdooyin taariikheed sida kacdoonkii askarta
Hindida (Sepoy Mutiny), tii “Murant Bay” ee sanadku markuu ahaa 1865 ka dhacday dalka Jameeka,
iyo kacdoonkii Mahdiga ee Suudaan. Dhacdooyinkaasi waxay gumeysiga Ingiriisku ku qasbeen in uu
wax weyn ka beddelo qorshahiisa maamul ee ku aaddan Hindiya iyo dalalkii kale ee uu
gumeysanaayey.

Sir Hendry Maine waa ninka keenay aragtida xukunka dadban, weliba sabab u ahaa in Ingiriisku uu
beddelo qorshahiisa ilbaxaynta (civilizing mission), kuna beddelo ilaalinta dhaqanka iyo diinta
(preservation to custom). Sidoo kale, wuxuu ka dhaadhiciyay in uu beddelo qorshahiisii koowaad ee
ahaa „toos u xukun‟ (Direct rule), una beddelo qorshaha ah „si dadban u xukun‟ (Indirect rule).

Maine, wuxuu deraasad ku sameeyay dadka Hindida ah isaga oo ka jawaabcelinaya dood ka dhex
socotay baarlamaanka Ingiriiska, taas oo ku saabsanayd sababta keentay dadka Hindida in ay diidaan
qorshaha ilbaxaynta? Wuxuu la yimid aragti ka jawaabaysa weyddiintaas, kuna dooday in farqi weyn u
dhexeeyo dadka Hindida iyo dadka reer galbeedka ah. Hindida, wuxuu yiri “waa dad noloshooda ay
qeexdo caado-dhaqan iyo dhul.” Sidaas darteed, Maine, wuxuu boqortooyada Ingiriisku u
soojeediyey in farogelin aysan ku samayn dhaqanka iyo xeerka dadkaas Hindida. Taa caksigeeda, waa
in qorshahiisii hore ee ahaa “dhaqanrogga madaxyaweynta” uu wax ka beddelo, lana yimaado
qorshaha dhowrista dhaqanka, xeerka iyo in uu toos ula macaamilo dadka caamada ah isaga oo u sii
maraya kaaba-qabiileedyadooda. Si kale u dhig, qorshaha ah in qabiil walba loo madaxbannaaneeyo
caado-dhaqameedkiisa, xeer-hoosaadkiisa iyo is-maamulkiisa.

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Nasiibdarro, qorshahani wuxuu dhaliyay in uu sii xoogaysto kaladduwanaanshaha qabiilka iyo

dhaqanka, weliba yeesho is- maamul- hoosaadyo tiro badan, mid kasta ku dhaqmaysa xeer dhaqan
iyada u gaar ah. Tani waxay caqabad weyn ku noqotay qaran-dhiska dalalka Afrika. Kaba sii daran,
wuxuu abuuray laba bulsho oo kala hayb ah: Mid sheeganaysa qabiil baaddiyo joog ah iyo mid kale
oo huwan haybta qaranka oo reer magaalaysan. (Fiiri maqaalka PP Ekeh, 1975).

Qaybta Hirgelinta

Kacdoonkii Mahdiga wuxuu Ingiriisku kaga jawaabay qorshaha qaybi oo xukun (Divide and Rule),
isaga oo dadka Suudaan u kalasaaray dhalad iyo marti (native and non-native). Gumeysigu, dhaladku
wuxuu ku qeexay qabiil dhul leh halka martiduna ka noqonayso kuwa aan dhul lahayn ama ku beel
ahayn qabiilka dhulka leh.

Gumeysiga Ingiriisku wuxuu ku guulaystay in uu cagta mariyo dhaqdhaqaaqii Mahdiga isaga oo

isticmaalaya xeesha ah marka hore qabiil qabiil u kala qeex ka dibna si dadban u xukun. Wuxuu ku
jabiyey Mahdiga, kana horkeenay qabaa‟ilkii deganaa dhulka Darfur, isaga oo u sheegay in iyagu
yihiin dadkii dhulka u dhashay halka kuwa kale yihiin marti. Si kale u dhig, ajnabi dhoof ku yimid.

Hirgelinta qorshahiisa xukunka dadban wuxuu u maray dhanka sharciga iyo maamulka. Waxaa ka
dhashay in dowladdii gumeysiga ay rumaysato laban arrin:

1. In qabiil walba uu leeyahay asal, caado-dhaqan iyo xeer isaga u gaar ah.
2. Sidaas darteed waa in qabiil walba uu dib ugu laabto asalkiisa (yacni dhulkiisa) iyo xeer-
dhaqankiisa.

