សត្រូវបងប្អូនឯង Brother Enemy

sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg
Nay:an; can;da
ERbsRmÜleday eTB em:gXan

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
ÉksarbkERbTI5énmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
X Nay:an; can;da ³ sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg
X ERbsRmÜlCaPasaExµreday eTB em:gXan BinitünigEksRmÜleday qaMg yu RkahViknigkMuBüÚrT½rkarIeday Kwm
X X
suvNÑdanI rcnaRkb nig tYesovePAeday qaMg yu nig Kwm suvNÑdanI e)aHBum<pSayelIkTI1 enAqñaM2006
X X X
rkSasiT§i
X
Translation Series No.5 X Documentation Center of Cambodia
X Nayan Chanda: Brother Enemy, Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
X Translated by Tep Meng Khean X Edited by Youk Chhang X Graphic by Kim Sovanndany X Cover and
Book design by Youk Chhang and Kim Sovanndany X Printed in Cambodia, 2007 X Copyright X
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
Searching for the truth.
Documentation Center of Cambodia
P.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel.: + 855 (23) 211-875
Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358
Email: dccam@online.com.kh
Homepage: www.dccam.org
DISCLAMER
The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.
TsSn³beBa©jenAkñúgesovePAenH KWrbs;GñkniBn§Etmñak;Kt;.
ISBN-10: 99950-6-08-6
lsxG-10³ 99950-6-08-6
ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-08-4
lsxG-13³ 978-99950-60-08-4
Printed in Cambodia
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Edr.
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Graham Aliband, Desaix Anderson, Alain et Michèle Archambault, Jan Austin, Dorothy
Avery, Jacques Beaumont, Elizabeth Becker, Stanley Bedlington, Madhu Bhaduri, Chanthou Boua,
Mohammed Bouabid, Lyall Breckon, Terry Breese, Richard Breeze, Fred Brown, Raymond
Burghardt, James Burnet, Timothy Carney, David Chandler, Parris Chang, Helen Chauncey,
Michael Chinoy, Kraisak Choonhavan, Evelyn Colbert, Shyamala Cowsik, Maryse Daviet, Patrice
et Brigitte de Beer, Philippe Devillers, Neelam Dhamija, Nguyen Huu Dong, Michael Eiland,
David Elliott, Donald Emmerson, Harold Evans, Philippe Franchini, John Girling, Banning
Garrett, Jim Gerrand, Tushar et Rajeshwari Ghose, William Gleysteen, Donald Gregg, Wang
Gungwu, Sandor Gyori, Harry Harding, Lilian Harris, Barbara Harvey, David Hawk, Bob
Hawkins, Hollis Hebbel, Stephen Heder, Bill et Peggy Herod, Murray et Linda Hiebert, Richard
Horne, Mario Iseppi, Raphael Iungerich, Stephen Johnson, Paul et Sophie Quinn-Judge, Jérôme
Kanapa, Stanley Karnow, Kasem Kasemiri, Henry Kenny, Donald Keyser, Ben Kiernan, Allen
Kitchens, Tommy Koh, Gabriel Kolko, Charles Lahiguera, Dennison Lane, James Lilley, Michael
Lombardo, Michel Lummoux, Steve Lyne, John MacAuliff, Jamie Mackie, A. Madhavan, Kishore
Mahbubani, Abdul Majid, Robert Manning, Glenn May, John McBeth, George McQuillen,
Charles Meyer, Atsuo Miyake, John Mohanco, Don Oberdorfer, Jean-Christophe Oberg, Bill
O’Malley, Roland-Pierre Paringaux, Arun Phanupong, Douglas Pike, Jonathan Pollack, Gareth
Porter, Mark Pratt, Kailash Puri, Ken Quinn, Dragoslav Rancic, Sean Randolph, K.
Ranganathan, David Reese, Philippe Richer, Robert Ross, Daniel Roussel, Malcolm Salmon,
Kernial Sandhu, Renji Sathiah, Turid Sato, Jean Sauvageot, Tonia Shand, Robert Shaplen, Frank
Sieverts, Amarjit et Bhagwant Singh, Pami Singh, Richard Solomon, Daniel Southerland, Simon
et Elise Spivak, Michel Strulovici, Roger Sullivan, Robert Sutter, Frank Tatu, CarlyleThayer,
Jerry Tinker, William Turley, Lorenzo et Adriana de Vignal, Sarasin Viraphol, Jusuf Wanandi,
Steve Wasserman, William Wilmott, Joseph Winder, William Wise, Leonard Woodcock, Maria
Zammit.
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kñúgsarB½t’manFM²rbs;BiPBelakdUcCakaEstjÚvy:kEfm (New York Times), kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×
(Washington Post), kaEstLWm:ug (Le Monde) nig LWm:ug DIbøÚm:aTik (Le Monde Diplomatique) CaedIm.
taMgBIqñaM1984 elak Nay:an; can;da )andwknaMkariyal½ycat;karrbs;TsSnavdþI esdækic©

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« »
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« »
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RBHGgÁ[eLIgRKgraCüvij. KµanGVImYyEdlminsMxan;cMeBaHRBHGgÁeLIy ³ RBHGgÁsresrbTvicarN
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53
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mnusSmñak;eQµaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsÁal;esaH
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km<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶TI13 Extula qñaM976. kñúgdMeNIrRtLb;BIRkúgjÚvy:kmkvij bnÞab;BIkar
ehaHehIrmYyEdleFVI[Gs;kmøaMg eGog sarI EdleTIbmkdl;nievsndæanrbs;Kat;enATIRkúgEbl®háad
(Belgrade) esÞIrEtminTan;RsYlbYlpg Rsab;Etelak Duysan háas):arI RbFannaykdæanGasuIénTIsþI
karRksYgkarbreTsyUehÁasøavI EdlCaGñkTak;TgsMxan;bMputrbs;Kat;enATIRkúgEbl®hÁad )anedIrcUl

mkkñúgbnÞb;TTYlePJóvedaybeBa©jTwkmuxKYr[xøac. háas):arI )anR)ab;dMNwgfa Ék]tþm¡ ´)anTTYl
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karENnaM[pþl;B½t’manR)ab;elakGMBIkarvivtþénsßankarN_cugeRkayenHenARbeTscin. rdæm®nþIkar
breTscineTIbnwgGHGagBIkarcab;xøÜnelakRsIcag Qij/ hSagCunCIv/ y:avviunyn; nig v:aghugevn BI
bTeFVIskmµPaBRbqaMgbkSnigrdæ . eRkaymk háas):arI )anerobrab;fa eBlenaHQam)anRcal
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RkhmeBjépÞmuxEdlRsLaMgkaMgrbs; sarI mYyrMeBc ³ eT¡ vaBuMGaceTACadUecñHeT GñkTaMgenaHsuT§Et

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CasmasPaBd¾l¥. sarI eBalrGU‘tic²edaysMeLgmYyEdleKsþab;swgEtminB¤ 1. »
taMgBIsrTrdUvqñaM1971 CakalbriecäTEdlKat;sßitenARkúgeb:kaMgkñúgzan³CatMNagbkSkumµúy
nIsþkm<úCaGmbkSkumµúynIsþcin sarI )ancgmitþPaBCamYyBYkr:aDIkal;CaeRcInnak;. BYkyuvCn nigGñk
EdlrIkrayxøaMg)ankøayeTACamnusSsMxan;enAsm½ybdivtþn_vb,Fm’d¾RcbUkRcbl;kñúgeBlEdl em:A
CMruj[BYkqµaMRkhm bM)ak;muxBYkvrCn rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþcin nige)assm¥atKuNvibtþiepSg²énlT§i
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esIerIniym. CaBiess y:av vuinyn; EdlCamitþd¾CitsñiT§bMputrbs; sarI. y:av CaGñkTietonxagGkSr

sa®sþénRkúgs‘agéhEdleKminsUvsÁal; )ankøayeTACasmaCikkariyal½yneya)ay enAqña1M 964.
Kat;manKMnitmincUlcitþ ¬s¥b;edaymindwgerOgGVI¦ cMeBaH semþc sIhnu dUcemdwknaMExµrRkhmEdr eday
BYkenHcat;TuksemþcCamnusS RbtikiriyataMgBIeCIgrhUtdl;k,al 2. cMeBaH sarI mitþPaBenHman
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sarsMxan;EmnETn BIeRBaHedayBit y:av manmuxnaTI dwknaMKN³kmµaFikarkic©karbreTsénKN³

mCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþcin. BYkemdwknaMExµrRkhmdwgfa TisedAeqVgRCúlrbs;xøÜnRtÚv)anFanaGHGag
edaykarKaMRTrbs;cin lÁwkNa y:av nigbkSBYkEdlmanKMnitdUcKña nwgenAEtsßitkñúgmuxtMENg.
GaRs½yehtuenH eTIbeRkayBIenaHbnþic sarI etagEtesuIb[dwgBIerOgcab;xøÜnbNþamitþPkþid¾
CitsñiT§ nigyuT§ikCnrbs;Kat;EdlekIteLIgBIréf¶eRkaykarecjdMeNIrrbs;Kat;BIRkúgeb:kaMgeTARkúg
jÚvy:k CaTIEdlKat;RtÚvEføgkarN_kñúg»kasmhasnñi)atRbcaMqñaMrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. kñúg
raRtIéf¶TI6 Extula qñaM1976 KWbIs)aþh_eRkaymrNPaBrbs;RbFan em:A kgÉkPaBeyaFaBiess
elx2341 EdldwknaMedayGtItGgÁrkSrbs; em:A KW v:agdugsuIg )aneFVIkarsRmúkcUlrh½sdUc
epøkbenÞaredIm,Icab;xøÜnRbBn§emm:ayrbs; em:A nig GñkCitsñiT§TaMgbIrbs;Kat;. eQµaHrbs;GñkTaMgenH
)anRtÚvdak;bBa©ÚledaybRgÜmEtmYykñúgsnÞanuRkmneya)ayrbs;cineRkamkarehAfa bn4nak; . « »
naykrdæm®nþIsþITI hVa KUehVg nigrdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTsesnaRbmux ey CanyIgEdlsuT§EtCaeCIgcas;

énbdivtþn_ )anerobcMRbtibtþikarmYyCamYy v:ag nigRtÜtBinitüedayxøÜnKat;pÞal; y:agehackarcat;
karrbs;Kat;eTAelIkarpþac;crnþGKÁisnIsRmab;sßanIy_TUrTsSn_Edr.
b:uEnþTaMgkñúg»kasénkarQb;sMctbIéf¶enATIRkúgeb:kaMg TaMgkñúgkarCYbBiPakSaenAGgÁkarsh
RbCaCatiCamYysmPaKIrbs;Kat;KW Cav hánhVa sarI BuMmankarsgS½ybnþicesaHeLIy nUvkarXubXit
k,t;enAeb:kaMg. BIréf¶munKat;cakecjBIRkúgjÚvy:keTAkan;TIRkúgEbl®háad Kat;RtÚv)anGeBa¢IjCa
ePJóvkitþiyscUlrYmBiFICb;elogmYyEdlerobcMeLIgeday Cav b:uEnþfVId,itEt Cav manTMnak;TMngd¾
CitsñiT§CamYyBYkr:aDIkal;k¾eday k¾Kat;KµaneRbIBakübBaäitbeBaäógBIerOgenaHEdr. PøamenaHdIenAeRkam
eCIg sarI hak;dUcCaRsutcuH.
enAkñúg»kasénkarsñak;GaRs½ycugeRkayrbs;Kat;enARbeTscin sarI BitCadwgtamry³
cagQIg fa BYkr:aDIkal;ElgmanP½BVsMNageTotehIy fVIebIBYkeKCamnusSCitsñiT§bMputnwg em:A Edl
eBlenaHCitsøab;eTAehIyk¾eday. bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs;elaknaykrdæm®nþI CU eGnLay enAEx
mkra qñaM1976 BYkeK)anRbwgERbgEsVgrkkarKaMRTBI em:A edIm,Ikm©at;kareLIgsñgtMENgrbs;
mnusSEdl CU KaMBarKWGñkRbtibtþiniym etg s‘avBIg. b:uEnþ R)akdNas; elakRbFan em:A mincg;[
cagQij nigRkúmrbs;nageLIgmkCMnYseLIy. KWehtuenHehIy)anCaKat;eRCIserIsm®nþIbkSmñak;
eQµaH hVa KUehVg EdleKsÁal;c,as;BIsmancitþeqVgniymrbs;Kat;[eFVICanaykrdæm®nþIsþITICaCagyk
hSag CunCav EdlCaGñkRTwsþIeqñImCageKrbs;BYkr:aDIkal;. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH hVa manmuxtMENg
Cardæm®nþIsnþisuxsaFarN³3. bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs; em:A Kat;)aneLIgzan³BIrRkWteTot ehIy)an
køayeTACaRbFanbkS. ExµrRkhm nig b:ul Bt CaBiess eGog sarI )antamBinitüemIldMeNIr
mantKñahUrEhénRBwtþikarN_TaMgLayenARbeTscinTaMgcitþRBÜy)armÖedayxøacERkgBYkenHmanTMenar
eTArkBYksþaMniym. munnwgcakecjBIPñMeBjeTAkan;RkúgjÚvy:kenAéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa sarI )anCYyRBag
eFVIlixitGbGrsaTrmYyepJICUnnaykrdæm®nþIsþITI hVa KUehVg kñúg»kasbuNüCatirbs;cinEdr. GVIEdl
mnusSmñak;eQµaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsÁal;esaH 85
manlkçN³sMxan;bMputKW sarlixitenH)anEføgsresIrbdivtþvb,Fm’nigrebobEdlbkSkumµúynIsþcin
seRmc)aneCaKC½ykñúgkarkemÞc esnaFikarRbqaMgsgÁmniym nigRbqaMgbdivtþrbs; lIv cavCI nig
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etg s‘avBIg . tamkarGHGagrebobminc,as;fa bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCanwgsVaKmn_ hVa edayeBjcitþ

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kñúgkrNIEdlKat;edIrtambnÞat;neya)ayrbs;RkúmbdivtþeqVgniym.
k¾b:uEnþvac,as;Nas;fa rdæRbharenARkúgeb:kaMgEdleFVI)anseRmcedayKµanbgðÚrQam)an
bNþal[mankarKitsµanTukCamunnUvkarbþÚrTismYyeTArksþaMniymvij ehIyRbEhlCamankarvil
RtLb;mkvijrbs; etg pgEdr EdlFøab;rgeRKaHBIkare)assm¥atcMnYnBIrdgrYcmkehIy. \riyabf
cEmøkxusBIFmµtarbs; sarI kñúgGMLúgCaeRcIns)þah_bnþbnÞab;mkeTot )anbgðaj[eXIjR)akdNas;
nUvkarRBÜy)armÖrbs;Kat;cMeBaHmuxkarrIkraldalénsßankarN_enARbeTscin. tamTIPñak;garB½t’man
rbs; rUm:anI nigcin)an[dwgfa eRkayBIkarQb;sMcty:agxøIenARbeTsrUm:anI nigyUehÁasøavI emdwknaM
ExµrRkhm)ancakecjBITIRkúgbu‘ykaer:s ¬rdæFanIRbeTsrUm:anI¦ enAéf¶TI16 Extula qñaM1976.
tmkeTot Rsab;Et)at;muxElgeXIj Tal;Et25éf¶eRkaymkeTot eTIbelcmuxKat;CafµIenARkúg
PñMeBj. tamFmµta Kat;RtÚvCiHynþehaHmYyeRKÓgrbs;Rkúmh‘un Tarom rbs;rUm:anI eq<aHmkRkúgeb:kaMg
sinCakEnøgEdlKat;RtÚvrg;caMeCIgynþehaHrbs;cin Edlr:ab;rgkarehaHehIrmkRkúgPñMeBj2eCIgkñúg
mYyEx. RKb;karQb;scM tenARbeTscin sarI EtgEtRtÚv)anTTYlenAGakasyandæanedayGnurdæm®nþI
karbreTsmñak;tamTmøab;dUcsBVdgCanic©. RbsinebIkarqøgkat;manry³eBlelIsBImYyéf¶ mansma
Cikkariyal½yneya)aymñak;CaGñkerobcMBiFICb;elogCakitþiysCUnKat;. karsEmþgnUvPaBrak;
Tak;TaMgenH suT§EtRtÚv)anRbkaspSayCasaFarN³ edayTIPñak;garB½t’mancinfµI. EtfaelIkenH TaMg
sarB½t’mancin TaMgsarB½t’mankm<úCa BuMmanelIkykmkniyayBITIkEnøgEdl sarI sßitenAeLIytaMgBI
karecjdMeNIrrbs;Kat;BITIRkúgb‘uykaer:s mk. enATIbMputviTüúRkúgPñMeBj)anRbkaspSayenA
éf¶TI12 Exvicäika qñaM1976fa Kat;eTIbnwg)anTTYlsartaMgBIÉkGKÁrdæTUtbreTsbInak;. esckþI
bBa¢ak;EdleFVIeLIgCapøÚvkarkñúgkarEtgtaMgrdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTs sun esn [eFVICardæm®nþIkarbreTssþI
TIrhUtdl;éf¶TI8 Exvicäika enaH sbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa sarI BuM)ancUlkan;tMENgrbs;Kat;vijeTmunkal
briecäTenH4.
etIKat;enAÉNa? CasMNYrEdl´sYrPriya eGog sarI KW eGog FIriT§ CaeRcInqñaMeRkaymk
eTot. yuvCnTaMgBIrnak;enH)anCYbKñaenAeBlEdlBYkeKsikSaenATIRkúg):arIs. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH
b:ul Bt )ancab;citþRsLaj;bgRsIrbs; FIriT§ KW exov bu:NÑarI EdlCanisSitenA):arIsEdr. minyUr
b:unµan bgb¥ÚnRsITaMgBIrRBmTaMgsVamIrbs;BYkeK)ankøayeTACaKUsVamIPriyad¾manGMNacbMput rbs;
RbeTsdUcEdl semþc sIhnu )anmanbnÞÚlfa bn4nak;énkm<úCa Edr. cemøIyd¾esaHkeRkaHrbs;
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FIriT§ cMeBaHsMNYrrbs;´ mansPaBhak;dUcCanagKµandwgGVIbnþicesaH. nagniyayfa elakeXIj

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ehIyfa BYkeyIgmñak;²rs;enAedayELkBIKña . B½t’manTaMgGs;EdleyIgmanbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa sarI

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)ansñak;enARbeTsciny:agehacNas;k¾bIs)aþh_Edr. karenAes¶óms¶at;rbs;sarB½t’mancin Gac

RtwmEtbkRsayfa enHCakarsñak;GaRs½ytaMgBIedImmkrbs;Kat;. eBjry³eBlenaH emdwknaMExµr
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regÁaHregÁIRbeTscin nigcaMTTYlBIBYkemdwknaMfµIrbs;cinnUvkarFanaGHGagfa mrNPaBrbs; em:A nigkar
e)assm¥atBYkr:aDIkal; nwgmineFVI[karKaMRTrbs;Rkúgeb:kaMgcMeBaHkm<úCaecaTCabBaðaeLIgvijeLIy.
karRBÜy)armÖrbs; sarI EdlsMGagelIehtuplmenaKmviC¢aKWBitCaRtwmRtÚvtamehtupl.
kñúgGMLúgry³eBl-RbEhldb;qñaM-Edlkt;smÁal;edaybdivtþn_vb,Fm’ kartsU‘edayGavuFenAkm<úCa
nigkarpusecjExµrRkhmenaH KWEpñkmenaKmviC¢amanPaBRbesIrelIseKTaMgGs;. etIRbeTskm<úCa
GacsgÇwmelIkarKaMRTrbs;RbeTscinmYy EdlGMNwHteTAkMBuglem¥ógeTAsþaMtaMgBImankarTat;ecal
édKUEpñkmenaKmviC¢arbs; sarI EdreT?. BYkemdwknaMExµrRkhmRtÚvEtbgðaj[eXIjedayqab;rh½s
fa cMeBaHerOgenH ³ plRbeyaCn_Cati)anTTYlrgplGaRkk;bnþicbnþÜcBIEpñkmenaKmviC¢a ehIyfa
bMNgRbqaMgrbs;cincMeBaHectnaepSg²rbs;evotNamnigkarerobcMTb;Tl;nwgBYksUevotmanTm¶n;
mYyy:agsem,ImCagxdak;lkçxNÐepSg²rbs;emdwknaMcinfµImkelIkm<úCarbs; b:ul Bt eTAeTot. mun
mYyqñaM mitþPaBcin-km<úCanwgRtÚvbBa¢ak;GHGagCafµI ehIyenATIbMput b:ul Bt EdlecjBIPaBGnamik
nwgerobcMCMhandMbUgelIqakGnþrCatirbs;Kat;enATIRkúgeb:kaMg.
karRBÜy)armÖenARkúgPñMeBj
kñúgdMeNIrRtLb;mkvijrbs;Kat; bNþashkarIrbs; sarI Edldk;Cab;edaykþIkgVl;)anRbjab;
Rbjal;epJIsarlixitGbGrsaTrmYycMeBaH hVa kñúg»kasénkarEtgtaMgrUbKat;CaRbFanbkSkumµúy
nIsþcin. PaKeRcInénbNþabkSCabgb¥ÚnenATUTaMgBiPBelakcUlcitþecosvagminbgðaj[eXIjesckþI
lem¥ógrbs;xøÜnkñúgCemøaHépÞkñúgrbs;cineT. BYkeK)anEføgsresIr hVa edayminelIkniyayBIBYk
r:aDIkal;EdlRtÚvdkhUtGMNaceLIy. b:uEnþ sRmab;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCavij GVIEdlkm<úCaRtÚvkarkar
KaMRTrbs;cin KWBitCamansarsMxan;esµIGayuCIvitkñúgry³eBlEdlGñkTaMgenH beNþay[karsgS½y
tictYcRKbdNþb;elIPkþIPaBrbs;eKcMeBaHBYkemdwknaMRkúgeb:kaMg. GaRs½yehtuenH sarlixitrbs;
emdwknaMkm<úCaBuMrYjranwgelIksresIry:agkk;ekþAcMeBaHRbFanbkScin Edl)anseRmceCaKC½y
kñúgkar kemÞcRkúmRbqaMgbkS nigRbqaMgbdivtþn_énbn4nak; eLIy. enHCakarbþÚrKMnitPøam²d¾KYr[
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cEmøkedayehtufa munenHmindl;mYyExpg sarlixitdMbUgmYyrbs;RkúgPñMeBj )anGHGagnUvkarKaMRT

rbs;xøÜncMeBaH BYkmnusSTaMgenaH EdlcinsnµtfaCaGñkRbqaMgbdivtþn_>>>.
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edayRbwgERbgeFVI[Rkúgeb:kaMgkk;ekþAkñúgcitþGMBIkarpþac;sm<n§PaBCasßaBrrbs;BYkemdwknaM
km<úCaCamYy bn4nak; rYcehIy b:ul Bt yl;eXIjy:agc,as;cMeBaHdMNwgcugeRkayepSg² Edl
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manRbPBmkBIRbeTscinfa RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;xøaMgNas; enAeBlEdleFVIkarpSBVpSaykñúgRbeTs

eTaHCaKYrdl;kalk¾eday. KµanbBaðaRBman[dwgBIKMnitminsmehtuplTaMgLaycMeBaHGñkenAkñúgbkS
i m (Radicalisme)
Edlvaytémøfa b:lu Bt nig eGog sarI eFVGI ²IV RCúlhYskñgú RbB½nn§ eya)aymUlvivdþny
eLIy. sarlixitEdlepJICUn hVa KUehVg BuMRtÚv)anpSBVpSaytamviTüú PñMeBjEdlCaRbPBpþl;B½t’man
EtmYyKt;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlrs;enAray):aytamCMrMRbmUlpþúMeFVIkargarnananigenAdac;q¶ayKña
BImYyeTAmYypgeT. ticCagmYys)aþh_munkarmkdl;rbs;KN³RbtiPUkaEstcinmYyRkúm eTIbviTüú
PñMeBj)anpSayenAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1976 [Gñksþab;rbs;xøÜndwgBIkarEtgtaMg hVa kñúgmuxtMENg
nigkarcab;xøÜn bn4nak; . dMNwgRtÚv)anpSay edayKµaneFVIkarbBa¢ak;GMBIGtþsBaØaNénbNþa
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smaCikrbs; bn enHbnþicesaHeLIy TaMgminniyay[dwgBIRbePTénbT]Rkidærbs;GñkTaMgenaHpg.

