READING ASSIGNMENTS

DSP First, 2/e

 This Lecture:
 Chapter 2, Sections 2-1 and 2-2

LECTURE #1
 Chapter 1: Introduction
Sinusoids
 Appendix B: MATLAB

 Review Appendix A on Complex Numbers

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CONVERGING FIELDS COURSE OBJECTIVE

Math Physics  Students will be able to:

 Understand mathematical descriptions
p of
EE signal processing algorithms and express
p
CmpE g
those algorithms as computer
p
Computer
implementations (MATLAB)
Science Applications
pp
 What
Wh t are your objectives?
bj ti ?

BIO
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 4 Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 5
WHY USE DSP ? Fourier Everywhere
 Telecommunications
 Mathematical abstractions lead to
 Sound & Music
generalization and discovery of new  CDROM,
CDROM Digital Video
processing techniques  Fourier Optics
 X-ray
y Crystallography
y g p y
 Computer implementations are flexible  Protein Structure & DNA
 Computerized Tomography
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: MRI
 Applications provide a physical context  Radioastronomy
 Ref: Prestini, “The Evolution of Applied Harmonic Analysis”

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES TUNING FORK EXAMPLE

 Write general formula for a “sinusoidal”  CD-ROM demo

waveform, or signal  “A” is at 440 Hertz (Hz)
( )
 From the formula, plot the sinusoid versus  Waveform is a SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
time  Computer plot looks like a sine wave
 What’s a signal?
g  This should be the mathematical formula:
 It’s a function of time, x(t)
 in tthe
e mathematical
at e at ca sesense
se
A cos(2 ( 440)t   )
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TUNING FORK A-440 Waveform
SPEECH EXAMPLE
T  8.155  5.85
 More complicated signal (BAT.WAV)
 2.3 ms
 Waveform x(t)( ) is NOT a Sinusoid
 Theory will tell us
 x(t) is approximately a sum of sinusoids
Time (sec)
 FOURIER ANALYSIS
 Break x(t) into its sinusoidal components
f  1/ T
 Called the FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
 1000 / 2.3
 435 Hz
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Speech Signal: BAT DIGITIZE the WAVEFORM

 Nearly Periodic in Vowel Region  x[n] is a SAMPLED SINUSOID

 Period is (Approximately) T = 0.0065 sec  A list of numbers stored in memory
 Sample at 11,025 samples per second
 Called the SAMPLING RATE of the A/D
 Time between samples is
 1/11025 = 90.7 microsec
 Output via D/A hardware (at Fsamp)

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STORING DIGITAL SOUND SINES and COSINES

 x[n] is a SAMPLED SINUSOID  Always use the COSINE FORM

 A list of numbers stored in memory
 CD rate is 44,100 samples per second A cos((2 ( 440)t   )
 16-bit samples
 Stereo uses 2 channels  Sine is a special case:

sin( t )  cos( t  2 )
 N b off b
Number bytes ffor 1 minute
i iis
 2 X (16/8) X 60 X 44100 = 10.584 Mbytes

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SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL EXAMPLE of SINUSOID

A cos(( t   )  Given the Formula

5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
 FREQUENCY
 Radians/sec
  AMPLITUDE A  Make a plot
 Magnitude
 Hertz (cycles/sec)
  (2 ) f
 PERIOD (in sec)
1 2
 PHASE

T 
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 PLOTTING COSINE SIGNAL
PLOT COSINE SIGNAL from the FORMULA

5cos((0.3 t 12
. ) 5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
 Formula defines A, , and   Determine period:
T  2 /   2 / 0.3  20 / 3
A5  Determine a peak location by solving
  0.3 ( t   )  0  (0.3 t  1.2 )  0
 Zero crossing is T/4 before or after
  1.2
 Positive
P iti & NNegative
ti peaks
k spaced
dbby T/2
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PLOT the SINUSOID

5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
 Use T=20/3 and the peak location at t=-4

  203  

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