Si uu taasi u xaqiijiyo, gumeystuhu wuxuu isticmaalay labada faktar ee kala ah midab iyo qabiil.
Labadaasi faktar waxay u sahleen in bulshadu u kalasooco: kuwa dhalad ah iyo kuwa aan ahayn.
Kuwa dhaladka ahi, wuxuu ka wadaa waa dadkii dhulka loogu yimid ee qabiilka iyo dhaqanka lahaa
halka kuwa midabka ahna uu ula jeedo carabta, hindida, yurubta iwm ee deganaa dhulka gumeysiga
gaar ahaan Afrika. Inta uusan qabiil iyo midab u kalasoocin dadkaas, wuxuu u isticmaalay aalladda
tirokoobka (census), Mamdani, aalladdani wuxuu ku sheegayaa in ay tahay tiknoolijiyaddii uu
gumeystuhu adeegsan jiray.

Jawaabcelinta

Qaabka gumeystuhu u sawiray taariikhda dadkii uu gumeysanaayay gaar ahaan Nayjeeriya waxaa ka
dhiidhiyey Yusuf Osman Bella. Wuxuu ka keenay dood-celin xoog badan, isaga oo ku dooday in
masawir-taariikheedka (Historiography) gumeystaha ee ku aaddan bulshada Nayjeeriya uu ka buuxo
qalloocin (biases) badan. Wuxuu kaloo ku andacooday sida tan “waa in la isticmaalaa deegaan marka
la rabo in la dhiso masawir-taariikheedka bulshada Nayjeeriya.” Waayo wuxuu rumaysnaa in qabiilku
uusan ahayn mid sal fadhiya leh, isbeddela, lana heli karo isaga oo ku dhisan deegaan ama dhul.

Marka laga soo tego jawaabta Yusuf Bella, dhanka siyaasadda waxaa Mamdani aktiisa halyeey ka ah Mwalimu
Julius Nyerere. Wuxuu ku sheegay in uu yahay hoggaamiyaha keliya ee ku guulaystay in uu cagta mariyo,
meeshana ka saaro xukunka dadban, sharciga, xeer maamulka qabiilka iyo tan haraadiga gumeysiga. Wuxuu si
nabdoon ugu guulaystay in uu dhiso muwaaddinnimo loo dhan yahay (common citizenship) iyo
kaladdambeyn sharci sarreyn ah (law-based order), isaga oo xididdada u siibay xeerarkii kaladduwanaa ee
gumeystuhu kaga tegay Tanzania, kaas oo dadka u kala faquuqaayay qabiil, reer reer iyo midab.

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Wuxuu Tanzania ka dhaqangeliyay hal nidaam sharci sarreyn ah (single-integrated legal structure),
kaas oo qeexaya muwaaddinnimada Tanzania in ay tahay mid ku bees gareysan dhul balse aan ku
abtirsan hayb qabiil iwm. Wuxuu u maray heshiiskii Arusha ee la ansixiyey 1967. Waa sababta
Nyerere u fududeysay in uu burburiyo dowlad-hoosaadyadii dhaqanka (native authorities) ee qabiilku
lahaayeen, isaga oo u adeegsaday barnaamijkii “Ujamaa.” Tani waxaa ka dhashay in hay‟adaha
dowladda iyo tan adeeg bixinta, labaduba ay si nabdoon ku gaaraan meyga, halkaasna lagagamaarmay
is-maamulkii qabiilka, dhaqanka iyo xeerka ee uu gumeystuhu barbaarinaayey in ka badan konton
sano.

***

Afka uu buuggu ku qoran yahay ma aha mid sahlan in la fahmo! Tani waa lagu yaqaanaa Mamdani,
waayo markaad akhriso buuggaagtiisa kale sida buugga “Citizen and Subject” ee uu soosaaray
sanadkii 1996, waad ogaanaysaa in uu yahay nin luuqad adag wax ku qora. Marka laga soo tego
luuqaddiisa kakan, waxaa ka sii daran sida aad ula qabsan karto isku xirka doodaha kale iyo tiisa. Ugu
yaraan waa ku wareereysaa! Iyada oo sidaas ah, haddana waxaan ku talinayaa in buuggan ay akhriyaan
ardayda jaamacadaha akhrisata, barayaasha jaamacadeed iyo madax kasta oo qaran oo ku han weyn in
ay noqdaan qaran-dhisayaal sida Mwalimu Julius Nyerere oo kale.

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