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edayKab;CYn KN³RbtiPUesdækic©nigBaNiC¢kmµmYyrbs;km<úCa)ansñak;GaRs½yenARbeTs
cinEdr kñúgeBlEdlmankarruHerIfñak;dwknaMrbs;cind¾KYr[cg;dwgenH. KN³RbtiPUkm<úCa)anTTYlBIm©as;
pÞHnUvkarGHGagfa Rkúgeb:kaMgnwgenAEtCamitþd¾Tukcitþmñak;rbs;rdæaPi)al nigRbCaCnkm<úCaRbCaFib
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etyüCanic©kal 5. k¾b:uEnþ lT§plGviC¢manEdleKminGacRbmaNdwgmunkñúgkar bt;eTAsþaM Edl

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cab;epþImedayRbeTscinmkelIkRmiténCMnYyrbs;xøÜnmk[km<úCa ehIyelIsBIenHeTot mkelIpøÚvcitþ

rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa )aneFVI[ b:ul Bt RBÜy)armÖy:agCak;c,as;. GMNwHteTAenARKb;kal³eTs³
km<úCaEtgEteRkInrMB£k[RbeTscindwgfa smiT§plrbs;bdivtþn_vb,Fm’niyaymü:ageTotKWviFankar
eqVgRCúlhYsehtuTaMgb:unµan EdlcinRbkan;ykenAcenøaHqñaM1966 nig1971 RtÚvEtkarBar[)an
nigBRgIkEfmeTot ehIyfa kartsU‘vNÑ³)anbgábegáItCa kgRcvak;mYy EdlnaMeTArklT§plcug
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eRkay kñúgkarksagRbeTspgEdr. enAéf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM1976 kñúg»kasCb;elogmYyCakitþiys

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dl;KN³RbtiPUénTIPñak;garB½t’mancinfµIenARkúgPñMeBj h‘U nwm rdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’man)anEføgsresIr

cMeBaHkarbMpaø j[sabsUnünUv bn4nak; b:Eu nþKat;)anniyayTukCamunfa RbCaCncin nwgminbeNþay
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[lT§iesIrIniym b¤vNÑ³mUlFnniymegIbk,aleLIgvij)aneLIy . enHCaRbeyaKsEmþg[eXIj

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EfmeTotnUvkarRBÜy)armÖmYyCagkareCOCak;BitR)akdmYy.
karraErkrbs;cin
tamkarBit etIKN³dwknaMcinyl;eXIjBIExµrRkhmy:agdUcemþcxøH?. ebIvinicä½yerOgenH tam
ry³esckþIEføgkarN_epSg²rbs;KN³RbtiPUcinEdlmkeFVITsSnkic©CapøÚvkarenARkúgPñMeBj kñúgExFñÚ
KWkarKaMRTrbs;cinmanlkçN³eBjeljelIkElgEtkares¶IcsresIredayeFVImindwgy:agKYrsmnUv
karniyaybBaäitbeBaäógrbs;km<úCacMeBaHkarbnþCacaM)ac;nUvkartsU‘vNÑ³enARbeTscin. mü:ageTot
KN³RbtiPUcink¾BuM)anGHGagnUvkarKaMRTrbs;xøÜncMeBaH kartsU‘rbs;km<úCa edIm,IkarBarÉkraCü nig
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bUrNPaBTwkdIrbs;xøÜn Edr ebIniyaytamrebobminsUveGonxµasKWcinminKaMRT kartsU‘rbs;km<úCa

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RbqaMgnwgevotNam eLIy. karraErkcitþenH EdlCMruj[mankarCECkxusRtÚvmYyxagmenaKmviCa¢

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nigpþl;nUvkarKaMRTmYy eTaHCalYclak;k¾eday k¾mYycMENkRbEhlGac[eKkat;yl;faenHCakar

TUnµanmYykuM[eRCótERCkneya)ayépÞkñúgrbs;cinEdr. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAeBlRtLb;mkBI
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R)ab;ÉkGKÁrdæTUtrUm:anIRbcaMRkúgeb:kaMgnUvkarminGbGrrbs;Kat;Casm¶at;fa BYkeK¬ExµrRkhm¦)an
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rbs;km<úCa. mas RbEhlCadwgxøÜnfa Kat;RtÚvEtRbjab;cUleFVIskmµPaBCabnÞan;. edayBit enA
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kñúgsunÞrkfarbs;Kat;EdlEføgenAGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAExtula qñaM1976 eGog sarI BuMlak;
elomnUvkarkt;smÁal;d¾CUrct;CaeRcIncMeBaHRbeTsevotNam edayminbeBa©jeQµaHeLIy EdlGac
raMgramin[RbeTsenHesñIsuMcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarGnþrCati)an. eKdwgfa karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar
shRbCaCatirbs;evotNam)anRtÚvraMgxÞb;edaykare)aHeqñatev:tU (Veto) rbs;GaemrikaMg [ev:tU Ca
BaküLataMgmann½yfa ĆMTas;. CasiT§i b¤GMNacBiessEdlpþl;[smaCikGcié®nþy_ énRkúmRbwkSa
snþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCatiR)aMRbeTsKW Gaemrik )araMg Gg;eKøs rusSúI nigcin EdlGnuBaØat[
smaCiknImYy²CMTas;RKb;bBaðaTaMgGs;. kñúgcMeNamsmaCikTaMgR)aM ebImansmaCikNamYyCMTas;
KWbBaðamYyenaHRtÚveKcat;TukCaemaX³-kMNt;rbs;GñkbkERb]. éf¶TI28 Extula qñaM1976 eday
sarI Gvtþman rdæm®nþITI1sþITI sun esn )anTTYlCYbÉkGKÁrdæTUt )a kñúgry³eBlCagBIrem:ag.
xøwmsarénkarCYbsnÞnaKñaenAEtsßitkñúgPaBsm¶at; b:uEnþbriyakasénkarCYbKñaRtÚv)anvaytémø
edayviTüúPñMeBjfa mansPaBrak;Tak;nigsñiT§sñal 16.
« »
bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa manesckþIkøahankñúgkarbBa¢ÚnKN³RbtiPUGñksarB½t’manmYyRkúmmanKña
7nak; eTAcUlrYmmhasnñ)i atbkSelIkTI4rbs;bkSkumy úµ nIseþ votNamEdlebIkeFVeI nABak;kNþalExFñÚ
qñaM1976. RbtiPU)anBaMnaMnUvsarlixitGbGrsaTrmYyrbs;GgÁkarbdivtþn_ ¬eQµaHEdleRbIR)as;
edayGgÁkarbdivtþkm<úCa rhUtdl;karecjmuxCabkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEtmþg¦ ehIykarepJIlixitenH KW
kñúgbMNgEfrkSarUbPaBeRkAénTMnak;TMngCaRbRktIrvagbkSTaMgBIr. cMeBaH karGbGrsaTrd¾kk;ekþA
«
bMptu EdlRkúgPñeM BjepJCI nU bkSkumy

» úµ nIseþ votNammanbEnßmnUvkarrMBk£ BIGtßPi aBén samKÁPI aBbdivtþ
«
mYy nigmitþPaBCabgb¥ÚnsßitesßryUrGEgVgmYyEdlbkSTaMgBIrFøab;lt;dMkñúgePøIgénkarts‘Ubdivtþn_ 17 »
pg. GtßbTénsarlixitenH )anRtÚve)aHBum<pSayedayRkúghaNUy b:uEnþ viTüúPñMeBj)anseRmcmin

pSaysarlixitenHeLIy. enAeBlEdlGñkmansmancitþnwgevotNam RtÚv)antamdanRbkit²eday
BYkPñak;garsnþisux b:ul Bt vamuxCanwgeFVI[ekItmankarRcbUkRcbl;kñúgCYrrbs;xøÜnminxan.
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evotNamcab;epþImmnÞilsgS½ynUverOgr:avxøHEdlekItmankñúgépÞbkSkumµúynIsþrbs;km<úCaeday
mindwgCaerOgGVIBitR)akdeLIy. rdæm®nþITI1 paM v:an;dug Edl)anCYbsnÞnaCaÉkCnCamYyePJóvCatiéf
mñak;enAcugqñaM1976 )anCRmab[dwgnUvkarRBÜy)armÖy:agxøaMgcMeBaHeCaKvasna EdleRtómbRmúg
sRmab; bNþamitþPkþikm<úCa xøHrbs;Kat;. GtItGñkkarTUtkm<úCamYycMnYntUc EdlCasmaCikrdæaPi)al
« »
tsU‘dwknaMeday semþc sIhnu )anepJIsMbuRtCaeRcInmk[mitþPkþiTaMgLayenARkúghaNUymunnwgeLIg

ynþehaHeFVIdMeNIrBIRkúgeb:kaMgmkkan;RkúgPñMeBj. taMgBIenaHmk KµanGñkNamñak;)anTTYldMNwgBI
GñkTaMgenaHesaH18.
etIRkúghaNUyvaytémøTMhMénkare)assm¥atenAkm<úCaedayc,as;las;EdreT? Bi)aknwg
niyayNas;. b:uEnþvaR)akdNas;fa evotNamBitCaRtÚvpþl;B½t’man[dwgBICemøaHepSg² EdleFVI[
bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEbk)ak;Kña. enAedImExmIna qñaM1977 GñkkarTUtevotNammñak;RbcaMenARkúg
evogc½nÞ¬rdæFanIRbeTsLav¦ )anrMB£kR)ab;enAmux´BI karRbQmmuxy:agF¶n;F¶r rvagRkúmmnusSEdl
« »
Kat;ehAfa BYksñiT§ em:A-b:ul Bt cMtY100PaKry nigGñkRbkan; maK’aRtwmRtÚv . maK’aRtwmRtÚvEp¥k

« » « »
elIkarTamTar[manmitþPaBCamYyevotNam. Kat;emIleXIjfa enATIbBa©b;maK’aRtwmRtÚvnwgelc

«
ecjRbkbedayC½yCmñH BIkarvivaTenaH. KWRkúmRbkan;maKa’RtwmRtÚvenHehIyEdl dug Kitdl;enA

»
eBlEdlKat;TmøayR)ab;ePJóvCatiéfBIesckþIsgÇwmrbs;Kat;EdleXIjelceLIgnUv GñkbdivtþBit²
« »
enAkm<úCa. RtÚvelIkTwkcitþedayesckþIsgÇwmenH RkúghaNUy)anbeBa©jb£kEkøgCaGñkCitxagl¥

edayxMRbwgRbqaMgnwg b:ul Bt y:agxøaMg. RbEhlCanwk)armÖcMeBaHkarrIkraldalénneya)ayépÞ
kñúgrbs;km<úCaenaHehIy )anCaevotNamxMRbwgy:agGs;BIcitþBIeføIm edIm,IeFVI[RsbnwgcMNg;cMNUl
citþrbs;emdwknaMExµrRkhm. CaBiessevotNamseRmccitþminbegáItelsbEnßmepSg²cMeBaHkar
Føak;cuHénTMnak;TMngCa]PetaPaKInigPaBÉekaénbNþamitþRkúghaNUy ¬ExµrmkBIevotNamxageCIg¦
kñúgépÞbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaeLIy. edIm,ICaskçIkmµénsamKÁIPaB KN³RbtiPU®sþIevotNammYyRkúm
)anRtÚvbBa¢ÚnmkRkúgPñMeBjenAedImExkumÖ³ qñaM1977. éf¶TI15 ExdEdlGnurdæm®nþIkarbreTs h½g
v:an;L k¾eFVIdMeNIrmkkan;rdæFanIExµredIm,IeFVITsSnkic©BIréf¶Edr EtBuMmankarRbkaspSayCasaFarN³
eT. Kat;manebskkmµy:agsMxan;bMput KWbBa©úHbBa©Úlkm<úCa[cUlrYmsnñisITkMBUl\NÐÚcinmYyenAeBl
xagmux. edIm,IeFVI[briyakasmansgÇwmeLIgvij L )anesñI[manshRbtibtþikarCafµIedayKµan
lkçxNÐkñúgkarbBa¢ÚneTARbeTsCativijnUvRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;Edl)anePosxøÜneTARbeTsevotNam
kalBIbnu: aµ nExcugeRkayfµ²I enH19. kñgú krNICaeRcIn Rbtibtþki arenHEbrCamanlT§pl edaykarKitKUr
rksuIxagpøÚvCMnYjy:agKYr[Gam:as;eTAvij. GaRs½yehtuenH enAedImqñaM1977 BYkGaCJaFrtam
bNþaextþrbs;evotNam )anGnuBaØat[ExµrRkhmeFVIkaredaHdUrGñkePosxøÜnEssibR)aMbYnnak;BICMrM
m:ukv:a edaybþÚrnwgstVeKaCaeRcInk,al elImUldæaneKamYyk,aldUrmnusSmñak;20.
km<úCa)anRcanecalKMnitsþIBIsnñisITkMBUlTaMgGs;. sMeNIenHelceLIghak;dUcCakarsEmþg
bEnßmmYyénectnarbs;evotNam EdlenAEtcg;dak;\NÐÚcin[sßitenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;xøÜn.
enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1976 RkúgPñMeBj)anbeBa©jRbtikmµedayRby½tñRbEygenAeBlEdlRkúghaNUy
elIkykmkniyayBI TMnak;TMngBiess EdlkMBugcgP¢ab;RbeTsevotNam nigLav. enAExFñÚ qñaM
« »
1976 karRby½tñRbEygenH)anERbkøayeTACakarRBÜy)armÖvijenAeBlEdlvabgðajfa eKaledA

yUrGEgVgrbs;evotNamKWbegáIt[mancMNgTak;Tgd¾CitsñiT§nigCaGcié®nþy_CamYyRbeTskm<úCa.
esckþIseRmccitþcugeRkayrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþevotNam)ansgát;bBa¢ak;fa RbeTsevotNamR)afña
«karBarnigBRgIkTMnak;TMngBiessrbs;xøÜnCamYyRbCaCnLav nigkm<úCaCabgb¥Ún BRgwgyuT§samKÁIPaB
kareCOTukcitþeTAvijeTAmk shRbtibtþikaryUrGEgVgnigkarCYy]btßmÖKñaeTAvijeTAmkelIRKb;
vis½y>>> edIm,InwgeFVI[RbCaCnTaMgbIEdlkalBIedImFøab;rYbrYmKñakñúgkartsU‘rMedaHCati manlT§PaBcab;BI
eBlenHeTAkñúgkarsßabnanigkarkarBarRbeTserog²xøÜnCanic©nirnþr_ CaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;ÉkraCüPaB
nigPaBfáúMefáIgrugerOgrbs;RbeTsnImYy²EfmeTot 21.
»
db;ExeRkaymkkare)assm¥atCabnþbnÞab;Edlcab;epþImeFVIenAExkBaØa 1976 )anbNþal[

mankarkemÞckmµaPi)albdivtþn_CaeRcInrynak; ehIyCaBiess)anBRgwgkarRtÜtRtarbs; b:ul Bt
elIk,alm:asuIndwknaMbkSEfmeTot. RbEhlenAcugExmIna qñaM1977 cab;epþImelceLIgnUvrbob
bkRsayrbs;km<úCaGMBI karseRmccitþpþac;RBR½t edIm,IttaMgnwgkarKMramkMEhgrbs;evotNam.
« »
tamRbEhl b:ul Bt )anseRmcbBa©b;bBaðaenHCamYynwgkarRbDiteLIgnUvTMnak;TMngCaGñkCitxagl¥

CamYyevotNam. mYyEpñkKWdl;eBlevlaEdlRtÚvcat;karedIm,Ikm©at;GaNikCnevotNamenAkm<úCa
TaMgRsug ehIymYyEpñkeTotKWeFVIkarvaylukRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNamEtmþg.
rs; saerOn ynþkarImñak;EdlenArs;ranCIvitBIbNþaqñaMd¾exµAggwténrbb b:ul Bt enAnwkeXIj
y:agc,as;BIéf¶mYyenaHnaedImExemsa qñaM1977 enA]dugÁextþkMBg;s<W. eBlenaHKat;enAQrkñúgmnÞIr
rbs;RbFanRsukExµrRkhmedayrg;caMkarmkdl;rbs;Kat;edIm,Idak;CUnbBa¢IrfynþEdlxUc[Kat;Binitü.
saerOn )aneXIjenAelItueFVIkarnUvlixitmYymancuHkalbriecäTéf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM1977 Edlman
sresrcarfa ³ mtiENnaMrbs;KN³870 . enACMnan;enaH saerOn Kµandwgfa elx 870 Caelx
« » « »
sm¶at;rbs;KN³mCÄimbkSd¾manGMNacbMputKWGgÁkard¾Gaf’kM)aMgenaHeT. b:uEnþ esckþIkñúgsMbuRtenaH

manlkçN³KYr[P½yrn§t;bMput ³ CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;kñúgtMbn;RBmTaMgCnCatiExµr Edlniyay
PasaevotNam b¤EdlmanmitþPkþiCaevotNamRtÚvEtcab;bBa¢ÚnxøÜneTA[Epñksnþisuxrbs;rdæ. saerOn
enAEtQresÞrI EtrwgxønÜ kñgú TIenaH. CakUnkMRBa Kat;RtÚv)anciBa©mw bI)ac;edaym©as;yandæanCatievotNam
mñak;enARkúgPñMeBj. mü:ageTot Kat;ecHniyayPasaevotNamnig)anerobkarCamYy®sþIevotNam
mñak;pg. sMNagl¥ kñúgshkrN_EdlGñkTaMgBIrrs;enAKµanGñkNamñak;)andwgBIsavtarrbs;Kat;
eLIy. saerOn CYsCulLanhSúIb (Jeep) rbs;KN³Rsuk rYck¾Rbjab;Rbjal;RtLb;mkpÞHvij
PøamedIm,IR)ab;dMNwg[RbBn§Kat;dwg. b:uEnþnag)andwgerOgenHrYceTAehIy. ®sþIevotNammñak;kñúgPUmi
eTIbEtRtÚvsmøab;edayExµrRkhmvaynwgdMbg ehIyykeTAkb;enAxageRkAPUmiy:agRtwmRtÚv. éf¶mun
bþIrbs;®sþIenaH)anRtÚvExµrRkhmbBa¢Ún[eTAkab;eQIenAkñúgéRB. CaeRcInéf¶eRkaymk eBlKat;RtLb;
mkvijeXIjpÞHenATeTs¥at. GñkCitxagEdlRtÚveFVI[)ak;s,at)anbiTmat;enAes¶óm ehIyxMeKcBI
Kat;EfmeTot. edayEsVgrkRbBn§enATICitxagCuMvijPUmi Kat;)anrkeXIjGMeBIsahavéRBépSenH KW
Kat;eXIjédmçagelcecjBIpñÚrmYyEdleKeTIbnwgkaylubfµI². Kat;sÁal;PinPaKédenH edayKµan
lM)ak. enAsl;EtsMNYrmYyEdlKµancemøIyfa ³ ehtuGVI?22. cab;taMgBIExmIna kñúgeKaledAeRtóm
Tb;Tl;nwgkarb:HTgÁicedayGavuFCamYyevotNam kgÉkPaBT½BCaeRcInrbs;PUmiPaKbUB’a )anRtÚv[
Qb;bMeBjParkic©bgábegáInpl edIm,IerobcMxøÜneTAsmrPUmivij. kñúgraRtIéf¶TI30 Exemsa qñaM1977
ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImvayqµk;CabnþbnÞab;eTAelIPUmi nigXuMnanarbs;extþGany:agkñúgEdndIsNþTenø
emKgÁeday)aj;smøab;GñkPUmi nigdutpÞHsEm,gGs;y:ageRcIn. karvayRbhareTAelIXuMTijebon
EtmYy )aneFVI[RbCaCnsuIvilrgeRKaHRbEhl100nak;. mYyqñaMeRkaymk eK)anGnuBaØat[
´¬GñkniBn§¦eFVId¿eNIreTAkan;Tijebon EdlBIeBlenHeTA)anERbkøayCaTIRkúgexµaceTAehIy CakEnøg
Edl´Gacsþab;nUverOgniTanepSg²rbs;GñkEdlrYcputBIeRKaHP½yénraRtIéf¶TI30 Exemsa Edl
bNþal[manvinaskmµy:agexøacpSaenaH. tamkarBit km<úCa)ancab;epþImeFVIkarvayqµk;dMbUg²rbs;
xøÜntaMgBIExmkra qñaM1977emø:H. b:uEnþkarvayqµk;rbs;ExµrRkhmenAéf¶TI30 Exemsa d¾vinashin
ehacenH KWBYkeKcg;eRCIserIsykéf¶ExCanimitþrUbmYy. éf¶enaHKWCaéf¶énkarR)arB§BiFIbuNüxYbqñaM
TIBIrén karrMedaHevotNamxagt,Úg ¬30 emsa 1975¦ nigmYyéf¶mun éf¶buNüTI1 ]sPa EdlCa
« »
TivaGnþrCatiénsamKÁIPaBrvagBlkrTUTaMgBiPBelak.
haNUysgÇwmelIeCaKC½yrbs; etg
enAeBlEdlm:asuInTUrGgÁúlIelx (Téléscripteur) KWm:asIunGgÁúlIelxsRmab;kt;GkSrEdleKbBa¢Ún
mkBIcm¶ay énTIsþIkarRksYgkarbreTslan;sñÚreLIg edIm,IpSay[dwgCasaFarN³BImrNPaBrbs;
em:A RkúghaNUy)anEckrMElkesµIKñarvagkarrg;caM nigkarsb,ayrIkray. taMgBIeRcInExmkehIy²
edayBittaMgBImrNPaBrbs; CU eGnLay enAExmkra qñaM1976 B½t’manepSg²EdlelcecjmkBI
Rkúgeb:kaMg)an[dwgBIkarekIneLIgnUvkartsU‘edIm,IGMNac nigkarceRmIneTAmuxénBYkr:aDIkal;Edl
RbQmmuxdak;Kña RbsinCamankartTl;KñaEmnETn. mrNPaBrbs; em:A CasñÚrCYgmrN³sRmab;BYk
eqVgniymEmnb¤? eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾RkúghaNUymansgÇwmBIerOgenHEdr. edIm,IkuM[»kas
mYyknøgeTAedayxVHPaBesµaHsµ½RKkñúgTMnak;TMngEdlmansPaBtantwgbMput rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr
evotNam)anbBa¢ÚnkRmgpáarYmmrNTukçy:ageRcIn eTAkan;Rkúgeb:kaMgtamynþehaHBiessmYy
eRKÓg. kariyal½yneya)ayénbkSkumµúynIsþevotNamTaMgmUl b¤swgEtTaMgGs;)anNat;CYbKña
kñúgGKarmYy Edlmanrcnab½TµrebobCaRBHvihar EdlbeRmICasßanTUtrbs;cinRbcaMRkúghaNUy
edIm,IcuHhtßelxakñúgesovePAcUlrYmsmanTukç.
enAéf¶TI12 Extula qñaM1976 BYkemdwknaMevotNamesÞIrEtminGacTb;karsb,ayrIkray
y:agxøaMgrbs;xøÜn)aneLIy enAeBlEdlBYkeK)andwgBIkarcab;xøÜn bn4nak; . GñkdwknaMevotNam
« »
mñak;EdleBareBjeTAedayTwkcitþekøóvkøa)anRbkasR)ab;GñkqøgeqøIyB½t’mankaEstluym:anIet
(l’Humanité) fa elakRbEhlCaeTARkúgeb:kaMgenAqñaMxagmux edIm,IbMbiTbM)aMgRBwtþikarN_enaH
« 23.
»
karTayTukCamunenH manlkçN³minsUvGs©arüb:unµaneT enAsm½ymYyEdlbNþasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ

)araMgsñiT§sUevot suT§EtCamnusSEdleKmincg;eXIjmuxenARbeTscin. G‘ÍcwgehIy)anCaevotNam
manesckþIsgÇwmfa bnÞab;BIkarkm©at; bn4nak; RbeTscinc,as;CarkeXIjmaK’aRtwmRtÚveLIgvij
« »
ehIyRbkan;\riyabfmYyEdlminsUvceg¥ótcg¥l; ¬RsLaj;CatixøÜnÉgRCúlhYsehtu¦ nigeTarTn;eTA

rklT§iRbtibtþiniymcMeBaHRbeTsrbs;xøÜneRcInCagmun. ebIsinekItmanedayécdnüfa maK’aniympøÚv
kNþalrbs;sB CU eGnLay nig etg s‘avBIg EdleBlenHrasIkMBugFøak;cuH cab;epþImmaneRbób
eLIgvijenARbeTscinenaHneya)ayÉkraCürbs;RkúghaNUy RbEhlGacsgÇwmniyaysþab;Kña
)anRbesIrCagmunminxan.
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Edr. Kat;)anRBlyBakü[shesvikrbs;Kat;xøHdwgfa ebIsinCa etg )ankan;GMNaceLIgvij
CemøaHcin-evotNamsþIBIekaHTaMgLaykñúgsmuRTcinPaKxagt,Úg GacnwgrkeXIjdMeNaHRsaymYy.
vij )ankt;smÁal;BI etg fa kñúg»kasénkarCYbCamYy eL yn; GKÁelxabkSkumúµynIsþevotNam
enAExkBaØa qñaM1975 etg )anTTYlsÁal;BIGtßiPaBénCemøaHmYy ehIy)an[dwgBIbMNgrbs;Kat;
Edlnwgpþl;nUvdMeNaHRsaymYyenAeBleRkay. b:uEnþtaMgBIedImdMbUgén yuT§nakarRbqaMgnwg etg enA
cugqñaM1975 Rkúgeb:kaMg)anbnþwgCMhrrbs;xøÜnehIyRbkasfa ekaHTaMgLayCa TwkdId¾Bisidærbs;
«
matuPUmiCaTIRsLaj; rbs;eyIg edayehtuenH KWBuMGaccrca)aneLIy. evotNamFøab;sgÇwmfa kar

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eRCIstaMg etg [kan;GMNaceLIgvij GacnwgeFVI[mankarxitcUlCitKñaPøam²mYy CageTarTn;eTArk

ehtukarN_Cak;EsþgsþIBIbBaðaenH24.
kalebIdMNwgsþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrepSg²EdlekItmanenARkúgeb:kaMgrlay)at;eTA evotNamk¾kMBug
erobcMEpnkarR)aMqñaMTIBIrrbs;xøÜnEdr. taMgBImYyqñaMmkehIy BYkemdwknaMevotNam)aneFVIdMeNIreTA
RbeTssgÁmniymnanaedIm,IEsVgrkmUlniFEi dlcaM)ac;sRmab;karksagRbeTseLIgvij. mhaRbeTs
sgÁmniymEtmYyKt;EdlbdiesFmincUlrYmCYykñúgry³eBlEvgKWRbeTscin. karkm©at;ecalBYk
r:aDIkal;Gacmann½yfa Cakarpøas;bþÚr\riyabfmYy. enAéf¶TI15 Extula KWbIéf¶bnÞab;BIkarRbkas
pSay[dwgRBwtþikarN_enaH RkúghaNUyEdlcg;bBa¢ak;[rwtEtc,as;)anesñIsuMCMnYyesdækic©eTATIRkúg
eb:kaMgtamry³sMbuRtmYy. b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlRkúghaNUyR)arB§ebIkmhasnñi)atbkSenAExFñÚkñúg
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« »
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« »
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KN³RbtiPUmYy EdlRbkbedaysmasPaBCaTIeBjcitþdUcCaeBlenHeT . RbFanKN³RbtiPU

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«
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»
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« »
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«
rbs;elakehIyemIleTA . cMeBaHlkçN³epSg²EdlGacTTYl)anCMnYyenH ehon )anbBa¢ak;R)ab;

»
vUdxUk fa RbeTsevotNamebIkcMhcMeBaHsMeNITaMgGs; 4.
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«
ehIykñúgehtuplRbePTdUcKñaenH EdltRmÚv[eyIgCYyRbCaCnevotNam sþarRbeTsCatirbs;xøÜn

eLIgvij .
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BIsPaCan;TabCaeRkay.
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« »
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« »
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rbs;elakRbFanaFibtI xaF½r ¬KW¦ epþImCECkBiPakSaBIkarTas;ETgKñarbs;eyIgCamYylkçN³citþKMnit

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»
fµIenHedayEføgsresIrBI esckþIéføfñÚr nigesckþIkøahan rbs;RbCaCnevotNam. Kat;)anEføgfa

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«
mYysMedAeFVI[eTACaBitnUvTsSnvis½yénkareFVI[TMnak;TMngGaemrik-evotNammanRbRktIPaBeLIg
vij .
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briyakaskñúgry³BIréf¶enHmanlkçN³RbkbedaymitþPaBEmnETn Edlelak vUdxUk eCOfa

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(F.N.L) bgðÚteLIgenAelIGKardUcenAelIsßanTUtelakxaglicÉeTot²Edl rMedaH )anG‘Ícwg? eKmin

« » «
GnuBaØati[eyIgbgðÚteLIgeT . enHBuMEmnCakarePøcmYyrbs;GñkeFVIkarkñúgkariyal½yeLIy. RbeTs

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pg. ÉksarTaMgenHRtÚve)aHbg;ecaledayRkúmmnusSénkariyal½y C.I.O. (Central Intelligence Office)
rbs;evotNamEdlmanlkçN³dUcKñanwg C.I.A. Edr. Tug CamnusSR)akdRbCaNas; ³ RbeTs
evotNamminmanectnariHKn;GMBIGtItkal nigrBwsédykEdkeTArukdMe)Arbs;GaemrikaMgeLIy.
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)araMg .
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eFVIdUcKñaenHEdr EtRbFanaFibtI hV½rd_ minRBm .
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enAevotNamxagt,ÚgkalBIExmIna rdæm®nþIkarbreTsGaemrikaMg)anGnuBaØat[GgÁkarsasnanig
mnusSFm’CaeRcInbBa¢ÚnCMnYymkRbeTsevotNam. enAéf¶TI24 Exvicäika elak hg;rI KIsSúghÁ½r )an
Rbkasfa TMnak;TMngrbs;shrdæGaemrikCamYyRbeTsevotNam nwgBuMenAEteRkamcMNuHGtItkal
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bNþardæaPi)alenA\NÐÚcinbgðaj[eXIjlkçN³ eyaKyl; cMeBaHkarRBÜy)armÖrbs;BYkGaemrikaMgni

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Jim Gerrand Photo
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Photo courtesy Richard Holbrooke

Jim Gerrand Photo
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c,as;. ´rMePIbcitþnwgerOgenHrhUtRsk;TwkEPñk . eTaHCaenAEtmñak;ÉgkñúgbnÞb;rbs;´k¾eday k¾´

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niyayB¤² ehIybeBa©jkayvikarhak;dUcCaQrenABImuxhVÚgmnusSy:ageRcInmYy ³ bNþaCnrYmCati

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EdlrgTukçevTnaCaTIesñha eyIgRtÚvkarrbs;enH ehIyenHKWCamaK’aénkarrMedaHCatirbs;eyIg¡ 2. »
bYnqñaMeRkaymk hU )ansßitenATIRkúgmUsÁÚ. edaykøayeTACayuT§Cnrbs;bdivtþn_GnþrCati

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bMpøajedayBYkcRkBtþi nwgrujRcanclnaBiPBelak[fyeRkayGs;rab;sibqñaM .
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kal³eTs³d¾sMxan;naeBlenaH. enAExsIha qñaM1945 edayeqøót»kasénkar)ak;T½Brbs;)araMg
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bkSkumµúynIsþevotNamcab;epþImbriharBIs®gÁamrbs; cRkBtþi eTIbRkúgmUsÁÚEbrmkykcitþTukdak;
« »
cMeBaHkarRbyuT§ts‘Urbs;evotNamnigpþl;nUvkarKaMRT. b:uEnþ enAeBlenaHshPaBsUevotminTan;

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rhUtdl;C½yCmñHpþac;RB½Rt. TLðIkrN_rbs;eKKWfa BYkeKBuMGacFanakarKaMRTcMeBaH hU CImij eT kñúg
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t¥ÚjEt¥renAcMeBaHmux´GMBIPaBminesµaHRtg;EdlBYkcinsEmþg[eXIjenATIRkúghSWENv ³ etIshPaB
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enAeBl»kasmkdl; . BiPBelaketagEtrg;caMMémÖR)aMqñaM edIm,I)andwgnUvGVIEdlevotNamtiHedol

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BI\riyabfrbs;RbeTscin enAqñaM1954naTIRkúghSWENv.
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dak;nwgRbeTsevotNamtictYcEmnETn y:agehacGVIEdlekItmaneLIgmineFVI[b:HBal;CMhrrbs;
sUevotenAGWr:ub b¤TMnak;TMngrbs;sUevotCamYyshrdæGaemriknigRbeTscin. rusSI )ancab;epþImpþl;[
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elxIerobcMkare)aHeqñatenAqñaM1956 kñúgeKalbMNgeFVIkarbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTseLIgvij. KMniténkar
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bBaðaeLIgvijdl;PaBFUrRsalCamYyshrdæGaemrikEdlKat;RbwgERbgelIksÞÜyeLIg. Kat;niyay
fa ³ lT§pléns®gÁamT½BéRB muxCabgá[mankarPan;ERbxøaMgmYy kñúgBiPBelakminxan .
« »
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mkdl;karFøak;BIGMNacrbs; RKÚteqv enAqñaM1964 nigcritlkçN³énGñksñgtMENgKat; KWBuMmanGñk
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qñaM1966 evotNamhak;dUcCabeNþayeTAtamkmµvasnacMeBaHkarEbk)ak;énbøúksgÁmniym.
BYkeK)anseRmccitþedayectna edIm,ITajykRbeyaCn_BIkarRbkYtRbECgrvagcinnigsUevot.
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enHCaPaBKYr[sgÇwmmYysRmab;ÉkraCüRbeTsrbs;Kat;. karKitmémdUcKñaenH GMBIkarbRgÜbbRgÜm
RbeTseLIgvijbnÞab;BsI nñsi TI hSWENv )ankMNt;edayc,as;las;nvU \riyabfrbs;RbeTsevotNam
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþcMeBaHbNþaRbeTssgÁmniymCabgb¥Ún. eTaHbICaenAkñúgépÞbkS
rbs;xøÜnmanninñakarxagmenaKmviC¢aminRsbKñak¾eday k¾bkSkumµúynIsþrbs;evotNamminEdlman
GñksñiT§sUevot GñksñiT§cineLIy b:uEnþ KWmanEtGñksñiT§evotNamd¾emaHmutb:ueNÑaH. erOgr:av h½g
mijCij KWCakrNIedayELkmYy ³ bNþasmaCikénKN³dwknaMbkSRtÚv)anbeNþjecj eRBaHEtman
TMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§nwgbreTs. enAqñaM1967 Cij EdleBlenaH CaRbFansalaneya)aybkS
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bdivtþn_mYy edIm,IbBaðayuT§viFIsamBaØmYyNas;. b:uEnþ mUlehtuepSg²eTot GacCMruj[Rkúgeb:kaMg
e)aHbg;GBüaRkwtPaBmindac;xatrbs;xøÜn. PaBrIkminrYcénkic©shkarsUevot-evotNamKWmanlkçN³
rebobenHÉg dUcKñanwgkareXasnavaylukRbqaMgcinEdlbgáeLIgPøam² edayBYksUevot b¤PaBkan;
EtF¶n;F¶rénbNþaCnCaticinenARbeTsevotNamEdr. enABak;kNþalExkumÖ³ qñaM1978 ®hÁIháÚrI
r:Um:aNUv smaCikkariyal½yneya)aybkSkumµúynIsþsUevot )aneFVIdMeNIreday\tRBagTukCamun
mYyeTAkan;RkúghaNUynigRkúghUCImij. enAéf¶TI21 ExkumÖ³ evotNam)anecjpSayCasaFarN³
nUvesckþIEføgkarN_mYyEdlminxusBIkarefáaleTasRbeTscintampøÚvkareLIy. tamBit viTüúhaNUy
)anpSay[dwgfa mhaGMNacbreTsmYy)aneRbIR)as;TwkdIkm<úCaedIm,IQøanBanRbeTsevotNam.
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db;BIrkgBlFM manTaMgkaNugFM)aj;)anry³q¶aynigynþehaHRbyuT§CaeRcIneRKÓg EdlBImunenHbnþic
kgT½Bkm<úCaminEdlmaneRbIR)as;eLIy 41.
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éneKaledAxageyaFarbs;evotNamk¾eday. edayehtuenH GBüaRkwtPaB¬PaBCaGñkkNþal¦rbs;
xøÜntamEdleKsmÁal;eXIjKWRtÚvcb;. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH k):al;cinCaeRcIneRKÓg)ancab;epþImerI
eRKÓgsmÖarswkdak;cuHenAkMBg;EpkMBg;esammankaNug130mIløIEm:Rt Edl)aj;)anry³q¶ay
kaMePøIgRbqaMgrfeRkaHTMhMFM rfeRkaHflClik¬cuHTwkk¾)anelIeKakk¾)an¦mYycMnYnFM42. enAéf¶TI26
ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978 rdæm®nþITI1 hVa KUehVg )ane)aHbg;CapøÚvkarminepþImclnaeFVI[rIkceRmIndl;
dMeNaHRsaymYyelImUldæanéneKalkarN_snþishviC¢manTaMgR)aMeLIy. Kat;Eføgfa KµanRbeTs«
NamYymansiT§isVHEsVgbegáItGnutþrPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgtMbn;mYyénBiPBelak)aneLIy ehIyk¾Kµan
siT§ibgçM[RbeTsNamYyepSgeToteFVItamqnÞ³rbs;xøÜnEdr ¬KWsMedAeTAelIevotNamy:agc,as;¦.
tameyabl;eyIgKWRtg;enHehIyCalkçN³vinicä½yd¾sMxan;EdlGacbgðajfa etIRbeTsmYy)an
RbtibtþieTAtameKalkarN_snþishviC¢manEdrb¤k¾Gt; 43. »
enAedImExmkra qñaM1978 eBlEdls®gÁamtamrlkFatuGakasrvagRkúgPñMeBjnigRkúg

haNUykMBugBuHke®Ba¢alxøaMg kgÉkPaBCaeRcInrbs;km<úCaEdldkykmYyPaKBIbNþakgBlFMén
PUmiPaKkNþal)aneFVIclnaeq<aHmkPaKxagekIt. kgBlFMTaMgenaH)anRtÚvdwknaMbBa¢aedaymnusS
sMxan;bInak;rbs;rbbenH KWrdæm®nþIRksYgkarBarRbeTs sun esn embBa¢akarPUmiPaKkNþal Ek Bk
nig PUmiPaKnirtI tam:uk. b:uEnþkgT½Brbs;RkúghaNUy)anvayRbyuT§dkfynigvileTAkan;mUldæannana
rbs;xøÜnvij edaymincg;[mankarb:HTgÁicKñaeLIy.
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y:agxøaMgkøabEnßmeTotedIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjfa kardkfyRbkbedaysucänÞ³rbs;evotNam KWCa
« »
«mhaC½yCmñHCaRbvtþisa®sþ mYy. éf¶TI6 Exmkra qñaM1978 KWRtÚvcarwkCaGkSrmaskñúgtaragéf¶

»
ExqñaMénRbvtþisa®sþ TukdUcCaéf¶KYr[cgcaMEdlExµr)anvaykm©at;km©aykgT½BQøanBand¾xøaMgBUEkrbs;
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« »
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[dwgB¤enAkñúg»kassmiTÞIgepSg²nigkEnøgCaeRcIneTot. ]TahrN_ eKniyayfa BYkyuT§Cnd¾Gg;Gac
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)anykrfeRkaHTaMgGs;eTArMlayEkécñeFVICacan)aycansmøCaedIm.
minyUrb:unµan kareFVIBiFId¾G‘åkGFwkenH RtÚv)anCMnYsedayrlkfµImYyénkarsmøab;rgÁal. ebIsin
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suT§EtCaRkúmmnusSk,t;eLIy. y:agehac enHKWCakaredjrkehtuplrbs;KN³mCÄimbkS. minyUr
b:unµaneRkaymk embBa¢akarkgBlelx4)anRtÚvsmøab;edaysnþisuxmñak;EdlesµaHRtg;nwg b:ul Bt
)aj;mYyRKab;cMk,al44.
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katBVkic©sRmab;RbeTsCati KWcab;BIéf¶enHteTARtÚvkarBar mnÞIrRksYgnanaedaykemÞcBYksRtÚv
«
EdlykkEnøgTaMgenaHeFVICaCRmkrbs;va xµaMgmYycMnYntUc)anlak;xøÜnenATIenaHtaMgBIyUrmkehIy
xøHeTotkMBugeRCótcUlkalBIeBlfµI²enH . RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;RtÚvEtCRmúHecjBIstiGarmµN_
»
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TaMgGs;>>>km©at;ecalKMnitbuKÁlniym sYntYniym nigksagRbeTsedayel,ÓnelOnrh½sCa
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»
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evotNamlukluy )anTTYlrgnUvkare)assm¥atnigsmøab;xøaMgCageK.
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enAExmkra qñaM1978 rlkénkare)assm¥atfµIEdlmanlkçN³sahavéRBépSCaBiessenaH )an
eLIgdl;kRmitx<s;bMputenAEx]sPa CamYykarsmøab;rgÁaly:ageRcInEdlmanCabnþbnÞab;BIkarb:unb:g
egIbbHe)armin)anseRmcmYy. GñkTTYlxusRtÚvsMxan;CageKkñúgyuT§nakarkab;smøab;enH KWédsþaM
rbs; b:ul Bt eQµaH tam:uk CabkçCnkumµúynIsþeCIgcas;mñak;Edldak;esckþITukcitþeTAelIemdwknaMkMBUl
rbs;xøÜnTaMgRsúg. enHCaeKaRtnamEtmYyKt;rbs;ksikrrUbenH EdlmanragkaysÁmkMRBwg/ k,al
eLIgRtegal nigEPñkmut EdlRKb;RKan;júaMg[Kat;begáItsb,diP½y)an. kgT½Brbs;Kat;Edlman
RbPBedImenAPUmiPaKnirtI manlkçN³elceFøaCageK edaysarPaBeXareXAdac;ELkmYyTaMgRsug.
eRkamkarbgÁab;bBa¢arbs;Kat; kgT½BTaMgenH)anRbRBwtþGMeBIkab;smøab;y:aghYsRbmaN CaBiess
enAPaKxagekItRbeTs. ehIyenHRKan;EtCakarsak[dwgCabzmb:ueNÑaH. kñúglMdab;Edlkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyüERbkøayRbeTsxøÜn[eTACaCMrMXMuXaMgmYyenaH karsmøab;mnusSTaMghVÚg)anraldal
y:agqab;rh½sBaseBjépÞRbeTs46.
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CYrT½Brbs;xøÜnpÞal; edayBRgwgbEnßmcMnYnmnusSnigeRKÓgyueT§abkrN_[kgT½Brbs;xøÜnenaH evotNam
EbrCacUlcitþerobcMGVI²edays¶at;kM)aMgCag.
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taMgBIkarbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTseLIgvij erogral;rdUvrga BYkemdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;evotNam )an
cakecjBIPaBRtCak;nigkarcuHG½BÞenARkúghaNUy edIm,ImkrkBnøWRBHGaTitüenAPaKxagt,Úgvij KWenA
CMnan;cUlqñaMfµIrbs;evotNam. R)akdNas; enHCa»kasd¾RbesIredIm,IedIrTsSnkic©tameragcRk/
shkrN_nigbnÞayTahanTaMgLay nigeFVI)azkfaCasaFarN³GbGrcMeBaH karcab;epþImksaglT§i
«
sgÁmniymd¾CajC½y . b:uEnþ kñúgcenøaHTsSnkic©BIr PaBRtCak;RsYlénFatuGakas )anCMruj[man
»
kareFVIvisSmkalCaFmµta. b:uEnþ qñaMenHKWElgdUcmuneTotehIy. enAPaKxagt,Úg )anekItmanRBwtþi-

karN_FM²CaeRcIn EdlBuMmankarTak;TgNamYynwgkareFVIeTscrN_eT. enAdMNac;Exmkra qñaM1978
bNþasmaCikkariyal½yneya)ayénbkSkumµúynIsþevotNam)anmkCYbKñay:ags¶at;kM)aMgCafµIenA
RkúghUCImijsRmab;karCYbRbCuMCahUrEhmYy edIm,IGnum½tKeRmagkarepSg². karkat;pþac;cMNgTak;
TgkarTUtedayExµrRkhm)aneFVI[evotNamTas;citþy:agxøaMg. CemøaHEdlevotNamykcitþTukdak;
rkSaTukCakarsm¶at;enaH enAeBlenH)anelceLIgenAelI TMB½rTImYy énkaEstnanakñúgBiPBelakTaMg
« »
mUl. GaRkk;CagenHeTAeTot evotNamRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;CafµInigRtÚvsgS½yfa manbMNg elb «
Rt)ak; RbeTsCitxagxøÜnEdlTn;exSayCag. vIrbursénkarRbyuT§ts‘URbqaMgnwgcRkBtþiBImSil enA

»
eBlenH)anRtLb;mkedIrtYCacRkBtþitUcmYyvij.
kariyal½yneya)ayrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþevotNam)anRbwgERbgerobcMtulükarénkarcUl
lukluy kalBIExFñÚ qñaM1977. ExµrRkhmFøab;RtÚvevotNamEktRmg;pøÚvkuM[edIrxusEdr b:uEnþ BYkeK
BMuEdlbgðaj[eXIjfa manbMNgEkERbeLIy. braC½yEpñkeyaFarbs;ExµrRkhmBMubgá[man
rdæRbharEdlsgÇwmedayevotNam TaMgk¾BMueFVI[rdæGMNacrbs;eKvinasGnþrayEdr. manEtCnCati
Exµr60>000nak;b:ueNÑaH Edl)anseRmccakecjBIRbeTstamBIeRkaykgT½BevotNam. taMgBI
qñaM1975 manRbCaCnkm<úCa evotNam nigcin srubTaMgGs; 300>000nak; )anrt;eKcecjBI
rbb b:ul Bt eTArs;enAmçageToténRBMEdnRbeTs. RkúghaNUyKµanEdlniyaymYym:at; b:uEnþ
eBlenHCaeBlEdlRtÚvbgðajR)ab;BiPBelak[dwgBIkarcakecalRsukTaMghVÚgTaMghVayenHehIy.
vabgáCaP½sþútagCak;EsþgénesckþIs¥b;ex<Im EdlbMpuseLIgedayRbeTskm<úCarbs; b:ul Bt. Rkúg
haNUyk¾TTUcsMuGnþraKmn_BI]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜnpgEdr.
enAExmIna qñaM1978 ´¬GñkniBn§¦man»kas)aneTATsSnaenACMrMebnsaj; CakEnøgEdlBBak;
BBUneTAedayGñkePosxøÜnExµr EdlmkeTIrenARtwmextþtaynijrbs;evotNamenH. CMrM enHKµanGVI
« »
eRkAEtCadIvals¶ÜthYtEhg nigRkaledayFUlId¾FMlVwgelVIy nigCaTIEdlRbmUlpþúMeTAedaykUnxÞmeFVIBI

b£sSInigRbk;cMebIg[Et)an²b:ueNÑaH. ´GacsnÞnaKñaedayesrICamYyGñkePosxøÜnTaMgenaH Edltam
karBit CatYmnusSmanlkçN³BiessCagmun. karcab;GarmµN_y:agc,as;las;bMputrbs;´ KWfakar
TTYl[sñak;GaRs½yrbs;evotNam KWmanehtuplmYyepSgeToteRkABIehtuplsb,úrsFm’. ´)an
CYbsYryuvnarIsa®sþacarümñak;EdlevotNamcat;[TTYlbnÞúkniyaylatRtdagR)ab;GñksarB½t’manBI
PaBsahaveXareXArbs;ExµrRkhmfa ³ etIGñkRtLb;eTAkm<úCavijeT? . nag)aneqøIyCaPasa
« »
)araMgTaMgminR)akdkñúgxøÜnfa ca+¡enAeBlEdlRbeTsTaMgmUlRtÚv)anrMedaH . rMedaHedayGñkNa?

« »
vaCasßanPaBlM)aky:agCak;Esþg sRmab;GñkTTYlxusRtÚvevotNamenATIenaH enAeBlEdlnageqøIy

fa R)akdNas;edaykgT½BevotNam . vaTMngfaKUsnÞnarbs;´)anTTYlkarbgÁab;bBa¢adac;xatmin[
« »
elIkniyayBIGtßiPaBénclnats‘UmYyEdlkMBugEteRCIserIsmnusS[eFVIT½BenAevotNamenaHeLIy.
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RbEhl2Ban;nak;RtÚv)aneRCIserIs[cUleFVIT½BedIm,IvayRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgrbbb:ulBt. dUecñH
kñúgeBlEdl]tþmsñgkarTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜncab;epþImr:ab;rgnUvkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógGahardl;GñkenArs;
kñúgCMrMenH evotNamk¾TTYlbnÞúkpÁt;pÁg;ExµrEdlbRmúgsRmab;karRbyuT§eTAtamEbbbTrbs;xøÜnEdr.
etImankarrIklUtlas;dUcemþcxøHtaMgBI em:A esTug nigRTwsþIs®gÁamRbCaCnrbs;Kat;EdlsMGagelI
karKaMRTrbs;RbCaCn nigkardak;xøÜn[sßitenAkñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaH dUcRtIenAkñúgTwk .
« »
kñúg»kasénsm½yRbCMurbs;kariyal½yneya)ayenAExmkra eL DwkfU Ca eCIgcas;xagbBaða

«
km<úCa )anepþImeFVIkarBiPakSasþIBIkRmiténkarRbQmmuxKñaenAeBlxagmuxqab;²enH. egVón kUfac;

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rdæm®nþIkarbreTsevotNam)anbBa¢ak;GHGagR)ab;´¬GñkniBn§¦fa ³ karCYbBiPakSad¾twgEtgEdl eL
«
yn; )aneFVIenARkúgeb:kaMgkalBIExvicäika qñaM1977enaH )anjúaMg[Kat;eCOfa BYkemdwknaMcinBMurYjra

nwg eRbIR)as;b:ulBtRbqaMgnwgeyIg eLIy. mü:ageTot eRkayBITsSnkic©rbs;smaCikkariyal½y
« »
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[evotNameRKagKitBIkareFVIGnþraKmn_kñúgTMhMy:agFMmYyenAkm<úCa. tammtirbs; fac; dEdlfa ³ va «
kan;Etc,as;ehIyfa RbeTscin)anerobcMeFVIs®gÁam ehIyeyIgRtÚvEtelIkykkareRCIserIsrbs;

eyIgmkBicarNaCafµIEdr . niyaymü:ageTotfa eyIgRtÚvEtbegáInkarRbúgeRbóberobcMEpñkeyaFa
»
nigsakl,geFV[I mankarxitcUlCitKñaEpñkkarTUtCamYyshrdæGaemrik nigbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumy úµ nIsþ

enAGasuIGaeKñy_eTot. eBlevlaEdlRtÚvpÁúMkarekobsgát;EpñkeyaFanigkarGMBavnavCacMh[mankar
egIbbHe)armYyRbqaMgnwg b:ul Bt )anmkdl;ehIy. dUecñH mYyEpñk KWRtÚvbegáItkgT½Brbs;clna
ts‘UExµrmYy ehIymYyEpñkeTot KWsakl,geFVIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitxagvis½ykarTUteLIgvij.
enAéf¶TI5 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUy)anpSBVpSayCasaFarN³nUvEpnkardMbUgmYy
sþIBIkarEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaybBaðakm<úCamanbIcMNuc ³ kardkkgT½BEdlRbQmmuxKñacMnYn5KILÚEm:Rt
BIRBMEdnerogxøÜn karcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØaminQøanBanKñamYy nigkarRtÜtBinitüRBMEdnCaGnþrCati.
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«
minyl;RBmtamsMeNITaMgenHeLIy b:uEnþy:agehacNas;PaBTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarbdiesFenHnwgFøak;
eTAelIBYkeK . erOgr:avenH)anebIk»kas[mankareXasnaRCúlhYsehtumYytamRbB½n§pSBVpSay
»
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»
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b:ueNÑaH.
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)aneFVIdMeNIrmkkan;RbeTsLavtamynþehaHBiesspÞal;rbs;Kat; edIm,IeFVI TsSnkic©CamitþPaB
« »
mYy. enAevogésPaKxageCIgRbeTs Kat;)anCYbCamYyrdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTsevotNam v: egVógy:ab

Casm¶at;edIm,IBiPakSaKñaBIbBaðasßankarN_enAkm<úCa. tamGñkmat;rGilxøHfa kar[eyabl;rbs;
):aLÚvsÁI cMeBaHevotNamKW erobcMBlRbharRkúgR)aKCafµI *. ]tþmesnIy_ ):aLÚvsÁI yl;eXIj
« »
c,as;Nas;fa BYkcinKµanlT§PaBmkCYysm<n§½mitþExµrrbs;xøÜneT. dUecñH vaGac[evotNamebIk

rfeRkaHrbs;xnÜø rhUtmkdl;PeMñ Bj nigTmøak; b:lu Bt BItEM Ng)andUcTmøak; GaLicsg;dr½ Dubsic
enAqña1M 968Edr. b:Eu nþ y:ab minRBmsþab;karENnaMenHeLIy. Kat;)aneqøIytbvijfa CnCati
evotNamnwgedaHRsaybBaðaenH tamrebob rbs;xøÜn.
« »
kgT½BmYyEdlecjBIPaBminc,as;las;
enABak;kNþalExkumÖ³ qñaM1978 kariyal½yneya)ayevotNam)anrYmRbCMuKñaCafµIenACay
RkúghUCImij. sm½yRbCMu)anRbRBwtþeTAkñúgGtItsalabNþúHbNþalb:Ulisrbs; FIv ¬bc©úb,nñeKehA
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263
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CYrT½BnigbkSrbs;eyIg[s¥atbrisuT§ ehIyk¾RtÚve)assm¥atkñúgCYrmhaCn[dUcKñaEdr kñúgeKalbMNg

bnþkarvayRbyuT§ edIm,IkarBarTwkdIrbs;eyIgnigBUCsasn_Exµr 37.
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kñúgzan³Cafñak;dwknaMmñak;etI esa Pwm manBak;Bn§½nwgneya)aycEmøkxuseKenHEdrb¤eT? etIKat;

manpþl;esckþIyl;RBmkñúgkare)assm¥atepSg²rbs;mCÄimbkSEdreT? GñkRsavRCavsBa¢ati
GU®sþalImñak;KWelak Eb‘n eXornin EdlecHniyayPasaExµrsÞat;CMnaj nigEdl)ancMNayeBl
evlay:ageRcInedIm,IsikSaBIRbvtþisa®sþfµI²rbs;km<úCaeCOfa esÞIrEteBjry³eBlénkare)as
sm¥at esa Pwm manCMgWenAedkBüa)alxøÜnenAeLIy ehIyk¾BMumanGñkNapþl;dMNwgBIerOgenH[Kat;dwg
Edr. TIbMput enAeBlEdlKat;)andwgBIkarcab;xøÜnembBa¢akarkgBlFMTaMgBIrrbs;PUmiPaKkNþal Edl
e)aHT½BRbcaMkarenAPUmiPaKbUB’a¬kgBlFMelx280 nig290¦ Kat;cab;epþImxwgsm,ay:agxøaMg b:uEnþ
dMbUnµansþÜcesþIgrbs;Kat;KWRtÚvCMruj [mñak;²ykcitþTukdak;tamdansPaBkarN_ nigeFVIkarRbúgRby½tñ
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x<s;edayxøÜnÉg . tammtielak Eb‘n eXornin fa esa Pwm )anRtÚvjúaMgmin[eFVIGVImYyekIteLIy

»
edaysarstism,CBaØ³eKarBvin½ybkSrbs;Kat; nigPaBR)akdkñúgcitþrbs;Kat;fa karcab;xøÜnmnusS

y:ageRcInnigkarsmøab;mnusSy:agrgÁalenH BMuGacqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIsarCatiBitR)akdrbs;bdivtþn_
eLIy. enAeBlEdlkare)assm¥atrIkraldalkan;EtxøagM eLIg² ehIyEdlKµanGVGI acbBaÄb;)anenaH
Kat;hak;dUcCaRtÚveFVI[Pan;PaMgRsLaMgkaMgElgeFVIGVIekIt. pÞúyeTAvijtameyabl;elak sÞIvehVn
hIuD½r fa bnÞab;BIkarvaybukTmøúHrbs;evotNamenAExFñÚ esa Pwm )anRtÚvr:UvKñaCamYy b:ul Bt edIm,I
km©at;smaCikénbBa¢akardæankgT½Brbs;xnÜø CaeRcInnak;. sRmab;emdwknaMmañ k;rbs;km<Cú aRbCaFibetyü
rebobEtmYyKt;kñúgkarykrYcxøÜncMeBaHbraC½ymYy KWmanEtTmøak;karTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIk,t;eTA
elIGkñ enAeRkambgÁab;xnÜø b:eu NÑaH. cMeBaH huDI r½ yl;fa vaBitR)akdNas;nvU GVEI dl esa Pwm )andwknaM
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enAeBlRbwgERbgRTRTg;vibulPaBminR)akdmYykñúgPUmiPaKbUB’a nigsakl,gcat;EcgerobcMkgT½BTaMg
tMbn; k¾dUcCamUldæan b:uEnþKat;BMu)andwgfa xøÜnKat;pÞal;CamnusSEdlRtÚvsgS½yEdreT 38.
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ebIBinitü[eRCARCHeTA etI)ankarGVIebI esa Pwm EdlCaemdwknaMRbkbedayectnaRtwmRtÚvmñak;

b:uEnþCamnusSKµanBiesaFn_ Rtg;Kµanl,icklb¤CaeBCÄXatmñak;Edls‘umRKlMunwg b:ul Bt RtÚv)at;bg;
esckþITukcitþeTAehIyenaH? GVIEdlRtÚvKitKWfa karBüayamTaMgGs;sgÇwmrbs;Kat; edIm,IerIbRmHecj
BIdegáóbEdlrYbrwtmkelIKat; muxCabeBaäH[mans®gÁamsuIvilmYyEdlkan;EtsahavéRBépSeLIg²
rhUtdl;mankarcUleFVIGnþraKmn_saCafµIrbs;evotNam EdlelIkenHmanTMhMFMeFgbMput.
enAcugEx]sPa qñaM1978 Ek Bk emdwknaMPUmiPaKkNþalEdl b:ul Bt cat;[TTYlParkic©dwknaM
eFVIkare)assm¥atepSg²)anepJIeTA[ esa Pwm nUv sMbuRtGeBa¢IjRbCMu mYy. Pwm )andwgR)akdBIGVI
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EdlKat;RtÚvRbkan;Gakb,kiriyay:agNa²ehIykñúgerOgenH. edayévqøatKat;)anbBa¢ÚnnirsarbInak;
EdlkñúgenaHmanfñak;dwknaMbkSCan;x<s;mñak;pg[eTAesuIbsYrBIkmµvtßúénkarRbCMuenH b:uEnþKµaneXIjGñk
Namñak;vilRtLb;mkvijesaH.
enAéf¶TI24 Ex]sPa kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKkNþalEdlRtÚvCYyBRgwgkmøaMgbEnßmkalBIeBlfµI²
edayrfeRkaHmYykg )anh‘umB½T§mnÞIrbkSPUmiPaKbUB’aenAsYg Edlmancm¶ayRbmaN30KILÚEm:Rt
BIRBMEdnevotNam. emdwknaMPUmiPaKmYycMnYnFM)anRtÚvcab;xøÜnnigsmøab;ecal. b:uEnþ Pwm )anrt;eKc
ecjq¶ayeTAehIy EdlGmdMeNIredayRbBn§ kUn² nigGgÁrkSCaeRcInnak;rbs;Kat;edayePosxønÜ tam
LanhSIúbmYyeRKÓgkñúgbMNgeTA[dl;RkúgPñMeBj. tamelak Eb‘n eXornin [dwgfa Kat;Føab;)an
RbkasR)ab;bNþashkarIrbs;Kat;fa Ek Bk nigrdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTs sun esn EdldwknaMeFVIkar
vayRbharenH suT§EtCamnusSk,t;ehIyKat;sgÇwmfa nwg)anTTYllixitcab;xøÜnKat;BIKN³mCÄimbkS
eTotpg. tameyabl; huID½r fa Pwm eCOfakgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKkNþal)anRbRBwtþhYsBIbTbBa¢arbs;
«
mCÄim. edayehtuenH Kat;bBa¢a[kUnecArbs;Kat;RbyuT§tTl;eTAvij rhUtTal;EteFVIy:agNa[ b:ul

Bt seRmccitþbBaÄb;karvayRbyuT§enH. dUecñHvaTMngCaBitEdlKat;KµandwgxøÜnfa Kat;)ankøayeTACa
eKaledAEdlRtÚvvayRbharBIsMNak;KN³dwknaMmCÄimbkSeLIy enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt RtÚvjúaMg[
eCOCak;taMgBIEx]sPa qñaM1978mkfa Kat;¬esa Pwm¦CaemdwknaM bkSBlkrkm<úCa lYclak;mYy
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EdlbegáIteLIgedayevotNam nig es>GuI>Ga> edIm,IdeNþImGMNacenAkm<úCa 39. »
esa Pwm )ane)aHTItaMgrbs;Kat;enAtammat;TenøemKgÁminq¶ayBITIRkúgPñMeBjb:unµaneLIy eday

sgÇwmfa b:ul Bt nwgmansuPvinicä½ykñúgerOgenHCaminxan. munnwgRbfuycUleTAkñúgrdæFanI Kat;)an
bBa¢Únnirsarmñak;[erobcMkarTak;TgKñaCadMbUgmYy. enAéf¶TI2 Exmifuna qñaM1978 KN³kmµaFikar
«
TTYlbdisNæarkic© mYy)aneFVIdMeNIrmkCYbKat;eRkamTRmg;Cak):al;BIreRKÓgEdlpÞúkENneTAeday
»
kmøaMgT½B. Pwm cab;nwksgS½ycMeBaHGVI²EdlenArg;caMKat;CaeRsc. Kat;)andkkaMePøIgxøIrbs;Kat;

)aj;cMkNþaledImRTÚgsøab;)at;bg;CIvitPøammYyrMeBc40.
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eTAedayQamrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. minyUrb:unµan eKnwgQaneTAdl;TICeRmA énPaBKYr[rn§t;
\t]bma. karcRmaj;enAB§d¾épÞkñúgbkSrhUtmkdl;eBlenH enAEtB½T§CuMvijedaykarlak;karN_sm¶at;
Canic©. GñkrgeRKaHsuT§EtRtÚvTak;Taj[ecjBIPUmidæanrbs;BYkeK eRkamelsCa karGeBa¢IjmYy -
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eTAtamlT§PaBeRCIserIs³ karBieRKaHeyabl;tamTmøab;mYy karcUlrYmRbCMueronsURt karRbCMu

« » « » «
bnÞan;mYy -b¤ karTTYlParkic©fµI EdleKcg;RbKl;[ GñkTaMgenaH bMeBj. karGeBa¢IjTaMgGs;enA

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eBlenaH suT§EtRtÚvRbKl;[EpñksnþisuxCaGñkGnuvtþ. kñúgry³eBlbYnqñaM GñkEdlRtÚvGeBa¢Ij

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EdleKRbmUldak;rYm.
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karkab;smøab;y:agsahav\tGaNitGasUr )anRbRBwtþeTACaExSsgVak;mYyxusEbøkBImun EdlPUmiPaK
bUB’aminFøab;TTYlrgkalBIeBlknøgmk. tamkaryl;eXIjrbs; b:ul Bt nigbNþasmaCikrbs;Kat;
fa RbCaCnExµrenAPUmiPaKbUB’aTaMgGs;)anbgðajlkçN³BitR)akdrbs;xøÜnehIy KWCaBYk k,alyYnxøÜn
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Exµr EdlRtÚvEtkemÞcecal[Gs; 42. Cak;EsþgeK)ankab;smøab;GñkbHe)ar Edlcab;)annigRkúm

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kñúgcitþGYlENnkñúgedImRTÚg>>>.
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nak;. mYyPaKbIénRbCaCn-GñkEdleKsgS½yehIyEdlRtÚvEtkm©at;ecal-RtÚv)anCemøós[eTA
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edIm,Irt;eKcBIkarkm©at;d¾sahavyg;XñgenH BBYkemdwknaMkarbHe)arnigRbCaCnsuIvilRtÚvEt
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es,ógGahar fñaMeBTü exaGav nigRKab;rMesv )aneFVI[karebþCJacitþrbs;BYkeKfmfycuH. dUecñHkar
eRCIserIsKWsamBaØ ³ cuHcUl-dUcKñanwgeFVIGtþXatEdr- b¤sakl,gpSgsMNagrbs;xøÜnCamYynwg
evotNam. kareRCIserIspøÚvTIBIrBMuEmnfaGt;eRKaHfñak;enaHeT. edayBitGñkrt;ecalCYry:ageRcInBI
bNþakgBlFMrbs;PUmiPaKkNþal k¾mancMENkBak;B½n§enAkñúgkarvayqµk;CaeRcInelIkRbqaMgeTAelIPUmi
nanarbs;evotNamenAtamRBMEdnEdr. karpøas;bþÚrCMhrPøam² sRmab;BYkkmµaPi)al EdlRTRTg;kñúg
citþnUvkareXasnaRbqaMgevotNamtaMgBIeRcInqñaMmkehIy BMuEmngayRsÜleT. Exµr\sSr³mYycMnYn
tUcEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit ehIyEdlkalBIedIm Føab;manTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§CamYyevotNam RtÚv
)ancat;[eTAeFVICaGñknaMpøÚv. cab;taMgBIdMNac;Exmifuna viTüúRkúghaNUy)ancab;epþImpSayCaPasaExµr
edayGMBavnav[RbCaCnegIbbHe)areLIg. kmµaPi)alExµrCaeRcInnak;EdlRbCaCnFøab;sÁal; ehIy
EdlmnusSTaMgGs;eCOfasøab;)at;eTAehIyenaH )anniyayeTAkan;CnrYmCatirbs;xøÜntamry³viTüúenH
edIm,IsMu[CYycUlrYmkñúgbuBVehtuenHpg. ehg sMék bgbg¥s;rbs; ehg sMrin )anedIrtYnaTICaPñak;gar
TMnak;TMngkñúgerOgenH. CaGtItGñkdwknaMrbs;PUmiPaKbUB’a¬dUcbgb¥Únrbs;Kat;Edr¦ Kat;)anePosxøÜneTA
RbeTsevotNamkalBIeBlmunenHbnþic. ehg sMék )anniyayerOgsm¶at;pÞal;xøÜnrbs;Kat;R)ab;´
¬GñkniBn§¦fa TIbMputeyIgTaMgGs;Kñadwgfa eyIgBMuGacmanlT§PaBpþÜlrMlM b:ul Bt edaymeFüa)ay
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pÞal;rbs;eyIg)aneT. eyIgmanEteTAsMukarCYy]btßmÖBIevotNamb:ueNÑaH . kalBIeBlknøgmkmin

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ehg sMrin/ Ca suIm nigExµrRkhmEdlenAKg;vgSCIvitGaceTAdl;RbeTsevotNamedaysuvtßiPaB
enaH. GnaKtrdæaPi)alkm<úCasñiT§evotNamGacerobcMeLIg)anehIy43.
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manKMnitRbqaMgRBmTaMgGñknireTsxøÜntaMgBIyUrmkehIyxøHeTot CaBiess Eb:n suvNÑ nig Ca suT§
enAFUDwk Gs;ry³eBlBIréf¶ ¬21-22 ExkBaØa qñaM1978¦. tamkic©RBmeRBógrYmmYy eK)an
seRmcfa skmµPaBeyaFapþac;RBR½tmYynwgRtÚvdMeNIrkarenAExFñÚ qñaM1978 kñúgGMLúgrdUvR)aMgKWmun
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« »
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« » «
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» « »
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«
CayuT§sa®sþrbs;BYksUevot . sRmab;RbkarenH eKRtÚvEteFVIkarRbkYtRbECgnwg\T§iBlrbs;BYk

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« » «
NamsuT§EtCamnusScitþexµA .»
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kan;GMNacvij. BaküsnüapÞal;xøÜnrbs; etg kñúgkarykcitþTukdak;KaMRTRbeTsevotNamkñúgGMLúg
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« »
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« »
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ehtuenH enAExsIha qñaM1978 menaseBa©tnarbs;RbeTscinKWmanlkçN³c,as;las;Nas;Edlva
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« » «
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»
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« »
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cugeRkaymYy.
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PaBmuWgm:at;cMeBaHsUevotpg 15.
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BuMmanesrIPaBRKb;RKan;edIm,Icat;kareT ehIykareFVI[mannItism,Tavijrbs;Kat;manlkçN³enAfµI²
Nas;. Kat;RtÚvEtrYbrYmCamYyBYkem:AniymbrisuT§nigRbkan;twg CaBiessRbFanbkShVaKUehVg.
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étv:an; edIm,ItRmÚvcitþBYkniymeqVgsin.
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eFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin )anbgáCameFüa)ayRbqaMgnwglT§ivatTIniymrbs;sUevotenA
GaRhVikCageBlNa²TaMgGs;. RsbKñaenaH Kat;)anRbwgERbgCMTas;nwgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBEpñk
karTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNam Edlb:gR)afñay:agxøaMgeday v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk pgEdr. sRmab;
Kat;bBaðaenHman sarsMxan;bnÞab;bnSM b:ueNÑaH16. Kat;)anbMPøWR)ab; xaF½r enABak;kNþalExvicäikafa
« »
ebIsinCasaFarNmtisgS½yBIPaBmuWgm:at;énneya)aykarbreTsrbs;shrdæGaemrikKWCasMxan;
bNþalmkBIbBaðaRbeTsKuy)a evotNam karcrcasþIBIkarkRmit GavuFyuT§sa®sþ (S.A.L.T. GkSr
eBj Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) nigRbeTskUer:enHÉg 17.
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KMniteRbIR)as; snøwkebocin )ancab;epþImbeBa©j[eKdwgB¤ehIy.

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fa BYkcinnwgseRmccitþ RbfuyeRbIkarRbECgKñarvagbuKÁlikénRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati nigbuKÁlik
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RksYgkarbreTs EdlBYkeKRtÚv)anR)ab;[dwgBIerOgenHedayelak hg;rI KIsSIúghÁ½r ehIyfa BYkeK

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«nwgEbreTABYkemdwknaMGaemrikaMgNaEdlmanTsSn³CayuTs§ a®sþRsbeTAtamTsSn³rbs;BkY eK 18. »
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eLIgCacMh. b:uEnþ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI maneRbóbCagmYyKWmuxtMENgrbs;Kat; )aneFVI[Kat;enAekokkitnwg
elakRbFanaFibtICanic©. Kat;ecHeqøót»kasedIm,IGHGagBIbuBVehturbs;Kat; Edlrdæm®nþIkarBar
RbeTs har:UleR)an k¾KaMRTKat;Edr. TIbMput enABak;kNþalExmIna xaF½r )aneTarTn;eTArk Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI
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minTan;manbMNgkñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaB -EdlKat;KWCaGñkesñIdMbUgmñak;kñúgcMeNamGñkesñIdMbUg²-
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Kat;yl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBenHKWCaerOgEdlminGacbMEbkecjBIkarcrcad¾l¥itl¥n;sþIBIkarkRmit
GavuFyuT§sa®sþEdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTAeLIy. enAéf¶TI10 Ex]sPa qñaM1978 Kat;)anBüayamesñIeTA
kan;RbFanaFibtIfa kic©karTaMgBIrRtÚvdwknaMeFVI[)anl¥RbesIrenAmundMNac;qñaM. kareFVI[manRbRktI
PaBCamYyRbeTscin BitCanwgCYysRmÜldl;kar[sc©ab½nelIkic©RBmeRBógsþIBIkarkRmitGavuF
yuT§sa®sþ edayCMruj[sPaCan;TabeFVIGVImYyCaRbeyaCn_dl;rdæaPi)alpg. v:an;s_ )ankt;Rtakñúg
stirbs;Kat;fa ÉtgEtmanKMnitniyayRKb;eBlBI karelgsnøwkebocin fa vaCayuT§viFIRbkb
« « »
edayeRKaHfñak;Nas; ehIyelIsBIenHeTot enAeBlEdleCaKC½y b¤braC½yénkarcrcasþIBIkarkRmit
GavuFyuT§sa®sþmindwgCay:agNapgenaH 19.»
b:uEnþedaymin[ v:an;s_ dwg Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anepþImeFVIkarvaylukTak;TajmYyeTAkan;BYkemdwknaM

cin. cab;BIExkumÖ³ qñaM1978 Kat;)anCYbsnÞnaCasm¶at;CamYy hans‘U RbFankariyal½yTMnak;
TMngsþITIrbs;cinenATIRkúgv:asuInetan EdlenAkñúgeBlenaH Kat;man»kaslatRtdagBICMhrepSg²
Tak;TgnwgshPaBsUevotEfmeTotEdlxusKñay:agxøaMgBICMhrrbs; v:an;s_ 20.
munnwgeLIgynþehaHeTAkan;Rkúgeb:kaMg Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anTTYlkarpþaMepJIBI xaF½r faKat;)ancuH
htßelxaxageRkammtiENnaMmYyEdltak;EtgedayxøÜnKat;pÞal; CamYynwgkarCYyrbs; GUesnbWk
nigEdlkMNt;BICMhrGaemrikaMgedayCak;c,as;. mtiENnaMenH enATIbMputnwgeFVI[CemøaHrvagcinnig
evotNammanlkçN³CaGnþrCati ehIyCMruj[shrdæGaemrikxiteTAxagRkúgeb:kaMgkan;Etekok.
TMnak;TMngepSg²CamYyRbeTscin)anrYmbgáCa lkçN³sMxan;mYyénneya)ayBiPBelakrbs;
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shrdæGaemrik . RbeTsTaMgBIrmankgVl;xagEpñkyuT§sa®sþkñúgry³eBlEvgdUcKña ehIyCabzm

»
KW karCMTas;rYmKñacMeBaHKMnitbegáItGnutþrPaBTaMgGs; TaMgkñúgBiPBelakb¤kñúgtMbn; . n½yd¾FMKWeKGac

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emIlFøúH ³ Rkúgv:asuInetankan;eCIgRbeTscinRbqaMgshPaBsUevot nigRbeTsevotNamEdlRkúg

eb:kaMgecaTRbkan;CaerOy²fa manbMNgtRmÚv[eFVItam GnutþrPaBRbcaMtMbn; rbs;xøÜn. mü:ageTot
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shrdæGaemrik)anRbkas[dwgBIkarRbqaMgrbs;xøÜn cMeBaHKeRmagkarrbs;sUevotEdl eRbIR)as; «
RbeTsevotNam¬ehIyRbEhlCaéf¶NamYyétv:an;Edr¦ edIm,Ih‘umB½T§RbeTscin 21. »
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI enAelI«mhakMEBgcin»
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nwgkarcakecalRsukTaMghVÚg²rbs;CnCaticinBIRbeTsevotNam enAéf¶TI19 Ex]sPa Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI
rYmCamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvmYycMnYntUcénRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati RksYgkarbreTsnigmnÞIrbBa©ekaN
)aneLIgynþehaHeFVdI eM NIreTAkan;RbeTscintamynþehaHbUGgIu 707mYyeRKÓgénkgGakascrshrdæ
Gaemrik. TsSnkic©nwgERbeTACaTsSnkic©rbs;TIRbwkSasnþisuxEtmñak;Égvij dUcEdl hUlRb‘Úk bgðaj
[dwgBIerOgenHPøamfa Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI manbMNgbdiesFkarsnÞnakRmitx<s;enATIRkúgeb:kaMg. eRkABIKat;
GnuRbFanrbs; suIrus v:an;s_ )ansakl,geRbIlkl,icTaMgGs;sgÇwmmYy edIm,I[eKraykarN_BIkar
seRmccitþenH. Kat;)anvayTUrelxeTA vUdxUk enAkariyal½yTMnak;TMngrbs;GaemrikaMgRbcaMrdæFanI
cin [Rbjab;Rbjal;eTAkan;TIRkúgtUküÚCaTIEdlRkúmrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI RtÚvcuHct¬edIm,Icak;saMg¦
24em:ageRkay. edayRtÚveFVI[RsLaMgkaMg GñkkarTUtGaemrikaMg)aneCOkñúgry³mYyEPøtenaH BIkar
pøas;bþÚrTisneya)aymYyenAnaTIcugeRkay. minyUrb:unµanBYkeKyl;fa enHRKan;EtCavKÁcugeRkay
énCemøaHrvag v:an;s_ nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI b:ueNÑaH. hUlRb‘Úk manbMNgcg;[ vUdxUk CYysuMeTasRbFana
FibtI xaF½r kñúgnamrUbKat; edIm,I[Kat;TTYl)ankarGnuBaØateTAcUlrYmkarRbCuMedIm,Icrcapg. vUdxUk )an
bdiesFedayKYrsmfa Kat;mineFVIGnþraKmn_kñúgerOgenHeT. GarmµN_rbs; hUlRb‘Úk )anERbeTACa
mYem:AxøaMgNas;. tamsakSIGaemrikaMgmñak;fa karsñak;GaRs½yrbs;Kat;enATIRkúgeb:kaMg RKan;EtCakar
g:k;grmYyb:ueNÑaH. eRkaymkshkarImñak;rbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )ansnµtfakarbdiesFenHCa kgVHxat «
karRBmeRBógKñarvagmnusSTaMgBIr . cMENkÉ vIløIyuaM køIsFIn EdlCaGñkrgeRKaHpÞal;BIkarkat;kal;

»
Elgrab;rkenH cUlcitþbkRsayerOgenHfa Cakarbgðaj[eXIjPaBRcENnxagviC¢aCIv³Cag.

hUlRb‘Úk nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )ancMNaykmøaMgrbs;xøÜn edayminKitGVITaMgGs;enAkñúgry³eBlénkar
eXasnae)aHeqñatrbs;elak xaF½r EdlBYkeK)anpþl;CakmøaMgy:agxøaMgkñúgcMeNamGñkÉeTot²
dl;RkúmGñkCMnajkarxagneya)aykarbreTs. GñkTaMgBIrmaneKaledAy:agx<s; b:uEnþenATIbMput
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anmaneRbóbCag. b:uEnþ hUlRb‘Úk )anmansiT§icUleFVIkarenAestviman nigminrYjra
eqøótykRbeyaCn_GMBImuxtMENgKat;eLIy ehIyKURbECgrbs;Kat;enAEtcgKMnuMnwgKat;Canic©.
dUcEdl køIFIn GHGagBIerOgenHfa Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )ancat;Tuk hUlRb‘Úk Ca GñkmanfµImñak;EdleBareBj
«
edayGMntY ehIyKat;mni cg;EckrMElkeCaKC½yéndMeNIreTARkúgeb:kaMgrbs;Kat;CamYy hUlRb‘kÚ eLIy.

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eTaHCay:agNak¾eday BYkcinTMngCabnþbkRsay]bTÞvehtuenHfa CasBaØaénkarminTukcitþmYy

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eLIg[eXIjBIkñúgrdæaPi)al xaF½r RBmKñaTaMgpÞal;xøÜnpg TaMgxagmenaKmviC¢apg.
karKitKUrrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI KWfa Kat;RtÚvEtBnül;BYkcin[eCOBitR)akdBIkarseRmccitþRbqaMg
sUevotrbs;rdæaPi)al xaF½r edIm,IbnÞn;citþBYkeKsþIGMBIbBaðaTMnak;TMngeRkApøÚvkarrvagshrdæGaemrik
nigétv:an;. ehIyebIsinCaBYkeKenAEttwgEtgGMBIcMNucenH eKGacsgÇwmfa TsSnvis½yénsh
RbtibtþikarmYyxagvis½ykarBarCati nwgnaMBYkeKeTArkkarxitcUlCitKñamYyCamYyshrdæGaemrik
edaymanb¤KµankarbegáItTMnak;TMngEpñkkarTUt. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anCRmab etg s‘avBIg fa shrdæGaemrik
TTYlyl;RBmtamlkçxNÐepSg²rbs;cin sþIBIkarkat;pþac;TMnak;TMngCapøÚvkarCamYyétv:an; Cakar
eRCIserIsrvaglT§PaBBIrEdlenAExsIha qñaM1977 v:an;s_ Føab;karBarenAcMeBaHmuxKat;. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI
bBa¢ak;fa karseRmccitþKWecjGMBIRbFanaFibtI xaF½r. edIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjBIbMNgCak;lak;rbs;
GaemrikaMg Kat;)annaMeTACamYyKat;nUv CMnUn y:ageRcIn EdlsRmab;eFVI[mankarKab;GarmµN_xøaMg.
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samuyEGl han;FIgfun smaCikRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati nigCaGtItshkarIénrdæaPi)al

RbFanaFibtI hSnsun EdlCaGñkÉkeTsxagkarRbyuT§RbqaMgkarbHe)arenARbeTsevotNam RtÚv
)anRbKl;Parkic©[bBa¢ÚneTA[BYkcinnUv GnusSrN³rbs;RbFanaFibtIelx10 CaÉksarsm¶at;
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bMputpÞúkeTAedaykarviPaKmYysþIBIsßankarN_BiPBelak EdlRbemIlemIlsßanPaBkmøaMgeyaFarbs;
sUevot. kic©karenHsMedAjúaMg[RbeTscineCOfa Rkúgv:asuInetan)ancat;TukcinCasm<n§miRtmin
lMeGogmYy CaPaKIEdlBak;B½n§edaypÞal;kñúgkarrYmkmøaMgKñaeRkApøÚvkarmYyedIm,IRbqaMgRkúgmUsÁÚ.
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anRbkas[dwgfa bTbBa¢aTaMgLayrbs;GaemrikaMgTak;Tgnwgkarlk;eTA[RbeTscinnUv
bec©kviC¢aeyaFanwgRtÚvsRmbsRmÜlKña. mü:ageTot GMNwHteTAbNþaRbeTssm<n§miRtrbs;Gaemrik
nwgmanesrIPaBlk;GavuFeTA[Rkúgeb:kaMgtambMNg. edIm,IbEnßmTm¶n;eTAelIkarseRmcpÞal;xøÜnrbs;
Kat; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )andak;GñkÉkeTsxagbBaðaenHBIrrUbenAGmCab;Kat;KWelak ebnhSamIn G‘uybWm:an;
TIRbwkSaTIsþIkarRbFanaFibtITTYlbnÞúkEpñkviTüasa®sþnigbec©kviC¢anigelak m½rtun GaR)am:UvIt Gnurdæ
elxaFikarenARksYgkarBarRbeTsTTYlbnÞúkbBaðaepSg²Tak;TgnwgsnþisuxGnþrCati.
GaR)am:UvIt EdlecHniyayPasacin )anRtÚvRbKl;Parkic©CaBiessedaymnÞIrbBa©ekaN[eFVI
karGegátdMbUg²sþIBIkarbBa©ÚlCayuT§sa®sþnUvkareFVIshRbtibtþikarxageyaFaCayfaehtumYy
CamYyRbeTscin 22. Kat;Cam®nþIénRksYgkarBarRbeTsGaemrikaMgTImYyEdleFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTs
cin ehIyKat;)aneqøót»kasenaH edIm,ICYbsmPaKIcinmñak;edays¶at;kM)aMgkñúgcMeNamsmPaKIcin
rbs;Kat;. tamkarGHGagrbs;sakSImñak;Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarsnÞnaKñafa enaHKWCakarniyaymñak;
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B½t’manepSg²Edlsm¶at;bMputsþIBIkardak;BRgaykgT½Brbs;sUevotenAtambeNþayRBMEdncin . enH »
RbEhlCaelIkdMbUgehIyEdlRbeTsTaMgBIrshkarKñakRmitx<s;bMput kñúgvis½yB½t’man¬sm¶at;¦.
CaBiess GaR)am:UvIt )anR)ab;BYkcin[dwgnUvB½t’manepSg²sþIBIGavuFyuT§sa®sþrbs;sUevotEfm
eTot. Kat;)andkecjBIkabUbyYrrbs;Kat;nUvrUbftCaeRcInsnøwkEdlftBIGakasKW zbnP½NÐeyaFa
nigkgrfeRkaHEdlRbmUlpþúMKñay:ageRcInenARBMEdnrbs;cinEdleFVI[KUsnÞnarbs;Kat;PJak;ep¥Ilpgnig
rIkraypg. cMENkelak ebnhSamIn G‘uybWm:an; )anCYbeFVIkarsnÞnadac;edayELkCamYyBYkcin
Tak;TgeTAnwgshRbtibtþikarCayfaehtumYyrvagcin nigGaemrikaMgxagvis½yviTüasa®sþ nigbec©kviC¢a
ehIyCaBiesskñúgvis½yénkarRbmUlB½t’mantamRbB½n§eGLicRtÚnikGMBIshPaBsUevot. karCECk
BiPakSaTMngCaRbkbedayEpøpáa eRBaHmYyqñaMeRkaymkva)anseRmcplnaM[mankartaMgsßanIy
lYcsþab;mYyrbs;GaemrikaMgenAelIEdndIcinsRmab;tamXøaMemIlkarsakl,gGavuFmIsuIlrbs;BYk
sUevot 23.
b:uEnþ edayRby½tñy:agxøaMgsþIBIshRbtibtþikarCamYyRbeTscinxagvis½ykarBar v:an;s_ pÞal;
BuM)anCMTas;nwgKeRmagbegáItsßanIylYcsþab;eLIy. enHCameFüa)ayd¾RbesIredIm,IBinitüemIl
karGnuvtþn_kic©RBmeRBógkat;bnßyGavuFyuT§sa®sþrbs;BYksUevot ehIysPaCan;TabmuxCanwgRtÚveFVI
[cab;GarmµN_BIerOgenHkñúgeBlpþl;sc©anum½tminxan.
karbgðajedImehtuTaMgLayrbs; Rb‘IhSInsÁI manlkçN³xusKñaTaMgRsug. smaCikmñak;énRkúm
rbs;Kat;)anniyay[dwgfa b‘Ik xMRbwgykcitþykeføImBYkcin edays‘kesotsmþIfa B½t’manepSg²
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EdleyIgeTIbnwgpþl;[ GacRKan;EtCakarPøk;[dwgCamunmYyb:ueNÑaH . enAeBlRtLb;mkTIRkúg

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v:asuInetanvij vIløIyuaM køIFIn )antak;EtgGnusSrN³mYyRbkbedaysmþICUrct;bMput EdlkñúgenaH

Kat;)anecaTRbkan; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI fa )ansEmJgCaeRKÓgTak;citþBYkcin[mansgÇwmBICMnYyGaemrikaMgmYy
enAkñúgvis½yxøH² EdlminEdlCECkBiPakSakñúglMdab;fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;esaH ehIyEdlenAminTan;
yl;RBmenAeLIy. v:an;s_ )anGbGrsresIrkarviPaKenHy:agekøóvkøa. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI eFVIhak;dUcCa\t
manerOgehtuGVIekIteLIgTaMgGs;.
enATIRkúgeb:kaMg TIRbwkSasnþisuxCati)andutbeBaäHkarxVHGMNt;rbs;cin edaysgát;bBa¢ak;enA
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BIkarqµk;vayRbharrbs;ExµrRkhm EdleTIbmanfµI²enAmçageToténRBMEdn. yunháWric )anniyay
R)ab;Ćasm¶at;fa tamkarBit hUlRb‘Úk nigeyIg TaMgGs;Kña)ankan;eCIgBYkevotNamGMBIbBaðaenH
«
rhUtdl;cugqñaM1978/ faG‘ÍcwgeTAcuH. evotNam)anRtÚvExµrRkhmrMelaPbMBaneTAelITwkdIpÞal;

rbs;eK k¾dUcrMelaPBYkéfEdrebI»kashuc[. sRmab;eyIg b:ul Bt KWCaEqáqáÜtmYyk,al CamnusS
EdleKmincUlcitþRKb;KñaenAkñúgtMbn; nigCaKMrUePrvCnpg 31.
»
v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk Kitfa vtþmanrbs;GaemrikaMgenAkñúgtMbn;d¾vwkvrenHnwgedIrtYnaTIeFVI[FUr

RsalmYy. KWeRkamTsSn³enHehIyEdlGñkTaMgBIrmanbMNgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBEpñkkarTUtCamYy
RbeTscinnigRbeTsevotNam. d,itGI ebIsinCaCemøaHépÞkñúglT§ikumµúynIsþrYmbgáCakarKMramkMEhg
mYycMeBaHsßirPaBtMbn; vaGacCa»kaseFVI[\T§iBlrbs;GaemrikaMgenAGasuIkeRmIkeLIgvijEdr.
rdæm®nþIkarbreTsGU®sþalI elak eGnRDÚ PIxUk )anyl;RsbnwgTsSn³enHTaMgRsug. karRbkas[
dwgCasaFarN³nUvkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNam )aneFVI[Kat;eBareBjeTAeday
karsb,ayrIkrayy:agxøaMg ebIeTaHbICaKat;eCOfa GacenAmandMeNIrEvgq¶ayeTAmuxeTotk¾eday.
PIxUk )anniyayR)ab;eKÉgfa enAeBlEdlRBwtþikarN_epSg²ekItmaneLIg dUecñHýl;fa vaKYrdl;
«
eBlevlaEdlbNþaRbeTsxøH-RbeTsGU®sþalICa]TahrN_ b:uEnþ RbeTskaNada nig nUEv:lehSLg;

Edr-RtÚvcab;epþImbnþkarsnÞnaEpñkkarTUteLIgvijCamYyRbeTskm<úCaehIy edaykuMePøcR)ab;[
RbeTscindwgBIKMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgGs;EdlnwgRtÚvRbkan;ykeTAtamTisenHpg. ´)anpþl;KMnitdl;
v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk GMBIerOgenH eRBaHfakñúgenaH émIleXIjmeFüa)aybgáarTukCamunnUvplGviC¢man
EdlGacekItmanCayfaehtuBIkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNameTAelITMnak;TMng
epSg²rvagRbeTscin nigshrdæGaemrik 32. hUlRb‘Úk KµanrkSaTukGnusSavrIy_NamYykñúgkar
»
CECkBiPakSaenHeT ´mincaMGVIeTKWmanEtb:uNÑwg. b:uEnþ ´BuMmanehtuplNamYyeFVI[sgS½ynUvGVIEdl

«
eGnRDÚ )anGHGageLIy 33. »
enAéf¶TI27 ExkBaØa karsegçbxøI²nUvRBwtþikarN_GnþrCatiTaMgLay EdlerobcMerogral;éf¶

edayRksYgkarbreTs edIm,IbeRmIeKalbMNgelakRbFanaFibtI BitCa)anbBa©Úlr)aykarN_
mYysþIBIkarCYbKñarvag hUlRb‘Úk nig fac; Edr. r)aykarN_enaH manGmeTAedaykMNt;xøImYy rbs;
v:an;s_ pg EdlENnaMedayTTUckñúgkareFVI[nUvTMnak;TMngEpñk karTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNamman
RbRktIPaBqab;rh½s. vaTMngfa elak xaF½r )aneCOtamKMnitenHrYceTAehIyedayehtufa enAedImEx
Kat;)anpþl;karbgÁab;bBa¢a[ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI eRbIRKb;lT§PaBTaMgGs;edIm,IQaneTAdl; karTTYlsÁal;
«
RbeTscinnigRbeTsevotNamdMNalKña 34. »
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anbgðaj[eXIjkarExVgeyabl;rbs;Kat;CamYy v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk. Kat;)an

CMTas;ngw KeRmag bBa©lÚ RbeTsevotNameTAkñgú GPiRkmén[kareFV[I manRbRktIPaBcinnigGaemrikaMg] .
« »
kñúgyuT§sa®sþRbqaMgsUevotrYmrbs;xøÜn bBaðaepSg²kñúgtMbn;)anedIrtYnaTIbnÞab;bnSMmYyb:ueNÑaH. kar

s¥b;QñanIsEdlmanrab;stvtSmkehIyrvagevotNamnigcin RbEhlCakgVl;cugeRkayrbs;Kat;.
Kat;vaytémøxusBIkarP½yxøacEdlRbeTscinjúaMg[bNþaRbeTsCitxagrbs;xøÜnykKMniteFVItamnig
bdiesFfa evotNamRBWxøacNas;cMeBaHkarrulmkmuxmYyrbs;cinsMedAmkTisxagt,Úg ³ KµanGVIGac«
GHGagBIKMnitenHeLIy TaMgtamRbvtþisa®sþ TaMgtamyuT§sa®sþ . tamKat;yl;RbeTsevotNam

»
RKan;EtCa GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_epSg²BIshPaBsUevot b:ueNÑaH ehIyKat;yl;RsbnwgkarP½y

« »
xøacrbs;RbeTscinEdleXIjRbeTsevotNamERbkøayeTACamUldæanmYyrbs;sUevot. Kat;kt;
smÁal;fa ³ v:an;s_ nig hUlRb‘Úk )aneFVIyuT§nakarCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYy
«
RbeTsevotNam Edltamýl;enHCakarPan;RcLMmYysuT§saF EdleFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;karxit

cUlCitKñaCamYyRbeTscin CaBiessxagEpñkyuTs§ a®sþ . Rb‘hÍ SInsÁI cg;R)aRs½ykargarnwg hUlRb‘kÚ
»
Edr. ´RtÚveFVI[eCO Cak;fa hUlRb‘Úk [kñúg»kasénkarCYbKñaenAExkBaØa qñaM1978 naTIRkúgj:Úvy:k]

«
KµaneKalbMNgGVIeRkAEtBIjúaMg[evotName)aHbg;ecalsMeNIsuMCMnYyEpñkesdækic©rbs;eKb:ueNÑaH
edIm,IsRmÜldl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaB ehIy´riHKn;meFüa)ayTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;y:agxøaMg 35.
»
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI nwgBiPakSaCamYyRbFanaFibtIBIPaBb:HTgÁicEdlecosminput kñúgkarseRmccitþmYy

EbbenaH ehIy xaF½r Edlyl;Rsbtameyabl;rbs;Kat;)anelIkkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYy
evotNameTAeBleRkayvij. karbkRsayrbs;Kat;BIRBwtþikarN_epSg²manmktaMgBIqñaM1981.
enAkalbriecäTenH RbeTsevotNamesÞIrEtRtÚvefáaleTasCasaFarN³BIbBaðamnusSFm’eTAehIy.
karkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCaKWCaGMeBIEdl)aneFVIRCúleTAehIymYy. RbCaCnePosxøÜntamTUkrab;Ban;nak;
)ansakl,grt;ecjBIRbeTs. tamsmþIKat;EdlGYtxøÜnfa KWKat;Etmñak;ÉgKt;EdleFVI[braC½ydl;
kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRkúghaNUy. Kat;RbEhlCaeCOBIGMNacrbs;Kat;Cardæbursmñak;Bit
Emn. b:uEnþkñúglMdab;TsSn³enH \sSrCnmñak; eTotk¾manzan³GacGYtxøÜn)anEdrKW eLGUNard_ vUdxUk.
vUdxUk enHÉgEdlCaGñkepþImdMeNIrkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBedaydwknaMKN³ebskkmµmYyrbs;
RbFanaFibtIeTARkúghaNUyenAniTaXrdUvqñaM1977.
kñúgzan³CaRbFankariyal½yTMnak;TMngrbs;GaemrikaMgRbcaMRkúgeb:kaMg Kat;manebskkmµcrca
EsVgrkkic©RBmeRBógmYykñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin. dUecñH eKnwkEtkñúgcitþfa
kRmiténkarRBÜy)armÖrbs;Kat; RbEhlCapøas;bþÚry:ageRcIn taMgBIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkúg
haNUy. karcrcaCamYyBYkcin Edlcab;epþImCasm¶at;enAExkkáda naTIRkúgeb:kaMg eBlenaHKWsßitenA
kñúgdMNak;kalRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;mYy. vUdxUk GaclubbM)at;]bsKÁepSg²EdlenAsl; ehIy
EdlRtÚvBuHBar[)anenAkñúgBiFIbriePaK)aymYyEdlpþl;CUnedayrdæm®nþIkarbreTscin hYg hY enAéf¶
TI3 Extula qñaM1978 naTIRkúgjÚvy:k. kñúg»kasenaH v:an;s_ hUlRb‘Úk nig GUesnbWk )anrYmdMeNIr
CamYyKat;Edr. enAyb;dEdlenaH elak hSk XInFIn )anerobcMenA Central Park ekoknwgsßan
ebskkmµcin nUvkardutkaMRCÜcEbøkxuseKmYykñúgcMeNamkardutkaMRCÜcEbøkxuseKrbs;Kat;. sñÚrénkar
pÞúH)anlan;B¤RThwg eFVI[bg¥ÜcGKarnanaj½rrNþM. briyakasEdlmanlaykarkMEbøgnigP½yRBÜyenH
KWvaRtÚveTAtamkal³eTs³ ³ karCYbKña)anRbRBwtþeTARbkbedaylkçN³d¾rMeCIbrMCYl. hYghY )anriHKn;
edayRtg;²Kµanlak;elom. Kat;)antiHedol v:an;s_ y:agxøaMgBIkarcecsrbs;shrdæGaemrikEdl
rkSaTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYy étv:an; niglk;eRKÓgsBVavuFeTA[eTot. enAem:ag10yb; eKetagEtnwk
KiteTAdl;GahareBll¶ac. edayerobcMy:agsRmaMgenAelItumðÚbGaharrbs;cin)aneLIgRtCak;
Gs;. hUlRb‘Úk )anrMB£kenAnwgmux´BIPaBesakesAénkarbriePaKGahareBll¶acEdleLIgRtCak;min
ecHcb;enH. G‘ÍcwgehIy )anCaeyIgBuMmanlT§PaBegIbeTAemIlkaMRCÜc. ehIyl,icTaMgenH)aneFVI[
«
B¤sUrsMeLgKYr[xøacy:agxøaMgdUckar)aj;kaMePøIgt,al;Edr. eKnwgsnñidæandUcenARkúgéRBnKrkñúg
ry³eBlmans®gÁamG‘Icwg . »
vUdxUk )anRtÚveFVI[Gs;sgÇwmKYrsm. b:uEnþ BnøWénesckþIsgÇwmtUcmYy)anelceLIgeRBaH

shkarImñak;rbs; hYg )anmkCYbKat;Casm¶at; edIm,IesuIbsYrBIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg
vij. elIkenH Kat;R)afñafa mþgenHeKRtÚvRBmeRBógKñaedayKµanBnüareBlGMBIeKalkarN_énkar
snÞnaCahUrEhfµImYyenAkñúgrdæFanIcin. enHRbEhlCakar[sBaØamYyehIyemIleTA. edayBi)ak
niyayKñaCamYy v:an;s_ BYkcinRbEhlCasEmþg[eXIjPaBqab;RsuHRsYlCamYy vUdxUk CagEdl
BYkeKdwgfa Kat;eFVIkarkñúgRkúmshkarId¾CitsñiT§CamYy xaF½r nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI Edr.
enAéf¶TI11 Extula qñaM1978 eBlEdl xaF½r sYrKat;enAcMeBaHmux Rb‘ÍhSInsÁIkñúgkariyal½y
BgRkeBIénestvimanfa etIKat;eBjcitþbnþkarRbCuMedIm,IcrcaCamYyRbeTsevotNamb¤eT cemøIy
rbs;Kat;KWeTdac;xat. vUdxUk )anBnül;R)ab;RbFanaFibtIfa kñúgkal³eTs³bc©úb,nñ BYkeK ¬v:an;s_ nig
hUlRb‘Úk¦ manTwkcitþeFVI[braC½ydl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscinEtmþg. BitehIy
karbgðajedImehtupÞal;xøÜnrbs;Kat;manlkçN³c,as;las; ³ Kat;mincg;RbfuyeFVI[manGnþraydl;
ebskkmµEdleKRbKl;[Kat;bMeBjenARkúgeb:kaMgeLIy. b:uEnþ etIBYkcinRbkasedayCak;lak;fa xøÜn
RbqaMgnwgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNamEdreT?. vUdxUk )ansarPaBR)ab;´fa
Kat;minEdlsÞabsÞg;BYkcinBIcMNucenHeLIy edayTuk[BYkePJóvGaemrikaMgxøHsYrBIerOgenHcuH. CYn
kalePJóvmñak;kñúgcMeNameRcInnak;)ansYrBYkcinfa ³ etIelaknwgmanRbtikmµEbbNakñúglT§PaBEdl
«
eyIgnwgeFVI[TMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgCamYyRbeTsevotNammanRbRktIPaBeLIgvij? tamFmµtacemøIy
KWEtgEtRby½tRñ bEygCanic© b:Eu nþ KµanemdwknaMcni Namñak; sEmþg[eXIjkarRbqaMgdac;GhgáareLIy .
»
tamkarBitebI vUdxUk P½yxøacRbtikmµGviC¢manmYyenaHKWRKan;EtfabBaðaminTan;)anedaHRsayeday

Cak;lak;b:ueNÑaH. karcrcaCamYyRkúgeb:kaMg)anepþImenAExkkáda ehIykarsnÞnarbs;ĆamYy
«
elakRbFanaFibtI)anekItmanenAExtula. kñúgry³eBlbIExenH edayKµaneBlniyayBIRbeTsevot

NamCamYyBYkcinTal;EtesaH ´GacvaytémøerOgenHbnþicbnþÜcenAeBlbc©úb,nñEdleyIgQandl;
eKaledAehIy eRBaHmincg;begáIt[mankarmnÞilsgS½ymkelIsuqnÞ³rbs;eyIg 36. »
karbkRsayBIrEdlpÞúyKñaRsLHGMBI\riyabfrbs;cin )aneFVI[rdæaPi)alGaemrikaMg Ebk)ak;

CaBIrEdr ³ mçagKWkarbkRsayrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI-vUdxUk ehIymçageTotKWkarbkRsayrbs; hUlRb‘Úk.
hUlRb‘Úk )anerobrab;R)ab;´fa ³ énAnwkeXIjedayeBjeljnUvsmþIsnÞnarbs;BYkcinkñúg»kas
«
mhasnñ)i atGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqña1M 978 ³ kareFV[I manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNam
«
minTak;TgnwgeyIgeT sUmelakbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTsNa Edlelakcg;cuH . mnusS »
RKb;Kñayl;fa evotNamBuMEmneRtkGreT b:uEnþ BYkeKsuxcitþxaMmat;sgát;citþ ¬eRBaHecosminrYc¦ 37.

»
elak xaF½r yl;Rsbtameyabl;rbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI nig vUdxUk. Kat;yl;eXIjfa bBaðacinman «
sarsMxan;Casarvnþ ehIyKat;)anseRmcfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNamnwg

»
ekItmanbnÞab;BIkarcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógCamYyRbeTscinrYcehIy 38.
esckþIseRmcrbs;RbFanaFibtIenAéf¶TI11 ExtulaenH sßitenACaerOgsm¶at;bMput. enARksYg
karbreTs kRmmanGñkEdlRtÚvdwgBIerOgsm¶at;enHNas; eBlEdleKcab;epþImeFVIkarerobcMRbúg
eRbóbebIksßanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkúghaNUy. hUlRb‘Úk nigbNþashkarICitsñiT§rbs;Kat;pÞal;
k¾minRtÚv)anR)ab;[dwgBImUlehtuBitR)akdénkarelIkeBlenHEdr RbEhledIm,IecosvagkarRbQm
muxfµImYyrvag v:an;s_ nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI ehIyemIleTA. eK)ansakl,geFVI[Kat;eCOfa KWkarBinitüBic½y
GMBIneya)aykúñgRbeTsEtmü:agb:ueNÑaH GacR)ab;ehtuplBIkarseRmccitþenH ³ mYyExmunkare)aH
eqñat karsEmþgnUvsmancitþxøaMgeBkcMeBaHRbeTsevotNammuxCanwgbNþal[xUcxatdl;kare)aH
eqñateRCIserIssmaCiksPaCan;TabmYycMnYnFMeLIgvij. GñkCitditnwg hUlRb‘Úk mñak;)ankt;smÁal;
fa ³ cab;taMgBIéf¶TI27 ExkBaØa karbgÁab;bBa¢aepSg²rbs;estviman)anERbeTACac,as;las;TaMg
«
Rsug ³ KµankareFVI[manRbRktIPaBmunkare)aHeqñateT 39.

»
hUlRb‘Úk karBartMENgrbs;Kat;
enAkariyal½yTTYlbnÞúkkic©karGasuIxagekIt BaküccamGar:am)ancab;epþImelcB¤sussay
eTaHbICamankarRbúgRby½tñmin[Føayecjk¾eday k¾kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam
sßitkñúgsßanPaBF¶n;F¶renAeLIy. PaBtantwg)anekIneLIgrvagEpñkTTYlbnÞúkkic©karxagevotNamnig
xagcin ehIyEpñkxagcinkMBugsRmbtamCMhrPaKeRcInrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI. b:uEnþ eKRtÚvkar[mankUnxül;
BüúHmYypÞúHeLIg-bnÞab;BImanesckþIseRmcxøH²EdlkMNt;[ hUlRb‘Úk kñúg»kasénkarsñak;GaRs½y
mYyenATIRkúg)agkk-edIm,Inwg[karseRmccitþrbs;estviman RtÚv)andwgB¤eTAdl;mnusSRKb;Kña.
karcab;epþImdMeNIrkarkic©karenH)anmaneLIgRBmKñaCamYykarbBa¢ÚnCasm¶at;eTA[evotNamnUvGVIEdl
eKehAfa GaTiPaBfµIkñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBy:agKYr[q¶l; eRBaHelIkenH GaemrikaMgCaGñkdak;
lkçxNÐmþg.
r:UbWt GUklI )aneFVIdMeNIreTARkúgj:ÚvykBIrelIk edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyevotNam. Rkúmkargar
EdlbegáIteLIgsRmab;BinitüemIledayl¥itl¥n;nUvbBaðaepSg² EdlecaTeLIgedaykarebIksßanTUt
)aneFVIkary:agskmµ. kñúg»kasénkarCYbKñaelIkcugeRkayrbs;Kat;enAéf¶TI17 Extula GUklI )an
smÁal;eXIj egVón kUfac; GnÞHGEnÞgy:agxøaMg. fac; rMGukKat;fa Rbjab;eLIg¡ eyIgcg;edaHRsay
«
bBaðaenHPøamEtmþg . GUklI )anBnüareBledayykelsfa CabzmKat;RtÚvkarBinitüPaKl¥itl¥n;

»
TaMgGs;[eRscCamunsin.
b:uEnþ enAéf¶TI30 Extula karyl;Tas;epSg²nigesckþIesñIEdlKat;RtÚvTTYlPar³bgðajCUndl;
Rtan; kVagkU KWmanPaBxusKñaTaMgRsug. munnwgcab;epþImcrcaeTAmuxeTot BYkGaemrikaMg)antRmÚv
enAeBlenHfa evotNamRtÚvBinitüeLIgvijnUvCMhrrbs;xøÜnelIbIcMNuc ³ bBaðaRbeTskm<úCa bBaðaTMnak;
TMngsUevot-evotNam nigbBaðaCnePosxøÜntamTUk. BIr-bIqñaMeRkaymk paM b‘íj GñkkarTUtCan;x<s;
evotNammñak;)aneFVIeBICasYrfa ehtuGVI)anCamanlkçxNÐfµITaMgenH?. BIeRBaHfa taMgBIEx]sPa
«
qñaM1978 [CakalbriecäTénTsSnkic©rbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI enARkúgeb:kaMg] BYkcin)anseRmccitþRbkan;

neya)ayGmitþmYycMeBaHRbeTsevotNam ehIyfaBYkGaemrikaMg)ancUlédxagcineTotpg 40. »
GVIEdl b‘íj min)anniyayKWfa karXubXitrvagsUevot-evotNam manPaBdUcKñanwgkar

XubXitrvagGaemrikaMg-cinEdr. enARBwkéf¶TI30 Extula ¬RtÚvnwgéf¶TI29 l¶acenARkúgv:asuInetan¦
ynþehaH GIulIyUQIn62 mYyeRKÓgrbs;sUevot)anehaHeLIgBIGakasyandæan Ny éb enARkúg
haNUy edaymanpÞúkemdwknaMCan;x<s;evotNamCaeRcInrUb 41.
emdwknaMTaMgenaH R)akdCasmaCikkariyal½yneya)aycMnYnBak;kNþalEdlGmdMeNIr
GKÁelxabkS eL yn; eq<aHeTARkúgmUsÁÚ CaTIEdlKat;nwgcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØamitþPaBmYysMedA
bgáarRbtikmµmYyrbs;cin EdlTMngCaBitkñúgeBlEdlevotNameFVIkarvayRbharRbeTskm<úCa.
enATIRkúgjÚvy:k fac; )anrg;caMedayGt;Fµt;fa enATIbMput BYkGaemrikaMgmuxCaseRmccitþcuHhtßelxa
elIkic©RBmeRBógeFVI[manRbRktIPaBminxan. kñúgry³eBlmYyEx fac; EdlRtÚveFVI[enOyNay)an
eLIgynþehaHeTAkan;RkúgmUsÁÚmþgeTot edayqøgkat;tamTIRkúg):arIs. kñúgrdæFanIrbs;sUevot enAéf¶TI3
Exvickiä a Kat;)ancUlrYmBiFmI y
Y EdlerobcMeLIgkñgú »kasénkarcuHhtßelxasn§si BaØasUevot-evotNam.
RkúghaNUyBuMGacseRmcTTYl)ankarTTYlsÁal;EpñkkarTUtmYyrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlRtÚveFVICaGaT×mun
kareFVIshRbtibtþixageyaFaCamYyBYksUevoteLIy.
eKGacdNþwgsYrfa etIkarbþÚrKMnitPøam²rbs;BYkGaemrikaMgCaplénkarrkeXIjrbs;eKGMBI
karRbúgeRbóbcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØarvagsUevot-evotNamEmnb¤? BitehIy enAéf¶TI27 Extula
RkúghaNUy)anRbkasCasaFarN³fa eL yn; nig paM v:an;dug nwgeFVIdMeNIreTATsSnkic©CapøÚvkarenA
TIRkúgmUsÁÚkñúg GnaKtqab;²xagmux . b:uEnþeKyl;FøúHfaenAeBlenaHBYkeKnwgcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØa
« »
mYy ehIyenAmanmYyCMhaneTotEdlRbEhlKµanGñkNamñak;GacseRmc)aneT.
BitehIy RksYgkarbreTs)anRbwgERbgbgðajPsþútagGMBIbraC½yénkareFVI[manRbRktIPaB
CamYyRbeTsevotNamkñúgkalxageRkaymkeTot. tameKeCOfa karbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUt GaceFVI
eTA)anbnÞab;BIkarcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØasUevot-evotNam karlukluyRbeTskm<úCa nigkar
bgðaj[dwgBIerOgCnePosxøÜntamTUk. karbkRsayenH BuMKitdl;GVIeLIyebIeRbóbeFobnwgkalb,vtþi
eLIy. ehtukarN_sMxan;dMbUgBIr BitCaekItmaneRkayéf¶TI11 Extula CakalbriecäTEdl xaF½r
Rbkan;ykkarseRmccitþrbs;Kat;. cMENkkarcakecalRsukTaMghVÚg²énCnePosxøÜntamTUk)ansßit
kñúgsßanPaBRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;xøaMgBitR)akd Etkñúgry³eBlénrdUvekþAqñaM1979b:ueNÑaH42.
kñúgkareFVIsmÖasn_CabnþbnÞab;EdlKat;GnuBaØat[ĆYb hUlRb‘Úk )anGHGagCaeRcInelIk
eRcInsafa KµaneBlNamYyEdlKat;seRmccitþBnüareBlkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBedayCak;lak;
eLIy. karGHGagenH mansPaBpÞúyKñay:agBitR)akdnwgskçIkmµrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI rbs; vUdxUk ehIy
ebIniyay[cMKWrbs;elak xaF½r pÞal;. tamKat;fa RbeTscinBuMmanTMnak;TMngNamYykñúgerOgenHeT ³
«mnusSeRcInNas;eCOfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam )anRtÚvlHbg;edIm,ICa
KuNRbeyaCn_dl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin. tamkarBitKW evotNampÞal; EdlbegáIt
[mansßanPaBmYyEbbenH rhUtTal;EtBYkeKElgmanlT§PaBcUlrYmteTAmuxeTot . dUecñH karBnüar
»
eBlnwgRtÚvbkRsayedayehtuplbIy:ag ³ TImYy erOgCnePosxøÜntamTUk/ TIBIr B½t’manepSg²

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EdleyIgmansþIBIkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVIkarlukluyRbeTskm<úCa nigTIbI kare)aHeqñateRCIserIs

sPaCan;Tab 43.
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tamkarBit PaBCYnKñaénkare)aHeqñatnigkareFV[I manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam -bBaða

EdlRtÚvCECkKñakñúgkRmitx<s;bMput- KWCaerOgEdleFVI[twgcitþ. b:uEnþerOgenH Føab;)anbkRsayfa
RKan;EtCakaryWty:avbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH BuMEmnCakarkat;pþac;eT. dUecñH hUlRb‘Úk )anGHGagnUv
TLðIkrN_BIreTot. rdæaPi)alnwgRtÚveFVI[RBÜy)armÖBIRbtikmµepSg²rbs;saFarNCn kñúgkarebIk
sßanTUtmYyenATIRkúghaNUy cMeBlEdlsßanIy_TUrTsSn_nanapSBVpSayBaseBjRbeTsnUvrUbPaB
CnePosxøÜntamTUkEdlkMBugrt;ecjBIRbeTsevotNam. rdæaPi)alP½yxøacERkgmankarpÞúHecjnUv
kartv:aRbqaMgmYy. bEnßmBIerOgenH KWGtßiPaBénr)aykarN_sm¶at;mYysþIBIkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVI
s®gÁamRbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<úCa. b:uEnþ TLðIkrN_TaMgGs;enH nwgrwtEteFVI[eCOCak;edayminGacRbEkk
)an ebIsinCa hUlRb‘Úk nigbNþashkarIKat;enARksYgkarbreTsbnþeFVIkargareBjry³eBlén
Extula edayeFVIhak;dUcCaKµanGVIekIteLIgesaH sþIBIkarebIksßanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkúghaNUy.
enAsrTrdUvqñaM1978 ÉksarmYyEdleRbIsRmab;Bnül;GMBICMhrrbs;RksYgkarbreTs )an
pþl;nUvkarbkRsaymYyxusKñaTaMgRsugsþIBIkarkat;pþac;karBiPakSaCamYyRbeTsevotNam. cMENk
GUklI vij ehobnwgTTYlsÁal;enAcMeBaHmuxéTAehIyfa lkçxNÐfµI²Edldak;[evotNamBinitüenA
éf¶TI 30 Extula RKan;EtCaelsmYysMedAbiT)aMgkarpøas;bþÚrKMnitPøam²rbs;GaemrikaMgb:ueNÑaH.
enAExkBaØa hUlRb‘Úk Føab;)anBiPakSaerOgTaMgbIenHCamYy fac; Edr edaymineFVI[man]bsKÁNamYy
dl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBeT. dUecñH GñkNamYyEdlpþl;bBa¢abgá[mankaryl;Tas;fµI²eTot?.
edIm,IkarBarxøÜnBIerOgenH GUklI )anRbEkkfa ³ BuMmankarbgÁab;bBa¢arbs;estvimaneT. Pøam²enaH
«
GUesnbWk k¾rkBuMeXIjGVI²Edl)anekIteLIg ehIy)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRbFanaFibtI[pþl;eTA v:an;s_ nUv

esckþIbgÁab;fµI²eTot . tamkarsnñidæan enHehIyCaKMnitrbs;Kat;nigKMnitrbs; hUlRb‘Úk. eyIg
» «
manbMNgR)ab;evotNam[dwgBImUlehtuepSg² EdlnaMeTAdl;braC½yénkarcrcaEdr 44. »
´)ansYr hUlRb‘Úk fa enAeBlNaEdlKat;R)ab;[evotNamdwgBIkarseRmccitþrbs; xaF½r?.

b:uEnþvaTMngCaBitEdlfa kñúg»kasénkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;enAGasuIGaeKñy_ Kat;)anlatRtdagfa
erOgr:avxøHmandMeNIrminl¥eT. enAéf¶TI31 Extula TIPñak;garB½t’man yU>PI>Gay nigkaEst Nasüúg
enARkúg)agkk )annaMmkniyaynUvsmþIsnÞnaxøH²EdleKsnµtfaCarbs;Kat; EdlfakareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNamGacekItmanmunry³eBlBIrEx. kartv:aCabnþbnÞab;tamTUrs½BÞ
EdlehAmkKat;BITIRkúgv:asuInetan KWCaRbpñÚlminl¥mYy. hUlRb‘Úk )anRbEkky:agxøaMgkøa b:uEnþ
lkçN³xageRkAénerOgr:avKWsuT§EtpÞúynwgKMnitKat; ³ B½t’man)ancab;epþImelcB¤sussaybnÞab;BIkar
CYbrbs;Kat;CamYynaykrdæm®nþIéf eRKógsak; qUm:aNnþ mYys)aþh_. dUecñH karvinicä½y)anelc
ecjCaBiessBIkñúgcMeNamshkarIKat;enARksYgkarbreTsfa Kat;TMngCa)anniyayKYr[mnÞilEmn
ehIyfa mü:ageTotKat;GacCaGñkminecHlak;Gaf’kM)aMgtaMgBIdMbUgmkpg.
eRkaymk ´man»kas)aneFVIsmÖassakSICaeRcInnak; TaMgGaemrikaMg TaMgéf. vabgðajfa
hUlRb‘Úk BuM)ankMNt;kalbriecäTNamYycMeBaHkarbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNam
eLIy. CamYynwg GaR)am:UvIt EdlCMnan;enaHCaÉkGKÁrdæTUtenARbeTséf Kat;)anCRmab eRKógsak;
[dwgBIxøwmsarénkarsnÞnarbs;Kat;CamYy fac; kalBIExkBaØa edayminePøcerobrab;R)ab;BIkare)aHbg;
rbs;evotNam Edlcg;[sgkarxUcxatedaysars®gÁamCamunsinmunnwgP¢ab;TMnak;TMngkarTUteLIg
vijpg. BYkemdwknaMéf )ansnñidæanBIerOgenHedaysmehtuplfa karbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtrvag
RbeTsTaMgBIr KWc,as;CaekItmankñúgeBlqab;². b:uEnþ RbeTséfk¾dUcRbeTsTaMgGs;énsmaKm
Gas‘anP½yxøacERkgfa kñúgkarRbjab;Rbjal;rbs;Kat; edIm,IeFVI[TMnak;TMngGaemrikaMg-evotNam
manRbRktIPaB hUlRb‘Úk muxCaePøcKitbNþamitþcas;²rbs;Kat;enAGasuIminxan. dUecñH BYkemdwknaM
RbeTsTaMgenH)anpþÜcepþImKMnitpSBVpSay[dwgB¤tamsarB½t’mannUvsmþIsnÞnarbs; hUlRb‘Úk eday
bEnßmbnßytictYckñúgkþIsgÇwmraMgrakarRbRBwtþeTAénRbtibtþikarrbs;Kat;. kñúgGtßbTrbs;kaEst
Nasüúg )anniyayesI²EbbCa]TahrN_ BitNas;edIm,IbeRmIeKalbMNgRbeTscinfa kareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBGaemrikaMg-evotNam TMngCanwgekItmanmun karbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtrvagRbeTscin
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nigshrdæGaemrik. karelcFøayerOgsm¶at;)anbNþal[manlT§plEdleKTukcitþelI. karniyay

bdiesFrbs;estvimannigRksYgkarbreTs)anekItmanBIrb¤bIem:ageRkaymk. edayeFVI[ hUlRb‘Úk
Gn;citþbnþicbnþÜc GñknaMBakürbs;RksYgkarbreTs hUDIg xaF½r )anRbkasfa KµansmaCikNamñak;
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rbs;rdæaPi)alGaemrikaMgGacGHGagbBa¢ak;BIerOgmYyEbbenaHeT . Kat;)anbBa¢ak; RbkbedayPaB

» «
muWgm:at;cugeRkay fa ³ rdæaPi)alGaemrikaMgminTan;Qandl;karseRmccitþNamYyGMBIkalbriecäTén
» «
kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCayfaehtumYyeLIy. rdæaPi)alBuMTan;Qandl;kic©RBmeRBógNamYyTaMg
karRtÚvr:UvNamYyCamYyevotNameT . enHBuMEmnCakarBiteT b:uEnþ xøwmsarRtÚvTTYl)any:agc,as;
»
las;bMput. Rkúgeb:kaMgRtÚv)aneFVI[)at;P½yRBÜy ehIybNþasm<½n§mitþenAGasuIGaeKñy_k¾G‘ÍcwgEdr.

Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anxwgdac;k,aldac;knÞúy enAeBlEdlKat;dwgBIBaküccamGar:amepSg²manRbPB
mkBIRkúg)agkk EdltamKat;yl;KWbMpuseLIgeday hUlRb‘Úk. b:uEnþ Kat;enAminTan;Gs;karegOgq¶l;
rbs;Kat;enAeLIyeT. sßanIylYcsþab;rbs;es>GuI>Ga> EdlmanbnÞúkeFVIcarkic©elIkarTak;TgKñatam
TUrs½BÞenAxagkñúg]bTVIb\NÐÚcin)ancab;)ansarmYyenAéf¶TI31 Extula EdlmanlkçN³esÞIrEteFVI[
GaCIBrbs; hUlRb‘Úk vinasGnþrayeTAehIy. GUesnbWk manGakar³migmaMgeBjry³eBlénkar
GanesckþIcmøgRbcaMéf¶Edlft)anedayPñak;garesuIbkarN_rbs;Kat;. enaHKWCaGtßbTbBa¢ÚnmkBI
cm¶aymYyCaPasaevotNam EdlGñkeqøIyqøgénTIPñak;garB½t’manevotNamenATIRkúgevogc½nÞ bBa¢Ún
eTAkariyal½yrbs;xøÜnenATIRkúghaNUy. GñkkaEstrUbenaH)anTajehtusMGagtam \sSrCn «
GaemrikaMgmñak; fa bnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñatExvicäika rdæaPi)al xaF½r RbEhlCaGaceFVI[TMnak;TMngrbs;

» «
xøÜnmanRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNamdMNalKñanwgRbeTscinEdr ehIyecosvagfa kareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscinmineFVI[KaMgdl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNameLIy . »
b:uEnþ lixitTUrelx)anbBa¢ak;BI karekobsgát;Edl Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI eFVIeTAelIGñkTTYlxusRtÚvenARksYg

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karbreTs edIm,IjúaMg[BYkenaHbnþeFVIkarTak;TajcitþRbeTscinteTAeTot ehIyBwgEp¥kerOgTaMgGs;

enaH edIm,IRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam . lixitTUrelxenaHmanbMNgedIm,IbBa©b; karTTYlsVaKmn_
» «
y:agkk;ekþA EdleRtómeday hUlRb‘Úk sRmab;GñktMNagmñak;rbs;RbeTsevotNamkñúg»kasén

»
BiFITTYlbdisNæarkic©mYyenATIRkúgevogc½nÞEdr. GñkkarTUtGaemrikaMg )anR)ab;KUsnÞnarbs;Kat;

«
CamYykarsb,ayrIkrayelcecjmkeRkAfa Kat;eTIbnwg)anCYbeFVIkarsnÞnaCamYy egVón kUfac;

ehIyfa shkarImñak;kñúgcMeNamshkarICaeRcInnak;rbs;Kat;enATIRkúgjÚvy:k )aneFVIkarR)aRs½y
Tak;TgCab;CaRbcaMCamYy fac; dEdlenH . Kat;)ansEmþg[eXIj suTidæiniymy:agxøaMgcMeBaHTsSn
» «
vis½yepSg²kñúgkareFVI[TMnak;TMngrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrmanRbRktIPaBeLIgvij . GñkeqøIyqøgén
»
TIPñak;garB½t’manevotNam)anbkRsaysmþIsnÞnarbs; hUlRb‘Úk fa CasarmYynigCa kayvikar «
RbkbedaymitþPaB mYy EdlbBa¢ÚneTAkan;RbeTsevotNam. kñúgTwkmuxesøksøaMg GUesnbWk )andak;

»
GtßbTenHenAelItueFVIkarrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI ehIyesñI[elak xaF½r beNþj hUlRb‘Úk ecjBIkargar.

enAeBlEdlkarxkcitþjaMjIKat; hUlRb‘Úk RtÚveKeXIjenAkñúgTIRkúgLasSÚ (Lashio) sßitenAtam
pøÚv Burma Road [CapøÚvCatid¾sMxan;enARbeTsPUmaP¢ab;TIRkúgr:g;hÁÚneTARbeTscin] EdlCaRsukmYyman
eTsPaBRss;Rtkal b:uEnþenAdac;q¶ayBIeK ehIyCamYyTIRkúgenH RksYgkarbreTs)anrkSakar
Tak;TgepSg²edayeTogTat;. sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkúgr:g;hÁÚn)anvayTUrelxeTA[Kat;CabnÞan;
edIm,IR)ab;dMNwgepSg²EdlecjmkBIRkúg)agkk nigkarbdiesFrbs;Rkúgv:asuInetan. mü:ageTot
v:an;s_ )ansaksYreTAkan; hUlRb‘Úk GMBIxøwmsarBitR)akdénesckþIRbkasrbs;Kat;Edr. R)akdEmn
hUlRb‘Úk )anbdiesFkarTTYlxusRtÚvTaMgGs;. eRkaymk Kat;man»kasbkRsayBIerOgenHfa enA «
CMnan;enaH vamanPaBtantwgy:agxøaMgrvagRksYgkarbreTs nigestviman. eK)ansakl,geFVI[´

TTYlrgkarTTYlxusRtÚvTaMgGs;GMBIbraC½ymYy. kñúgerOgr:avTImYyKW GaR)am:UvIt )anRbEkkdac;
GhgáarBIesckþIseRmccitþepSg² EdlKat;cat;TukfaCarbs;´. v:an;s_ )anCYykarBaréTAkan;elak
xaF½r ehIyGVI²RtÚv)anRBmeRBógKña. kñúgerOgr:avTIBIrRkúmes>GuI>Ga> )aneFVIGegátehIy)ansnñidæanBI
RbtibtþikarpSBVpSayB½t’manPUtkuhkmYy EdlTMngCarbs;sUevot 45. tamkarBit hUlRb‘Úk )an
»
RtÚv[rYcBiruT§edayGtßbTrbs;GñkkaEstBIrrUbKWelak rUvLg; GuIv:an nig rUbWt NUv:ak; EdlBnül;Evk

Ejky:agc,as;fa r)aykarN_épÞkñúgrbs;TIPñak;garB½t’manevotNam KWCa])aymYyrbs;sUevot
sMedAeFVI[TMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg KaMgdMeNIr nigeFVI[ekItmankarEbk)ak;KñakñúgrdæaPi)al xaF½r46.
tam hUlRb‘Úk fa karRbsBVKñaénehtukarN_TaMgBIrenHKW ehtukarN_enATIRkúg)agkknigehtu
karN_enATIRkúgevogc½nÞ manlkçN³CakarXubXitKñabRmúgbMpøajnrNamñak;. Kat;niyayfa enaHKW «
hak;dUcCanrNamñak; )anepþImeFVI[´vinastamrebobCak,Ün . tamkarBit ebIsinCaekItmankar

»
XubXitEmn KWBuMEmnCasñaédrbs;emKMnitEtmñak;eT. karelcFøayerOgsm¶at;enARkúg)agkkebItam

hUlRb‘Úk faCa esckþIdkRsg;EdlP½nþRcLM kñúgeKalbMNgeFVI[Gnþraydl;karcrcarvagGaemrikaMg-
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evotNam EdlCaerOgbeRmIplRbeyaCn_rbs;RbeTséf nigRbeTscinenAmunkare)aHeqñateRCIs

erIssPaCan;TabGaemrikaMg. k¾b:uEnþ lixitTUrelxrbs;TIPñak;garB½t’manevotNam KWmanlkçN³bMpus
bMpulRbqaMgcin. mü:ageTot TUrelxminEdlpSay[dwgTal;EtesaHnUvGVIEdlGac[eKKitfa lixitTUr
elxenHRKan;EtbBa¢Únecj edIm,I[BYkGaemrikaMg b¤BYkcinsáat;cab;)anb:ueNÑaH. GVIEdlmansarsMxan;
kñúgerOgenH KWkarbMéPølkçN³BiténB½t’manepSg²EdlbBa¢Ún edayTIPñak;garB½t’manevotNam.
vaCak;R)akdNas;Edlfa hUlRb‘Úk )anCYbParFarIrbs;evotNamenATIRkúgevogc½nÞ kñúg»kasénBiFI
bdisNæarkic©mYyEdlpþl;edaysmPaKIGaemrikaMgrbs;Kat;. hUlRb‘Úk dMNalfa ńiyayBakü «
sYsþIeTAkan;Kat; b:uEnþ ´R)afñafacg; elIkédCasBaØamitþPaBd¾kk;ekþA eTArkKat;eTot EdlenHKWCakar

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bgçÚcRTg;RTayénkarBitmYy . hUlRb‘Úk )ankarBarxøÜny:agxøaMgkøa Edl)anriHKn;buKÁlb¤neya)ay

»
sñiT§cinrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI rebobdUcEdlKat;RtÚvrdæaPi)alsþIbenÞasedaymincMeBaHEdr.

vaminTMngTal;EtesaHEdlfa hUlRb‘Úk )anniyayEbbenHeTAkan;GñkkarTUtevotNammñak;
eTaHbICamenaseBa©tnapÞal;xøÜnrbs;Kat;k¾eday. b:uEnþ lixitTUrelxrbs;TIPñak;garB½t’manevotNamBuM
)anbBa¢ak;BI \sSrCnfñak;x<s;rbs;GaemrikaMg EdleRCIserIsKUsnÞnaevotNammñak; edIm,Iniyay
« »
R)ab;erOglak;kM)aMgrbs;xøÜneLIy. vaRKan;EtCabBaðaén karsnÞnaKñaCasm¶at; mYyb:ueNÑaH.

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GñkeqøIyqøgénTIPñak;garB½t’manevotNamenATIRkúgevogc½nÞ dageKon man»kas)anCYbCECkKñaCamYy

BYkGaemrikaMg KWsmaCikshKmn_sasnaRbÚetsþg; EdlkMBugsñak;enAkñúgrdæFanIevogc½nÞCajwkjy
rYmTaMgCamYyGñkkaEstelakxaglic EdleFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;tamTIenaHmþgmáalpg. Kat;GacEsVg
yl;BIBYkeK-elIkElgEtvaBuMEmnCaRbPBkarTUt-nUvRbvtþiénkarEbk)ak;Kñarvag Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI nig
hUlRb‘Úk. mü:ageTot evotNammanehtuplxøH² EdleFVI[rIkraykñúgcitþGMBI karN_Edlfa Gñkkar
TUtmñak;kñúgcMeNamGñkkarTUtrbs;BYkeK RtÚv)anGeBa¢Ij[eTAnievsndæanrbs;ParFarIGaemrikaMgEdl
nwgGacBnül;nUvesckþIraykarN_eBareBjeTAedaykarsb,aycitþbnþicbnþÜccMeBaHRBwtþikarN_enaH
Edlpþl;edayGñkeqøIyqøgénTIPñak;garB½t’manevotNam. enATIbMput vaGacfa elak hUlRb‘Úk-enA
TIRkúgevogc½nÞ k¾dUcenATIRkúg)agkkBImun-Føab;)anrMB£kRbkbedayKMnitsuTidæiniymd¾Cak;lak;mYy GMBI
TsSnvis½yénkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNampgEdr. dUecñHkar):an;sµanmunmYy
GMBIl,icklrbs;sUevotminGacFIbecjTaMgRsugeT eRBaHvaTMngxøaMgNas;Edlfa lixitTUrelxenH
BitCalixitTUrelxrbs;GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’mankñúgRsukmñak; EdlkMBugbBa¢ÚndMNwgeTA[BYkecAhVaynay
rbs;Kat;. ebIKit[hµt;ct;eTA lixitTUrelxRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚnenAéf¶bnÞab;BIkarecjdMeNIrrbs; hUlRb‘Úk
eTAkan;RbeTsPUma. etImanGVIFmµtaCagenH?. b:uEnþ ebIBinitü[eRCARCHeTAcMNucsMxan;BuMEmnenARtg;
enaHeT. hYsBIkaredaHRsaytampøÚvKMnit GMBIkarXubXitbRmúgk,t;CayfaehtumYy erOgr:avenARkúg
)agkknigRkúgevogc½nÞbgðaj[eXIj CaBiessfa rhUtmkdl;eBlenH hUlRb‘Úk mindwgGVITaMgGs;GMBI
karbnßyskmµPaBkñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam.
hUlRb‘Úk )anrYcxøÜnBIkarP½yTaMgRbputRbepIy. mhnþraypÞal;xøÜnRtÚv)anecosvagTaMgBi)ak.
k¾b:uEnþ karRbLÚkb:Uk):akrbs;Kat;CamYy Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI nig GUesnbWk )anbnSl;danepSg² EdlminGac
lub)an. karTak;TgKñarbs;GñkTaMgenaH minEdle)aHbg;ecalGakb,kiriyaeRbIsmþItwgEtgdak;Kña
Tal;EtesaH. karxMRbwgERbgTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;taMgBIBIrqñaMmkehIy edIm,IP¢ab;TMnak;TMngeLIgvijCamYy
RbeTsevotNam)anRtÚveFVI[rlaysUnü. enAeBlEdl hUlRb‘Úk RtLb;cUlmkRkúgv:asuInetanvij
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Gs;kmøaMgy:agxøaMg. semþc sIhnu )anKg;Rbfab;enAsuIsUpunEk,rRBMEdnRbeTséftaMgBIBIréf¶mk
ehIy enAeBlEdl exov sMpn mkTUlRBHGgÁ[dwgmunfa RBHGgÁGacyagRtLb;cUlPñMeBj)an.
sRtÚv)anRtÚvvayrujRcan[fyeTAvijehIy. k¾b:uEnþkareFVIdMeNIreTAnigmkenH bgðaj[eXIjfa
sRmab;eBlenHExµrRkhmBuMmanbMNgeFVIXatRBHGgÁeLIy. b:uEnþ teTAeTot etIerOgenHnwgeTACay:ag
NacMeBaHdMeNIrrulmkmuxbnþ²Kñarbs;evotNamenaH?. edaypÞúynwgkareBalGHGagrbs; exov
sMpn sRtÚvBuMRtÚv)anvayrujRcaneTAeRkayvijeT. sMeLgrNþMk¥il²énRKab;kaMePøIgFM)aneFVI[kBa©k;
nievsndæanrbs;semþceLIgj½rrBa¢Üy ehIyhak;dUcCakan;EtxitCitmksnSwm².
enAl¶acéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1979 semþc sIhnu RtÚv)anTTYl[CYbsvnakareday bgTImYy
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sáwmésámYykm<s;BIrCan; EdlmanTItaMgsßitenAmat;TenøsabcMxagekItvtþPñM. KWCaGtItnievsndæanrbs;
eTsaPi)al)araMg EdlksageLIgtamrcnab½TµEbbGaNaniKm. kalBIedIm semþc sIhnu Føab;yk
kEnøgenHeFVICaTIsMNak;enAsRmab;EtePJóvrdæaPi)alb:ueNÑaH. semþcBuMEdl)anCYbTl;muxKñanwg b:ul
Bt taMgEtBIqñaM1973emø:H. kñúg»kaséndMeNIryagTsSnkic©tamtMbn; rMedaHnanaenAkm<úCa kalBI
ExmInaqñaMenaH RBHGgÁ)anCYbnwgmnusSmñak;EdlenAEtmaneQµaHfa saLút s b:ueNÑaH. GñkRTwsþIkumµúy
nIsþEdlFøab;eronsURtenAsgáat;LataMg¬Rkúg):arIs¦ )anbgðaj[semþceXIjfa Kat;CamnusSman
lkçN³mwH²nigsuPaBrabsamñak;minsUvykcitþTukdak;beBa©jmuxmat;b:unµaneT ehIyeRcInbeNþay
[GñkdéTeTotniyayCMnYsKat;eTAvij.
buKÁl b:ul Bt EdlRby½tñkñúgkarniyaysþInigRkGWtRkTmenHElgmaneTotehIy. enAéf¶TI5
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mñak; ehIyebIKit[sBVRKb;eTA KWmanlkçN³ecHKYrsmnigKYr[RsLaj;cab;citþbMput. éf¶mYy semþc
sIhnu )anrMBJkBIbriyakasnal¶acenaHfa b:ul Bt CamnusSkMeralmñak; b:uEnþKat;hak;dUcCaKµancMNuc
«
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kareKarB»nlMeTancMeBaHRBHmhakSRt eRbóbdUcCaeKarBRbNib½tn_RBHsgÇBuT§sasnaEdr. eGog «
sarI bdiesFmineRbIR)as;BaküraCs½BÞenHCamYyéT. sRmab;Kat; ´KWCaRbCaBlrdæmñak;dUcBlrdæ

déT²eTotEdr . cMENk exov sMpn )anRbRBwtþedayrebobepSgBIKña. fVId,itEtKat;Rbkan;RTwsþI
»
smPaBk¾eday k¾ exov sMpn niyayeTAkan;semþcCaBaküraCs½BÞEdr. eRkaymksemþc)anerob

rab;fa l¶acenaH ´BitCaRtÚveFVI[PJak;ep¥IlRsLaMgkaMg. b:ul Bt niyayrebobdUcKñanwg exov sMpn
«
Edr. enHKWCaerOgKYr[Gs©arüNas;¡ minKYr[eCOTal;EtesaH¡ . »
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«
exov sMpn eFVICatMNagcUlKal;RBHGgÁ . Kat;»neKarBédayédRbNmüCab; nig)aneRbIR)as;

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Bakü ´ EtmYydgKt; b:uEnþeRcIneRbIBaküfa ´RBHkruNa²dUcKñaenARBHraCvaMgGg;eKøs. eTaHCa

« »
y:agNak¾eday k¾eFVI[´PJak;ep¥IlEdr .
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GgÁkarshRbCaCati. CamYymitþPaBCaeRcInEdlRBHGgÁmanenAbreTs RBHGgÁGaceFVIRBHkay[
eTACaGñkCYyse®gÁaHmYyGgÁy:agsMxan;. semþc)anmanbnÞÚltbfa RBHGgÁenAEtRsLaj;RbeTs
Cati nigefáaleTaskarQøanBanrbs;evotNamCanic©. semþc)ansnüanwgxitxM[Gs;BIsmtßPaB
edIm,IFanakm<úCa[)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxénGgÁkarshRbCaCati. eGog sarI )ankat;
smþIedÍm,IbBa¢ak;R)ab;RBHGgÁfa manEtmehsIRBHGgÁmñak;b:ueNÑaHEdlrYmdMeNIrCamYyRBHGgÁ)an
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sUmGnuBaØat[bNþasmaCikraCvgS nigshkarIrbs;´)anecjeTACamYy´pg . b:ul Bt smøwgemIl

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eGog sarI EdlGgÁúyenAEk,rsemþc ehIyniyayfa sUmelakCYysRmÜledIm,I[GñkTaMgGs;)an

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eLIgCiHynþehaHRKb;²Kña . PøamenaH semþc sIhnu rMePIbRBHT½yeLIgRsalRBHkayxJak. RBHGgÁ

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sEmþgkarGbGrsresIrelakRbFan¡. b:ul Bt )anbnþfa cab;BIeBlenHeTA semþcGacyageTA

«
RbeTscinjwkjab;)antamEtRBHGgÁsBVRBHT½y. semþcmanesrIPaBeFVIGVI²tamRBHT½y)anehIy
eyIgnwgcaMTTYlsVaKmn_edayrIkraycMeBaHdMeNIryagnivtþn_mkkan;matuRbeTsvijrbs;RBHGgÁ.
ebIsinCaRBHGgÁsBVRBHT½yKg;enACamYyBYkeyIg´b:unµanéf¶k¾eday k¾eyIg´rIkraysVaKmn_Canic© . »
eGog sarI )an[eyabl;edaykargk;k,alkñúgTwkmuxy:agmaMCasBaØafayl;RBm. semþc sIhnu

EdleFVIRBH»sæcMhFøúg)anmanbnÞÚleLIgEdrfa BitEmnb¤Ék]tþm¡ ´sUmGrKuNCaGenkb,kar .
« »
esrIPaBEdlCitmkdl;kalBImSil hak;dUcCarsat;eTAq¶ayy:agrh½senARBwkéf¶TI6 Exmkra

qñaM1979. kaMePøIgFMrbs;evotNam RbEhlBuMEmnsßitenAq¶ayBITIRkúgPñMeBjb:unµaneLIy. etI
ynþehaHbU‘GuIg707rbs;cinGacmkdl;eKaledA ehIycuHctenAGakasyandæaneBaFicintug)aneT?
bnÞab;mkynþehaHRtÚvehaHecjeTAvij edayminTTYlrgRKab;kaMePøIgrbs;evotNamEdrb¤eT?.
eGog sarI )anpþaMepJIsemþcfa kñúgkrNIEdlynþehaHcinmin)anmk sUmRBHGgÁcakecjBIPñMeBj ehIy
ePosxøÜnrt;cUléRBvij. semþc)anmanbnÞÚlrMB£kfa ´)anerobcMv:alisBIr. kñúgv:alismYy´)an
«
erobdak;semøókbMBak;sRmab;eTARkúgjÚvy:k. kñúgv:alismYyeTot érobeRKÓgmðÚbkMb:ug GavkaKI

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manEtBYkT½BéRBenA\NÐÚcinb:ueNÑaHeRbIR)as;¦ . dUecñH etIRBHGgÁRtÚvrt;cUléRBrYmdMeNIrCamYyExµr
»
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«
se®gÁaH CamYysMeLgrNþMénkar)aj;kaMePøIgFMtKña. ynþehaHmik-19plitenARbeTscin Edlman

»
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KµanGñkebIkynþehaH. enAxagelIGakasyandæaneBaFicintugRBHGaTitücab;epþImrHx<s;Nas;eTA
ehIy. xül;GakasmansPaBs¶b;s¶at;nwgfál;. semþc sIhnu kMBugTnÞwgrg;caM bkSIesrIPaB mk
« »
TTYlykRBHGgTaMgGnÞHsa.
349
CMBUkTI10
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xaMpan rg;caMRBwtþikarN_EdlmkbBa©b;Edr.
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RBHBuT§edayÉkÉg.
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niymRbcaMRbeTsmYyEdlniymeqVgRCúlénBiPBelakenH. tamkarBit mnusSEdlmanmaDFM
f¶asTUlay karjjwmreboblwblnigmwH²enHBMuEmnrdæaPi)almincg;rkSaTukkñúgRbeTs edaysar
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Kat;kñúgCIvPaBrs;enA k¾manlkçN³cUlcitþPaBs¶b;s¶at;mYyEdlenHCaKuNsm,tþicaM)ac;kñúgkm<úCarbs;
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rs;enAdac;BIeKTaMgRsugGs;ry³mYyqñaMmkehIyenaH. Kat;RtÚvEtCemøósbuKÁlikecjCabnÞan; eRBaH
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eLIgtamTenøemKgÁeTAPaKxageCIgmanry³eBldl;eTACagmYys)aþh_ÉeNaH.
RbEhlEssibqñaMmun xaMpan Føab;)ansñak;GaRs½yenARbeTskm<úCaEdr. CayuvbBVCitmñak;
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mYy ehIymü:ageTot TIenaHk¾CamCÄmNÐlRsavRCavxagvis½yRBHBuT§sasnad¾sMxan;CageKbMputrbs;
RbeTsCatipg. Kat;minEdlnwksµanfa kñúgeBlNamYyKat;GackøayxøÜneTACaGñkTUtTal;EtesaH
ehIyR)akdNas;BMuEmnkñúgRbeTsmYyEdlRbqaMgnwgsasnaeT. eTaHy:agNak¾eday k¾ xaMpan min
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mYycMeBaHRBHBuT§sasnaEdr.
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mYy EdleKeXIjGtItRBHsgÇCaeRcInGgÁRtÚvykeTATwm[GUsreTHdUcstVeKa.
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fa sßankarN_mansPaBrwtEtF¶n;F¶rCagkarniyayrbs;viTüúeTAeTot. sRmab;BYkLav eRKaHfñak;KWman
BitR)akd ³ eRBaHBYkeKCaGñkkarTUtcugeRkayEdlsßitenATIRkúgPñMeBj. PaBmineTogTat;kñúgkarTak;
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rbs;Kat;BIGsnþisuxEdlkan;EtrIkFMeLIg²enAkñúgrdæFanIPñMeBj. edayeqøIytbmkvij rdæm®nþIkar
breTsLav)anTUnµankuM[Kat;søn;esøa nig[sßitenAEtkñúgsßanTUt. TukCay:agNak¾eday k¾Kat;Kµan
CeRmIsNaepSgeTotEdr. TIRkúg)anRtÚvkat;pþac;BIBiPBelakTaMgRsug. eRkaymkeTIb xaMpan
rkeXIjBImUlehtuénkardac;TMnak;TMngKñarbs;Rkúgevogc½nÞKWenAeBlEdlsßankarN_BuHkeRBa¢alxøaMg
enARkúgPñMeBj karIEtmYyKt;Edlkan;xagTUrelxenATIsþIkarRksYgkarbreTsLavkMBugQWedkCab;nwg
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eFVIkarRKb;sßanTUtTaMgGs; b:uEnþRbEhlCaKµanBYkeyIgeT . BIbg¥Ücrbs;Kat;eTA xaMpan Gacsegát

»
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mYy¬TIkEnøgEdlenAkNþalkEnøgdéTeTot¦mansuT§EtsßanTUt. sßanTUtTaMgGs;suT§EtenATIenH eday
RbmUldak;mYyduMcm¶ayBIKñaRbEhlmYyryEm:Rtb:ueNÑaH. BYkkgT½Brbs;km<úCaCaGñkelIkRbdab;
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b:uEnþKµankarENnaMNamYysRmab;BYkLaveT kgT½BenaH)aneqøIytbmkvij. KWc,as;las;Nas; b:ul

»
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« »
dMbUgKat;sµanfaCakarhat;eronkarBarxøÜnmYyb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlGñkTTYlxusRtÚvenaHbEnßmfa
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GaemrikaMgb:ueNÑaH 2.
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k¾RtÚvvinasGnþray. »nPaBEpñkplitplksikmµEdlCaehtuénkarGnþrayBitR)akd)anekIneLIgkñúg
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elIsn§isBaØamitþPaB nigshRbtibtþikarmYyEdlkMNt;sRmab;ry³eBl25qñaM. maRtaTI6énGtßbT
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esdækic©mYyEfmeTot CaBiesskarpþl;RKab;FBaØCaticMnYn1/5lanetan. b:uEnþ enAExsIha qñaM
1978 enAeBlEdlral;esckþIsgÇwmkñúgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyshrdæGaemrikenAminTan;
)at;bg;enaH paM v:an;dug )anbBa¢ak;fa RbeTsrbs;Kat;mincg;BwgEp¥kelIRbeTsmYykñúgkic©karrbs;xøÜn
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« » « »
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karvaylukrbs;xøÜnRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam. taMgBIExsIha qñaM1978 EpñkesuIbkarN_sm¶at;
rbs;GaemrikaMg)anrkeXIjsBaØaepSg²énkarbegáInskmµPaBd¾xøaMgkøamYyenAkñúgeyaFPUmiPaK
háagh‘SÚ Cab;nwgRBMEdnRbeTsevotNam. bNþasßanIypáayrNbcarkmµEdlkMBugRtÚveRbICaP½sþútag
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fakgynþehaHmic-19 nigmic-21 mYycMnYnFMrbs;kgGakascrN_eyaFacin)anerIpøas;kEnøgmk
kan;GakasyandæannanaEdlenAekokRBMEdnevotNamCageKbMput CaBiessenANan;nIg [TIrYmextþ
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dMNwgmYyy:agsMxan;. Gñkrt;ecalCYrenHmanzan³CaGnuesnIy_RtIEdlbMeBjmuxgarenAeyaFPUmiPaK
háagsuI ehIyEdlRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnedayb:UlishugkugkñúgeBlEdlKat;b:unb:geRCótcUlmkkñúgTwkdI
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kgÉkPaBrbs;Kat;)anEføgsunrÞ kfamYy edayrMBkJ BIlT§PaBEdlGacmans®gÁammYyRbqaMgevotNam
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NUEGlRkhm 361
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«
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evotNam éXIjEPñkrbs;Kat;CHecjnUvkarekþARkhayy:agxøaMg ehIyKat;BuMEmneFVIButeT . Kat; »
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«
ehIy TaMgluykak;TaMgejIsQamrbs;cin . etg )ans‘ksmþIrebobminc,as;fa sUmelakemIl

» «
lT§plcuH. etInwgRtÚvpþnÞaeTasedayrebobNa? eyIg)aneRCIserIsrYcehIy . enAExkkáda»
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« »
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enARbeTséf. dMeNIrmantKñahUrEhénRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²EdlRtÚvedaHRsaydUcEdlraykarN_[dwg
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eFVI[eXIjBIPaBcaM)ac;kñúgkarshkarKñad¾CitsñiT§mYyrvagRbeTséfnigRbeTscin. b:uEnþ eRKógsak;
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v:ag dugsuIg (Wang Dong Xing) smaCikkariyal½yneya)ayénbkSkumµúynIsþcink¾mkdl;rdæFanIrbs;
km<úCaEdr. tamTMng v:ag RbEhlCamkGHGageLIgvijedayc,as;las;nUvkarKaMRTrbs;cincMeBaH
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nigbUrNPaBTwkdI rbs;RbeTskm<úCa b:uEnþ BuMmankarsnüaNamYyGMBIkarcUlrYmRbyuT§xageyaFa

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«
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«
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sRmab;bBa¢arbs;KN³kmµaFikarmCiÄmbkS (Tableau de Commande) niyaymü:ageTot KWCab:usþibBa¢akar

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« »
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» «
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»
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«
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I l;RBmcMeBaHkardwknaMTsi enHEfmeTot.
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«
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[manRbRktIPaBx<s;xøaMgeBk 20.
»
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»
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yuT§sa®sþTIBIr (S.A.L.T.II) 21.
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NamFøab;)anP¢ab;vasnarbs;BYkeKCamYyrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCaRbqaMgnwgGaemrikaMgEdr. dUecñH
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Dij kan nigKIñKñarbs;Kat;)anTTYlbBa¢a[kab;éRBeQIkñúgtMbn;mYysißtenAcm¶ayRbEhlBIrKILÚEm:Rt
enAkñúgTwkdIénextþRkecHrbs;km<úCa EdlRtÚverobcMeFIVCabBa¢akardæanCYrmuxrbs;kgT½BevotNam.
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mkkan;TIRkúgPñMeBj enAeBlEdlviTüú)anRbkasCasaFarN³fa bnÞab;BIkarrMedaHrdæFanIeday kgT½B«
bdivtþnigRbCaCnkm<úCa RkúmRbwkSabdivtþn_mYyEdlmansmaCikR)aMbIrUb)anRtÚvbegIáteLIgeRkamkar
»
dwknaMrbs; ehg sMrin. GtItembBa¢akarkgBlFMExµrRkhmEdleTIbnwgePosxøÜneTARbeTsevotNam

esÞIrEtmindl;bYnExmunpg )ansßitenAkñúgsßanPaBRtÚvtemáIg[eFVICaemdwknaMRbeTsPøammYyrMeBc.
ehtukarN_mYyepSgeTot maneKalbMNgbgðaj[eXIjfa evotNam)anRbRBwtþhYsBIectna
dMbUg²rbs;xøÜneTAeTotKW karN_EdlRkúghaNUyRbjab;Rbjal;ekNÐRbmUlRkúmGñkeFVIkarsIuvil
evotNam -Gñkbec©keTsnigbuKÁlik- mkekþabkþab;kargarenARbeTskm<úCaEtmþg. eKBi)akeCOfa
enHCakMhusFmµtamYykñúgkarcat;EcgNas;. RkúmPñak;garsm¶at;GaemrikaMg)anBinitüeXIjfa
rfeRkaHrbs;evotNamCaeRcIneRKÓg)anxUcenAtampøÚvCatielx6muneTAdl;kMBg;FM. ExµrRkhmEdl
)ak;T½B)anbMpøajrfeRkaHCaeRcIneRKÓg. eKRtÚveRbIry³eBlmYys)aþh_ edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;ExSrfeRkaH
rbs;evotNam dUcCakarcak;eRbg pþl;RKab;rMesv es,ógGahar edIm,I)aneTAdl;Rkúg)at;dMbg
eTot48.
taMgBIs)aþh_TIbIénExmkra qñaM1979 kgT½Brbs;evotNam)ankan;kab; ebHdUgCayuT§sa®sþ
« »
rbs;km<úCa TIRkúgnigpøÚvCatisMxan;²TaMgGs; b:uEnþRtÚvrg;caMrhUtdl;Exemsa qñaM1979 nigkarmkdl;

énT½BCMnYy eTIbevotNamcab;eFIVkare)assm¥atmUldæantasaj; EdlbegáIteLIgedayExµrRkhm
Edlrt;eKcxøÜneTAenAEk,rRBMEdnéf.
taMgBImankarehaHeLIgénynþehaHcugeRkayBIGakasyandæaneBaFicintug enAéf¶TI6 Exmkra
nigkarecjdMeNIrénrfePøIgcugeRkay BIcMNtGysµ½yyanRkúgPñMeBjenARBwkéf¶TI7 ExmkraEdlman
eGog sarI CiHenAelIenaHEdr RBMEdnrbs;éfKWCameFüa)ayEtmYyKt;edIm,IcakecjBIRbeTs. GñkkarTUt
mYyRkúmFMEdlBImunbMeBjmuxgarenAPñMeBjkñúgsßanTUtcin yUehÁasøavI nigRbeTsepSg²eTot nig
TIRbwkSanigGñkbec©keTscinrab;rynak; )anEsVgrkTIBMnak;enARbeTséf. m®nIþmñak;enARksYgkar
breTséf)anniyayfa sRmab;RbeTscin enHCakarGam:as;muxmYyBMuFøab;manBImunmk . rwtEtmin
« »
EdlesaHeTAeTot KWGñktMNagmñak;én GaNacRkkNþal¬RbeTscin¦RtÚv)anbgçM[rt;eKcBIRbeTs

«
mYyEdlsißteRkamGMNacrbs;xøÜnkñúgmUlehtuepSg² EdleFIV[xUckitiþysdUecñHeLIy. BitNas;

BYkéf)aneRtómbRmúgTTYleFIVbdisNæarkic© Gñkrt;eKcxøÜnTaMgenHy:agRbesIrbMput. eK)anseRmckic©
RBmeRBógsm¶at;CaeRcInedayGnuBaØat[ynþehaH bU‘GIug 707 rbs;cincuHctenAGtItmUldæan
GaemrikaMgenAG‘Uta):av edIm,IdwkBYkcinEdlCemøósxøÜnecjBIkm<úCaRtLb;eTARbeTsvij. muneBlenH
minyUrb:unµan Rkúgeb:kaMgFøab;)anbriharriHKn;mUldæanTaMgenHy:agxøaMgkøabMput edayecaTRbkan;fa
CamUldæanCYrmuxsRmab;beRmI karQøanBanrbs;cRkBtiþGaemrikaMg .
« »
enAéf¶TI11 Exmkra qñaM1979 eGog sarI Edlehvht;esIÞrsøab;nigEdleRskXøan)aneTA

dl;RBMEdnrbs;éf. kñúgsPaBGU‘GrénhVÚgmnusS Kat;)anRCúH)at;Es,keCIgTaMgGs;. GñkkarTUtcin
enARkúg)agkk )annaMykEs,keCIgnigexaGavfIµ²eTA[Kat;enATIenaH. ]T§mÖaKcRkmYyeRKÓgénkg
GakascrN_éf)aneTAdwkykKat;nigshkarITaMgb:unµanrbs;Kat; EdlkñúgenaHmanTaMgGñksarB½t’man
rbs;viTüúRkúgPñMeBjpg mkkan;Gakasyandæan dUn emOg enARkúg)agkky:ags¶at;kM)aMgbMput. BITIenH
BYkeK)anCiHynþehaHmYyrbs;Rkúmh‘unéfGnþrCatisMedAeTARkúghugkug EdlCakEnøgQb;sMctdMbUg
mYymuneTAkan;RbeTscineTot.
ebskmµsm¶at;enAGU‘ta):av
kñúgcMeNamÉksaTaMgLayEdlkgT½BevotNamrwbGUs)anenAmUldæantasaj; eKeXIjman
esckIþcmøgCaeRcInsIþBIkarsnÞnarvag eGog sarI nigBYkemdwknaMcincMnYnbYnQut. enAéf¶TI13 Exmkra
qñaM1979 etg s‘avBIg )ansIþbenÞas sarI cMeBaH yuT§nakare)assm¥at¬EdlKat;)andwknaM¦fa man
«
lkçN³RCúlhYsehtubniþc nigmanTMhMFMeFgeBk . Kat;)anniyaynwg sarI edayRtg;²fa kareFVI

»
visuT§kmµrbs;ExµrRkhmeFIV[mankMhusdl;RbeTscinnigeFIV[man plGviC¢many:ageRcIn . Kat;)an

« »
NUEGlRkhm 387
rMB£kfa RbeTscinFøab;)anpþl;KMrUsþIBIrNsirSrYmKñaCamYy sRtÚvrayrg rYcehIy CaBiessCamYy
« »
Cag kayecok kñúgry³eBleFIVs®gÁamTl;nwgRbeTsCb:un ehIy)anniyayENnaMy:agxøaMgkøa[ eGog

sarI seRmceFIVtamKMrUsm<½n§PaBenHCamYy semþc sIhnu Edr. karminseRmccgsm<½n§PaBrvagBYk
«
eyIgnwgRBHGgÁ KWCabraC½ymYyy:agF¶n;enAeBleRkay. dUecñH ebIdl;kalevlakñúgGnaKtmYyqab;²

enH ´sUmesIñeRtómTukmuxtMENgRbmuxrdæCUnsemþc sIhnu vij. smmitþ b:ul Bt nwgkøayeTACardæ
m®nIþTI1 TTYlxusRtÚvRksYgkarBarRbeTsnigCaGKÁembBa¢akarkMBUl . etg )andak;kic©snüaeday\t
»
jejItfa ebIsinbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCayl;RBmeFIVtamkarENnaMenH BYkcinnwg CYyeRCamERCgkm<úCa[

«
Gs;BIédBIeCIg . Kat;k¾)anTUnµan[ sarI EkERbrebobeXasnarbs;ExµrRkhmpgEdr. sRmab;eBl

» «
enH elakminRtÚvelIkniyayBIbkSkumµúynIsþeToteT sUmelakbMpusBIkarRsLaj;CatimatuPUmiBIKMnit

Catiniym niglTi§RbCaFibetyüvijRbesIrCag . »
etg )anR)ab; sarI [dwgfa Rkúgeb:kaMg)anTukdak;[km<úCaeRbIR)as;nUvfvikamYymanTwkR)ak;

cMnYnR)aMlanduløarGaemrik EdlGacpþl;[eTotkalebIGs;. etg )ansYrfa etIelakcg;[eyIg
«
pþl;luytamry³Na? tamRkúg)agkk? tamelak eRKógsak; b¤tamry³FnaKarRbeTséf? sarI

)an[eyabl;edayRbúgRby½tñfa ³ sUmelaktmál;luyenAsßanTUtcinRbcaMRkúg )agkkRbesIr
«
Cag 49.
»
enAéf¶TI13 Exmkra qñaM1979 BIrbIem:ageRkayBI)ancUlrYmkñúgkarCYbKñarvag etg nig sarI

GñkyuTs§ a®sþde¾ qñmI rbs;cni BIrrUbKW ecg )a‘v CasmaCikkariyal½yneya)ay nigGnurdæm®nIkþ arbreTs
han nanLúg )aneLIgCiHynþehaHmYyeRKÓgrbs;Rkúmh‘unGakascrN_Cati edIm,IbMeBjebskkmµ
sm¶at;mYy. eCIgehaHehIrEdlCYledayRbjab;Rbjal;sRmab; ecg nig han RBmTaMgGñkTTYlxus
RtÚvCan;x<s;CaeRcInrUbeTotrbs;esnaFikarkgT½BRbCaCn)antRmg;mkkan; GU‘ta ):av. naykrdæm®nIþ
eRKógsak; )aneFIVdMeNIrtamynþehaHeTAmUldæanGakascrN_enaHedIm,ITTYlsVaKmn_KN³RbtiPUcin.
enAéf¶TI14 Exmkra BYkeK)anBiPakSaKñaeBjmYyéf¶. eK)anBiPakSaKñaBITRmg;EbbbTepSg²sIþBI
shRbtibtiþkarcin-éfkñúgs®gÁamenARbeTskm<úCa. Kat;)anhucéd[edaysm¶at;taMgBIeBlEdl
etg elIkeLIgBIyfaPaBénshRbtibtþikarmYyedIm,IKaMRTExµrRkhm. edayminlHbg;GBüaRkwtPaB
rbs;xøÜn eBlenH eRKógsak; )ancat;EcgseRmceFVIsm<½n§PaBmYyCamYyRkúgeb:kaMgehIy. CaeRcIn
qñaMeRkaymk GñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;mñak;rbs;éf )anniyayR)ab;édays¶at;kM)aMgfa KWkñúg»kas
énsm½yRbCMusm¶at;enHehIyEdlekItmankarseRmccitþeFIVshRbtibtiþkarmYyrvagRbeTscinnig
RbeTséf 50. enAeRkayeBlCYbsnÞnaKñaenH BYkemdwknaMcin)aneLIgynþehaHRtLb;eTARkúgeb:kaMg
vijCamYy s‘un hav ÉkGKÁrdæTUtcinEdlCemøósxøÜnecjBIRkúgPñMeBj ehIyenAkñúgkarbUbrbs;BYkeK
KWkic©RBmeRBógmYyEdlmansarsMxan;CaTIbMput. eRKógsak; )anGnuBaØat[cineRbIR)as;TwkdIrbs;éf
edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;eRKÓgsmÖarcaM)ac; niges,ógdl;ExµrRkhm. Kat;)anyl;RBmpþl;nUvmeFüa)ayepSg²
kñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnnigkarsRmÜldl;dMeNIrqøgkat;rbs;buKÁlikeyaFa nigsmÖarbrikçarrbs;km<úCa ehIy
k¾)anRBmeRBógCYysRmÜlnUvkareFIVdMeNIreTAbreTsrbs;BYkemdwknaMExµrRkhm eday[qøgkat;
tamRbeTséfpgEdr51. enHKWCacMNuccab;epþIménkareFIVshRbtibtþikarCayuT§sa®sþd¾mansar
sMxan;bMput EdlRbeTscin)anBRgIkenAGasIuGaeKñy_taMgBIs®gÁamevotNamcb;eTA.
navarbs;cinBIreRKÓgEdleFVIdMeNIreq<aHmkRbeTskm<úCaCamYysmÖarswkrbs;xøÜn cMeBlEdl
mankardYlrlMénRkúgPñMeBj )anTTYlbBa¢a[Qb;sMctenAkMBg;EpmYyrbs;éfEk,rRBMEdnsmuRTrbs;
km<úCa. karcat;EcgpÁt;pÁg;CabnÞan;mYyRtÚv)aneFIVeLIgCasm¶at;edayynþehaHrbs;cinCaeRcIneRKÓg
rhUtdl;GtItmUldæanT½BGakasrbs;GaemrikaMgenA taXøI.
enAéf¶TI16 Exmkra qñaM1979 KWbIéf¶bnÞab;BIkarCYbKñaCasm¶at;rvagcin-éf viTüúrbs;km<úCa
RbCaFibetyü Edls¶at;ElgB¤taMgBIéf¶7 Exmkra )ancab;epIþmeFIVkarpSayrbs;xøÜneLIgvij. Gñk
niyayviTüúBImun )ancab;epþImvayRbharRbqaMgBYkQøanBanevotNam\tQb;QrdUcsBVmYydg.
b:uEnþ BYkPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;GaemrikaMg)ansmÁal;eXIjnUvPaBxusKñaEdlKYr[cab;GarmµN_mYy ³
elIkenHb:us×þpSayKWsißtenARbeTscinvij.
bNþalmUldæansRmab;KaMRTkardwknaM nigbBa¢ÚneRKÓgRbdab;RbdaeyaFaeTA[clnaT½BéRBEdl
RbqaMgevotNamKWtaMgenARbeTséf. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH RbeTscin)ancat;EcgeFIVkarcl½tkgT½B
rfeRkaHnigynþehaHy:agsem,ImmYyeTAkan;RBMEdnrbs;evotNam dUcEdl etg Føab;RBly[dwgkñúg
»kaséndMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;enARkúg)agkkkalBIBIrExmunEdr. kñúg»kasénTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;
enATIRkúg)agkk ecg )a‘v )anxMRbwgeFIV[ eRKógsak; )at;P½yRBÜyBIplvi)akepSg²EdlGacekIt
ecjBIsm<½n§PaBfIµrbs;Kat;CamYyExµrRkhm edayelIkykmkniyayBIkardak;TNÐkmµRbeTs
evotNamenAeBlxagmuxpg. Kat;)anniyayR)ab;emdwknaMéffa enHBMuEmnCaeKaledAsmøútbMP½y
«
EtmYymuxeT EdlRbeTscinbBa¢ÚnkgT½BeTAkan; K½gtug nig yun Nan ³ eyIg)anRbúgeRbóbTb;Tl;

nwgRbtikmµEdlGacekItmanTaMgGs; 52.
»
NUEGlRkhm 389
Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI TTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_fµImYy
bnÞab;BIkareFIV[manRbRktIPaBEpñkkarTUtCamYyshrdæGaemrik nigkarbn§ÚrcMNgepSg²rvag
étv:an;nigRkúgv:asIunetan RbeTscinGacepÞrkgBlFMTaMgb:unµanrbs;xøÜnEdlsißtenAtamextþCab;eqñr
smuRTTl;muxnwgRbeTsétv:an;mkkan;RBMEdnsUevotnigevotNamvij. enAcugExmkra qñaM1979
kgT½BerobrycMnYndb;R)aMBIrkgBlFMEdlmancMnYnRbmaN225>000nak;RtÚv)andak;RbmUlpþúMenA
tamRBMEdnrbs;evotNam. ynþehaHRbedjTmøak;RKab;EbkCag700eRKÓg RtÚvCamYyPaKR)aMén
kgGakascrN_rbs;cin maneKeXIjsMctenAtamcMNtynþehaHnanaEk,rRBMEdnevotNamEdr.
RkúmesIubkarN_sm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik)an[sBaØaGasnñCafIµsIþBIkarRbmUlpþMúT½Brbs;cinkñúg
GnusSrN³mYycuHéf¶TI19 Exmkra qñaM1979 nigTuksRmab;CRmabGñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;rbs;
GaemrikaMg[)andwgBIerOgenH. enAkñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaH CaBiessGñkenAkñúgRksYgkarbreTs
manGñkxøHRBÜy)armÖBIkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbTaMgenHEdlvaCaRbpñÚlfac,as;CamankarvayRbharmYy
R)akdNas;enAmundMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs; etg enAshrdæGaemrik. m®nIþmñak;)anniyayCasm¶at;R)ab;
elak dunGUbWd½rhVW CaGñkeqøIyqøgB½t’manEpñkkarTUtrbs;kaEstv:asIunetanb:us×þfa eyIgBMudwgnUvGIVEdl
«
[etg] eRbI])ayklsm¶at;eLIy . Kat;RbEhlnaMBYkeyIg[Cab;édkñúgkarvayRbharrbs;Kat;pgk¾

»
mindwg b¤y:agehack¾TTYl)ankarsmKMnitEtsm,keRkAmYyEdr 53. rIqad hUlRb‘Úk Gnurdæm®nIþkar

»
breTsGaemrikTTYlbnÞúkkic©karGasIuxagekItnig):asIuhiVk )anekaHGeB¢aIjÉkGKÁrdæTUtcincMnYnBIrelIk
kñúgs)þah_munkarmkdl;rbs; etg edIm,IR)ab;Kat;[dwgmunfa karvayRbharmYyRbqaMgRbeTs
evotNamkñúgry³eBléndMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs; etg nwgeFIV[shrdæGaemrikeTIsTal;kñúgcitþy:ag
sem,Im 54.
»
RbsinebIBYkcinbgðajxøÜneLIgCaGñkcUlcitþykGasaeK KWBMuEmntamry³esckþIrab;GancMeBaH
Rkúgv:asIunetanenaHeT b:uEnþBIeRBaHkarvayRbharenH)anRtÚverobcMkmµviFIsRmab;kalbriecäTmYy enA
eBlxagmuxeTot. m®nIþpøÚvkarcinmñak;)anlatRtdagGaf’kM)aMgR)ab;´¬GñkniBn§¦ enAExmIna qñaM1979
fa enAeBlEdlGnuRbFanbkSkumµúynIsþcin etg s‘avBIg ecjdMeNIreq<aHeTARkúgv:asIunetan eyIg
«
)ankMNt;éf¶ExeFIVkarvayRbharrYceRsceTAehIy. Kat;BMuEmneTAshrdæGaemrikedIm,ITTYl)ankar
yl;RBmBIBYkGaemrikaMgeT b:uEnþ karKaMRTxagpøÚvcitþcMeBaHKat;Etb:uNÑwgKWRKb;RKan;Nas;eTAehIy.
BYkcin)anTTYleRcInelIsBIhñwgeTAeTot ehIy)ancab;epIþmeFIVs®gÁamRbqaMgevotNam edayman
kar[édCasm¶at;BIshrdæGaemrikpg . dMeNIrERbRtLb;mkvijnUverOgr:avepSg²EdlKYr[Gs;
»
sMeNIcminsUvmanGñkNakt;smÁal;eT ³ xMRbwgTb; lTi§vatTIniymrbs;cin KWCamUlehtucm,g mYy
« »
kñúgcMeNammUlehtucm,g²énkareFIVGnþraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMgenARbeTsevotNam. nimitþsBaØarbs;
TIbBa¢akarpþl;CMnYyeyaFaenARbeTsevotNam¬GkSrkat;M.C.A.V¦ KWrUbdavmYyrbs;GaemrikaMg
kMBugcak;TmøúHmhakMEBgEdlCanimitþrUbRbeTscinBImçageTAmçag.
etg )anRbkasedayc,as;las;BIeKaledAepSg² éndMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;elIkenH.
Kat;mkedIm,IEsVgrkkarKaMRT nigkareyaKyl;rbs;BYkGaemrikaMgcMeBaHEpnkarcUllukluyRbeTs
evotNamrbs;Kat;. Kat;RtÚvEtpþl;karRBmanmYycMeBaHRkúghaNUy nigRkúgmUsÁÚRBmTaMgeFIV[BYk
EdlminRBmeCOGIVTaMgGs;kñúgbkSkumµúynIsþcinekatEsJgpgEdr. enAl¶acénéf¶eTAdl;Rkúgv:asIunetan
rbs;Kat;KWéf¶TI28 Exmkra Kat;)anniyaynwg Rb‘IhSInsIÁ faKat;manbMNgeFVIkarCYbKñattY¬EtBIrnak;¦
mYy CamYyRbFanaFibtI xaF½r edIm,IBiPakSaKñaBIbBaðaRbeTsevotNam. enAéf¶bnÞab; eBlcab;epþIm
ebIkkic©crcaenAestviman Kat;)anrMB£kR)ab;RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgfa shrdæGaemriknigRbeTscin
«
Føab;)ansÁal;ry³kalénkarRbQmmuxd¾yrU nigd¾l)M akCamYyevotNam . enAeBlyb;KW eBlerobcM

»
xøÜnedIm,ITTYlTanGahareBll¶ac etg )anesIñelak xaF½r edayTTUc[mankarCYbKñaCaKN³kmµaFikar

tUcmYy edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIbBaðaGaf’kM)aMgepSg². xaF½r )andkxøÜncUleTAkan;kariyal½yragBgRkeBI
CamYyelak m:unedl/ v:an;s_ rdæm®nIþRksYgkarbreTs/ har:Ul eR)an nig Rb‘IhSInsIÁ edIm,Isþab; etg
raykarN_BIEpnkarvayRbharRbeTsevotNamrbs;Kat;. edaybeB©ajEpSg)arIm:akb:g;daBImat;
etg )anRbkasedayKµanRBwmfa RbeTscinmankatBVkic©eFIV[søak;dMeNIrkarKn;KUr EpñkyuT§sa®sþ
rbs;shPaBsUevot. vaCakarcaM)ac;Nas;EdleyIgRtÚvxMRbwgTb;bg¥n;mhicätahYsRbmaNrbs;
«
evotNamnigpþl;emerontUcmYyEdlBYkeKsmnwgTTYl . Kat;)anFanaGHGagfa karvayRbharnwg

»
eFIVeLIgkñúgTMhMtUclµmnigmankMNt;. GIVEdlKat;RtÚvkarKW karKaMRTxagpøÚvcitþ rbs;shrdæGaemrikelI

« »
qakGnþrCatib:ueNÑaH55.
edayesIñ[shrdæGaemrikseRmceFIVsm<½n§PaBmYyRbqaMgnwgRkúgmUsÁÚ nigsMu[KaMRTdl;karepþIm
KeRmagkarrbs;Kat;Tl;ngw evotNam etg )anqøgputdMNak;kalfImµ y Y énCemøaHrvag v:an;s_ Rb‘hI SInsÁ.I
mYyéf¶mundMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;etg v:an;s_ )anRbkasfa neya)ayrbs;shrdæGaemrikcMeBaHRkúg
mUsÁÚ nigRkúgeb:kaMg nwgenAEtél[esIµKñaehIynwgmin[ep¥ógeTAmçag²eLIy 56.
« »
RksYgkarbreTs)aneFIVGIV²RKb;y:agedIm,IeCosvagkarecjpSayesckIþEføgkarN_pøÚvkarmYy
edaymincg;[eKfa Gaemrik)anP¢ab;karRBmanrbs;xøÜneTAnwgkarRBmanrbs;RbeTscin edIm,IRbqaMg
NUEGlRkhm 391
«GnutþrPaBniym eLIy. b:uEnþCafIµmþgeTot Rb‘IhSInsÁI )anTTYlC½yCmñHelI v:an;s_. xaF½r BMuykcitþ
»
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NUEGlRkhm 397
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b:uEnþkarKaMRTrbs;GnþrCati)anfycuHKYr[)armÖ. enAqñaM1980 evotNam)anebIkTVarRbeTskm<úCa
y:agFMsRmab;RbBn§½pSBVpSayB½t’manelakxaglicnana. taMgBIeBlenaHmk RkúmGñkykB½t’man nig
RkúmGñkftTUrTsSn_CaeRcInGaceFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIgedayesrIenAkñúgRbeTs GacniyayCamYyGñkEdl
enArs;ranmanCIvitBIvalBiXat GaceTATsSnareNþAq¥wgexµac nigKukTYlEsøgd¾l,Il,ajenARkúgPñMeBj
EdlenAkñúgKukenHcemøIysarPaBrab;Ban;TMB½rEdlKabcRmaj;ykBIGñkeTaseRkamkareFVITaruNkmµ
y:ageXareXAbMput nigrUbftCnrgeRKaHCaeRcIn )anbgðaj[eXIjBI RbsiT§PaB énm:asuInsmøab;
« »
mnusSenAkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüBIqñaM1975dl;qñaM1978. bTykB½t’mannigExSPaBynþepSg²
EdlnaMeTAbgðajR)ab;eKÉgedayGñkkaEst )anbgá[mankars¥b;ex<ImTUTaMgBiPBelak ehIy)an
CMruj[RbeTsGg;eKøs nigGU®sþalI ElgTTYlsÁal;rbb b:ul Bt 31teTAeTot.
enAqñaM1980 rdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTsfµIrbs;GaemrikaMgKWelak eGdm:un mWsÁI EdledIrtam
Gnusasn_rbs;Gñkkan;tMENgmunKat;KWelak v:an;s_ GMBIcMNucenH)aneBalGHGagfa RbeTsrbs;Kat;
mineRbIsiT§rbs;xøÜnkñúgkare)aHeqñat edIm,IeFVI[ b:ul Bt mannItism,TaeLIgvijenAGgÁkarshRbCa
CatieLIy. Kat;k¾rgTTYlnUvkarKabsgát;xøH²BIsMNak;RbeTscin nigBIbNþaÉkGKÁrdæTUtGaemrikaMg
RbcaMRbeTsnanaénsmaKmGas‘anpgEdr ehIyR)akdNas;BI Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI pÞal; EdlenATIbMput )an
seRmccitþGnuBaØat[Kat;e)aHeqñatCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;km<úCaRbCaFibetyümþgeTot. BYkExµrRkhm
enAkan;kab;Gasn³rbs;xøÜndEdl. karbBa©úHbBa©ÚlEdleFVIeLIgedayshrdæGaemrik RbeTscin nig
smaKmGas‘an)anTTYlkarKaMRT97sMeLg cMeBaHesckþIseRmccitþrbs;xøÜnEdlTamTar[mankardk
kgT½Brbs;evotNamecjBIkm<úCa. ebITukCaTTYl)aneCaKC½yenHk¾eday k¾bNþaRbeTsénsmaKm
Gas‘andwgc,as;fa edIm,IkarBarGasn³km<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati eKminRtwmEt
Eklm¥rUbPaBCa pøaksBaØa ExµrRkhm[)anRbesIrCagmunb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþCaBiessRtÚvBRgIkmUldæan
« »
rbs;clnats‘URbqaMgevotNamEfmeTot. enAsrTrdUvqñaM1980 elak lI kVan;yU rdæm®nþITI1sigðburI

)anTTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³fa edIm,IRbmUlnigrkSakarKaMRTBIBiPBminEmnkumµúynIsþ eKetagEtdak;
«
emdwknaMkm<úCamñak;EdlmankitüanuPaBCaGnþrCati[RKb;RKgkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü muneBlmhasnñi)at
rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiebIkRbCMuenAqñaM1981 32. »
eKetagEteRKagKitBIkarseRmccitþpøas;bþÚrmYyEfmeTot edayedjExµrRkhmecjEdl
Gas‘anminGacKaMRTteTAeTot. GñkkarTUtCan;x<s;mñak;rbs;éf)anniyayBIerOgenHeRkaymkfa ³
«caM)ac;GIeTAGenÞalGenÞakedIm,I[TTYl)andMeNaHRsayneya)aymYy ebIsmaKmGas‘anBMuman
dMeNaHRsaysRmab;CMnYspþl;[pgenaH? . enHehIyCaRbPBénKMnitkñúgkarbegáIt[mankarrYm
»
kmøaMgKñamYyrbs;ExµrRbqaMgkumµúynIsþenaH. muneBlEdlKMnitenHelcecjCarUbragbNþaGñk]btßm
KaMRTrbs;BYkeKetagEteFVIdMeNIrxVat;ExVgrab;Ban;KILÚEm:Rt nigerobcM[mankarCYbKñad¾keRkIkjab;j½r
rab;minGs;CamYybNþa\sSrCnExµrnigcinCaeRcInrUb.
Rkúgeb:kaMg)ansEmþg[eXIjnUvkarsb,ayrIkraybnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH cMeBaHkarRbwgERbgTaMg
Layrbs;smaKmGas‘anEdlb:unb:gerobcMsnñisITGnþrCatimYyeRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;GgÁkarshRbCa
CatikñúgeKaledAEsVgrkdMeNaHRsayneya)aymYy. GVIEdlRbeTscincg;)anKWkarBarkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyü[enAmanlkçN³dEdl edaybegáItrNsirSrYbrYmRsbKñamYyQrelImUldæany:agTUlM
TUlaymYy edIm,Ibnþkarts‘UedayGavuFteTAeTot. RbeTscinnwk)armÖfa karbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúH
mYyrbs;ExµrCamYy\sSrCnepSg²dUcCa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigGtItnaykrdæm®nþrI bs;RBHGgÁ
sWn san EdlelIkeLIgedaysmaKmGas‘anenaHGaceFVI[\T§iBlrbs;ExµrRkhmrYmtUceTA². taMgBI
karyagRtLb;rbs;RBHGgÁeTARkúgeb:kaMgvijenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1979 TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs; semþc
sIhnu CamYyBYkm©as;pÞHrbs;RBHGgÁmansPaBsuxdumrmnanwgKñaNas;. BYkcin)anerobcM[RBHGgÁ
Kg;enAkñúgvimanmYyy:agFMCamYyGagEhlTwkxñatGULaMBik nigbnÞb;bBa©aMgExSPaBynþkñúgRKÜsarmYy
EdlmanTItaMgsßitenAcMkNþalebHdUgRkúgeb:kaMg. b:uEnþ etg BMuRbkan;BaküsnüaEdlKat;)anniyay
enARkúgv:asuInetaneT ehIyminyUrb:unµan semþc)anRtÚvTTUcsMu[eFVICaemdwknaMrNsirSrYbrYmmYyeRkam
kar]btßmÖKaMBarrbs;cinmþgeTot. edayCMTas;RbqaMgnwgkarbdiesFy:agcecsmYytamBaküesñIsMu
rbs;cin semþc)anTamTar[mankarbeNþjkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüecjBIGgÁkarshRbCaCati TRmaM
karbegáIt)anrdæaPi)altMNagmYy edIm,Ikan;kab;Gasn³EdlTuk[TMenrenAGgÁkarshRbCaCatieLIg
vij33. fVIebIRbeTscin)anbMeBaksmÖarRbNIt²y:ageRcIn nigpþl;nUvkitþiysy:agNak¾eday k¾
semþc sIhnu enAEtRbkan;CMhry:agmuWgm:at;kñúgkarbriharExµrRkhmy:agxøaMgkøa nigkarTieton
neya)ayrbs;BYkcinEdlRBHGgÁecaTfa cg;vayRbyuT§Tl;nwgRbeTsevotNamrhUtdl;Exµr
«
cugeRkaybg¥s; . tamRBHGgÁeQVgyl;RckecjmanEtmYyKt; KWsnñisIThSWENvfµImYyEdlFana

»
snþisuxRbeTsevotNampg nigRbKl;ÉkraCü[RbeTskm<úCavijpg. RBHGgÁsmÁal;eXIjeday

hYsRBHT½yEdlBYkcinnwksgÇwmfa RbeTsevotNamc,as;CacuHj:meRkamkarKabsgát;minxan.
BIkarriHKn;epSg²EbbenaH EdlsemþcbnøW[dwgenARkúgeb:kaMgnigkarRbkasCasaFarN³enAedImqñaM
1980fa RBHGgÁR)afñayagRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenaH mann½yfa semþc sIhnu GacRbEhl
RtÚvBYkcinEdlRtÚveFVIekþARkhayxøaMgTat;ecalminxan. enAExkkáda qñaM1980 BYkcin)anRcanecal
nUvkarsMuGnuBaØatrbs;rdæm®nþIkarbreTséfmin[CYbKal;semþceLIy34. edayxusRBHraCbMNgnig
tUcRBHT½yxøÜnÉg semþc)anyagRtLb;mkBIRkúgBüúgy:agvijedayectnaeRBaHEtkarCYbKñaenH
edayRbkasR)ab;GñksarB½t’manfa RBHGgÁnwgdkRBHkayecjBICIvPaBneya)ay. erOgdUcKñaenH
Føab;ekItmanrYcmþgmkehIykalBIExsIha qñaM1979 ³ kaleNaH BYkcin)anraraMgmin[mankarCYbKña
mYyEdleRKagTukCamun CamYyGnuRbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgelak vl;F½r m:unEdl pgEdr. sRmab;
semþc sIhnu vaCaerOgKYr[Eq¥tRBHT½yNas; 35.
smaKmGas‘an)anbnþeFVIkarKabsgát;eTAelIRbeTscinteTAeTot. kñúg»kasénkareFVIdMeNIr
CabnþbnÞab;KñamYyeTAkan;Rkúgeb:kaMgnasrTrdUvqñaM1980 rdæm®nþITI1sigðburI lI kVan;yU nigsmPaKIéf
rbs;Kat; eRBm TinsU‘LaNun )anKabsgát;cin[eFVIkarpøas;bþÚremdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü KWem
ExµrRkhmd¾l,Il,ajbInak; b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI/ exov sMpn ecjedaydak; semþc sIhnu nig sWn
san CMnYsvij. etg s‘avBIg )aneqøIytbedayRtg;²eTAvijPøamfa kardkemdwknaMTaMgbInwgeFVI[
BYkyuT§CnExµrRkhmEdleyIgFøab;eRbICaRTnab;rvagTahanevotNamnigRbeTséfFøak;Twkcitþ. k¾b:uEnþ
etg )anyl;RsbnwgKMnitkñúgkarBYtkmøaMgKñamYyedayRbmUlpþMúExµrRkhm semþc sIhnu nig sWn san
ebIsinCa GñkTaMgBIrminmanbMNgbMpøajkarts‘URbqaMgnwgBYkevotNameTenaH 36.
« »
RbeTscinmanehtuplRtwmRtÚvEdlminTukcitþ semþc sIhnu nigGtItnaykrdæm®nþI sWn san

rbs;RBHGgÁ. mnusSesþIgx<s; suxPaBminmaMTaM nigsmþIéb:LaMenH ecHeFVI[eKeKarBekatxøacBIsMNak;
mnusSRbEhl6>000nak;énrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr EdldwknaMbBa¢aeday]tþmesnIy_
eDon Edl (Dien Del) enAtamRBMEdnExµr-éf )anbdiesFminshkarCamYyExµrRkhmeLIy drabNa
emdwknaMEdll,IeQµaHy:agGaRkk;enAEtkan;muxdMENgdEdlenaH. Kat;k¾)anTamTareRKÓgsa®sþavuF
sRmab;mnusSrbs;Kat;pgEdrmunnwgyl;RBmCYbKña. Kat;EtgniyayRcMEdl²minecHFujRTan;fa
«edIm,IcUleTAkñúgRTúgxøa ´RtÚvEtkan;RBng;FMmYy .
»
etg )anpþl;karsnüaR)ab; lI fa RbeTscinnwgminTTUcedIm,I[ExµrRkhmeLIgkan;GMNacvij

eT. kñúgeBle)aHeqñatedayesrIEdlerobcMeLIgeRkaykardkfyrbs;evotNam ebIsinCaExµr
Rkhmcaj; RbeTscinnwgeKarBtam. kñúgkarcrcaRbkbedayesckþIsb,ayrIkrayy:agxøaMgmYy
edIm,IlT§iRbCaFibetyüEbbKhbtI etg )ansYreTA lI fa etIelakyl;RBmeT ebIsinCakare)aH
«
eqñatpþl;GMNaceTA[ExµrRkhmvijenaH? . lI eqøIyfa BitCayl;RBm TaMgbBaú©HbBa©Úlfa enHKWCa

» « »
smµtikmµd¾RtwmRtÚvmYy 37. lI )anRtLb;BIRbeTscinmkvijedaymankareBjcitþCaxøaMg enATIbMput

Rkúgeb:kaMg)anpþl;nUvkarRBmeRBógrbs;xøÜncMeBaHkarebIk[mansnñisITGnþrCatimYysþIBIkm<úCa nigsþIBI
dMeNaHRsayneya)aymYytamry³kare)aHeqñatedayesrI.
GV²I manRKb;sBVehIy. smaKmGas‘anGaccab;epþmI karvaylukxagkarTUtrbs;xnÜø CaRbeyaCn_
dl;karbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHmYyrbs;km<úCamunkarebIkRbCMurbs;snñisIT. enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1981
ebskCnBiessrbs;smaKmGas‘anKWGñkkarTUtmñak;rbs;\NÐÚensuIeQµaH Gan;v:a sanI )aneFVIdMeNIr
eTATIRkúgBüúgy:agedIm,ICYbKal; semþc sIhnu nigGgVrRBHGgÁkñúgnamsmaKmGas‘an[eFVICaemdwknaM
rdæaPi)alcRmúHmYy. tmkeTot semþc)anTTYlCYbÉkGKÁrdæTUtRbeTscin nigkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
RbcaMTIRkúgBüúgy:agEdlGgVrkrRBHGgÁ[cUlrYmkñúgkarBYtkmøaMgKñaenHEdr.
enAsrTrdUvqñaM1979 semþc)anRbmUlpþMúyuT§ik³rbs;RBHGgÁCafµIkñúgbkçsm<n§ExµrGñkCatiniym
mYynigesñIcrcaCamYyevotNam edIm,I erobcMÉkraCüPaB nigGBüaRkwtPaB rbs;km<úCaeLIgvij.
« »
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mkvijTaMgGs;. RkúgPñMeBjk¾)anRcanecalkaresñIrbs;RBHGgÁkñúgkaryagRtLb;mkkm<úCarbs;
ehg sMrin vijkñúgzan³CaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØ38. TVarrbs;RbeTsevotNam hak; dUcCabiTsRmab;
RBHGgÁEdr. bs©imRbeTs)anbgðaj[eXIjGMNrsaTrbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH enAeBlEdlRBHGgÁ
sakl,gbegáItCeRmIsmYyrvaglT§PaBBIr sRmab;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüedaybegáItrdæaPi)alnireTs
pÞal;rbs;RBHGgÁ. dUecñH semþc sIhnu RtÚvsßitkñúgsßanPaBRbQmmuxnwgkareRCIserIsEdlminCaTI
eBjRBHT½ymYy ³ b¤mYydkRBHkayTaMgRsugnigKµanlkçxNÐecjBICIvPaBneya)ay b¤mYyrYbrYm
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rbs;CnrYmCatixøH²Edlrs;enAeRkARbeTs edaysþIbenÞasBIGtþTtßPaB nigkarminykRBHT½y
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EdlńwgRtÚvcrcaCamYy exov sMpn ehIyeyIgnwgminRBmeRBógGVITaMgGs; . CamYyesckþIesµaHRtg;

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mYy nigkardak;CMnYskgT½BevotNamedaykgT½BEfrkSasnþiPaBGnþrCati semþc sIhnu )anTamTar[
mankardkGavuFBIExµrRkhm nigsmasPaBepSg²eTotrbs;clnatsU‘. exov sMpn )anRcanecal
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yuTs§ a®sþrbs;cni EdlmaneKaledAeFV[I evotNamexSaHrIgéreLIy. karfmfykmøagM rbs;evotNam
nigkarvilRtLb;mkkan;GMNacvijrbs;ExµrRkhmsñiT§cinnwgeFVI[smtakmøaMgkñúgtMbn;ERbRbÜlRkLab;
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rdæaPi)almYyEdlÉkraCünigmincUlbkSsm<½n§ nwgeFVI[RbeTséfnigRbeTsevotNamElgP½yRBÜy
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«
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tMNagrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAGgÁkarshRbCaCatieTotEdr. cMnYnRbeTsEdle)aHeqñatKaMRT
karseRmccitþrbs;Gas‘anRbqaMgnwgevotNam)anQaneLIgBI91sMeLgenAqñaM1979 rhUtdl;
cMnYnCaÉtTKÁ³114sMeLgenAqñaM1985. smaKmGas‘annigshrdæGaemrik)anerobcM[mankmµviFI
pþl;CMnYyesdækic© nigeyaFamYyRBmTaMgkarbNþúHbNþalsRmab;BYksmasPaBminEmnkumµúynIsþén
rdæaPi)alcRmúHkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEfmeTot. cMENkRbeTscinEdlFøab;CYyExµrRkhmy:agsn§wk
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dEdl edIm,IeFVI[seRmcdMeNaHRsaymYytamkarcrca. edayBaküeBcn_RsedogKñanwgesckþIEføg
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fa enHCakarGnum½tyl;RBmpþl;sBaØaNénbøúk\NÐÚcin. kñúgsMeNImYyepSgeTotenAqñaM1985
RbeTsm:aeLsuI)anpþl;eyabl;[erobcMkarcrcaedaymin cMeBaHrvagrdæaPi)al ehg sMrin nigrdæa
Pi)alcRmúHkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. sMeNIenH)aneBIbRbTHnwgkarRbqaMgCMTas;CafµIBIsMNak;RbeTséf
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« »
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EdlminTan;suIExSKñaenAeLIy k¾dUcrkSaÉkPaBrbs;Gas‘anEdr. minRtwmEtKµankarsRmúHsRmÜl
NamYyrvagédKUnanarbs;rdæaPi)alcRmúHb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþBYkeKBuMsMécnwgvayRbharKñaCasaFarN³
eLIy. ExµrRkhmnigBYkminEmnkumµúynIsþ)anRbQmmuxdak;KñaedayeyaFamþgmáalEdr. kar
RbwgERbgTaMgLayEdleFVIedaybNþaRbeTsxøHrbs;smaKmGas‘an edIm,IbM)at;min[mankarrYbrYm
kmøaMgBIExµrRkhmmYycMnYntUcEdlmanRbvtþiGaRkk;CageK )aneFVI[manbriyakasmnÞilsgS½ymYy
rvagrdæaPi)alcRmúHkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigbNþaRbeTs]btßmÖKaMRTrbs;xøÜn. enAExkBaØa qñaM1983
kñúg»kasénBiFIelogsayePaCn_mYyEdlerobcMedaysmaKmGas‘anCakitþiysdl; semþc sIhnu
enAsNaæaKar v:al;d½r Gas;fUrIy:a enATIRkúgjÚvy:k rdæm®nþIkarbreTsm:aeLsuI háahSalI )anepþIm
BiPakSaBIbBaðamYyedayRby½tñRbEygbMputenAmux exov sMpn fa ´sUmeTas etIelakGacesñI[
«
b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI nig tam:uk dkxøÜnfyedIm,ICaKuNRbeyaCn_x<g;x<s;dl;RbeTskm<úCab¤eT? . »
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«
KñaCanic© ehIyeyIgnwgenAEtrYbrYmKñadEdl. KµanGñkNamYyGacbMEbkeyIg[XøatBIKña)aneLIy . »
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kñúg»kasénsm½yRbCuMKN³rdæm®nþImYynaExkkáda qñaM1984 etg s‘avBIg Edldwgfa
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fanwgkat;pþac;CMnYyrbs;cinTaMgRsug ebIsinCaédKUNamYykñúgrdæaPi)alcRmúHRtÚveKkm©at;ecj.
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»
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ecAhVayTaMgR)aMbI KWRbeTsR)aMmYyénsmaKmGas‘an RbeTscin nigshrdæGaemrik.

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sIhnu nigrUbKat;¬siT§I¦. eBlenaH siT§I )aneLIgCiHynþehaHmYyeRKÓgrbs;Rkúmhu‘néf GnþrCati
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»
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kñúgeBlbriePaKGaharEdlmanmðÚbcMnYndb;BIrmux siT§I )anEføgefáaleTaskarnaMbgáehtuénBYkyuT§ikCn
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sMGagelImUlehtusuxPaB. tamBitkarseRmccitþrbs;RBHGgÁmanRbPBCaedImehtuKW edaysarkar
bdiesFrbs;Rkúgeb:kaMgminsnÞnaCamYyRkúghaNUy. bNþardæm®nþIkarbreTsénsmaKmGas‘an
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cMeBaHsemþc kñúgeKalbMNgsUm[RBHGgÁesIerIkarseRmcRBHT½yrbs;RBHGgÁeLIgvij. semþc)an
yl;RBm b:uEnþenAExkkáda qñaM1985 RBHGgÁ)anecaTRbkan;CasaFarN³fa édKUrbs;RBHGgÁKWExµr
Rkhm)ansmøab;yuT§ik³rbs;RTg;Gs;cMnYn38nak;. CagenHeTAeTot RBHGgÁ)anRbkasfa kar «
seRmcRBHT½ycakecjBIrdæaPi)alcRmúHnwgBMuGacERbRkLas;)aneLIy . rdæaPi)alcRmúHkm<úCa
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RbCaFibetyümanCIvitKg;enAminCal¥ minCaGaRkk;¬Fmµta¦ eTaHCamanvibtþiépÞkñúgrbs;xøÜnk¾eday.

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PUmifµIEdlksageLIgkñúgéRBs,atEk,rRBMEdnrbs;éf ehIyCakEnøgmYyEdlsemþc sIhnu TTYllixit
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braC½yEpñkeyaFaenHbgðaj[eXIjc,as;nvU PaBTn;exSayEpñkmenaKmviCa¢ nigkarxVHkarerobcM
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« »
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1985. smaKmGas‘an)aneFVIGnþraKmn_edIm,Irm¶ab;GFikrN_enH ehIykarcat;EcgdwknaMTahanrbs;
rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµrRtÚvFøak;eTAelIédTahanéfvij.
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d¾sMxan;mYykñúgtMbn;EdlCaTIpSard¾manskþanuBly:agsem,ImmYysRmab;BaNiC¢kmµnigBYkvinieyaKin
GaemrikaMg ehIybgáCakmøaMgTb;d¾elIslubmYyTl;nwg\T§iBlrbs;sUevotenAGasuI. k¾b:uEnþ RbeTscin
ElgCacMNucsMxan;sRmab;yuT§sa®sþrbs;GaemrikaMgeTotehIy. Rkúgv:asuInetan emIlBMueXIjpl
vi)akcMeBaHGVIEdlRkúgeb:kaMgeFVIkarKabsgát;eTAelIRbeTsevotNameT b:uEnþeKaledATaMgLayrbs;
GaemrikaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCamanlkçN³xusKñaedayCak;Esþg. edayeFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;RbeTs
cin rdækarrIehÁn)anRbkasnUvkarCMTas;rbs;xøÜnCaerOy²cMeBaHkarvilRtLb;rbs;ExµrRkhmmkkan;
GMNacvij. shrdæGaemrikminsUvefáaleTas[)anxøaMgkøadUcRbeTscineLIycMeBaHkarkan;kab;rbs;
evotNamelIRbeTskm<úCa b:uEnþkareFVIdUecñHKWedaysarGaemrik)armÖBIsßirPaBnigkarrYbrYmKñarbs;
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KMnitpþÜcepþImCaÉktþCnTaMgGs;sþIBIbBaðakm<úCa b:uEnþenABIeRkayqakvij shrdæGaemrik)anCYyeRCam
ERCgGas‘an[begáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHmYysRmab;RbeTskm<úCa nigFanaEsVgrkC½yCmñH[rdæaPi)al
enHenAGgÁkarshRbCaCatiEfmeTot. enAqñaM1982 shrdæGaemrik)anepþImkmµviFIpþl;CMnYyeday
mincMeBaHmYy EdlmancMnYnTwkR)ak;15landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM sRmab;pþl;[édKUTaMgLayminEmnkumµúy
nIsþkñúgrdæaPi)alcRmúHtamry³RbeTsepSg²énsmaKmGas‘an. edayGnuelameTAtamninñakar
neya)ayfµIrbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgkarKaMRT GñkRbyuT§edIm,IesrIPaB RbqaMgkumµúynIsþkñúgTUTaMgBiPBelak
« »
sPaCan;Tabrbs;GaemrikaMg)anseRmcenAqñaM1985GnuBaØat[pþl;CMnYyesdækic© b¤eyaFadl;clna
ts‘Urbs;km<úCaCapøÚvkarkñúgTwkR)ak;rhUtdl;eTA5landuløar.
enARkúghaNUy mansBaØafaeBlevlapøas;bþÚr eKminRBÜy)armÖedayhYsehtueBkeTBIkar
seRmccitþenH EdlrYmCakarCab;Bak;B½n§edaypÞal;elIkdMbUgrbs;shrdæGaemrikenA\NÐÚcin taMgBIqñaM
1975mk. eKBitCadwgBIlkçN³CanimitþrUbénerOgenHehIy CaBiesseKdwgNas;BIkarBRgIksßan
karN_CayuT§sa®sþEdlekItmanPøam²enAGasIuxagekIt. karKn;KUrrbs;evotNameFVI[eKnwkeXIj
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edayeCOelIsBaØaelIkTwkcitþepSg²kñúgcMeNamCnCatievotNam enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1982 rIqat

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)anTTYllT§plCak;lak;sþÜcesþIgk¾eday b:uEnþva)aneFVI[evotNamecjputBIPaBÉeka ehIyeFVI[
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haNUyenAeLIyeT eTaHbICasßankarN_rbs;km<úCaminpøas;bþÚrbnþicbnþÜck¾eday. bnÞab;BIkarCYbKña
kRmitx<s;CaeRcInelIk nigkareFVIdMeNIrd¾Cak;lak;mYycMnYn GdæiFatuTahanGaemrikaMgRbEhlmYyry
nak;)anRtÚvdwkykeTARsukvij. enAqñaM1985 RkúghaNUy QanrhUtdl;GnuBaØat[kgT½B
GaemrikaMgmYyRkúmeFVIkarrukrkGdæiFatuenAtamkEnøgFøak;ynþehaHEfmeTot. evotNamk¾)ansnüa
eFVIRKb;lT§PaBTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn edIm,IedaHRsayBIbBaðaTahan)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁamkñúgry³eBlBIrqñaM.
enAedImqñaM1986 GarmIefc EdlGmdMeNIredayelak b:Ul v:UlhVÚvIt Gnurdæm®nþIkarbreTssRmab;
GasuIxagekIt nig ):asuIhVik )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTsevotNam kñúgzan³CaemdwknaMKN³RbtiPU
GaemrikaMgmYyRkúm EdlCaKN³RbtiPUfñak;x<s;elIkdMbUg taMgBIebskkmµrbs;elak eLGUNard_ vUdxUk
mk. GarmIefc )anvilRtLb;mkRbeTsvijCamYykarFanaeFVIshRbtibtþimYyy:ageBjelj
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edaybnþnUvkarvaylukRbelamesñh_rbs;xøÜn RkúghaNUy)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvlT§PaBkRmit
kMNt;kñúgkarecjcUlrbs;BYksUevoteTAqksmuRTkaMr:aj;rbs;xøÜn. enAqñaM1985RkúghaNUy )an
cab;epþImbnøúyBakü[dwgenARkúgv:asuInetanfa qksmuRTkaMr:aj;enAEtsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;
evotNamCanic© ehIykñúgkrNIEdlmandMeNaHRsayBICemøaHrbs;km<úCa vtþmaneyaFarbs;sUevot
enATIenaHGacnwgRtÚvkat;bnßy. erOgTaMgGs;enHBitCaKYr[Tak;TajcitþEmn b:uEnþBYkGaemrikaMgsÁal;
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kas manlkçN³minsUvRbqaMgb:unµaneT Rkúgv:asuInetannwgbnÞn;CMhrrbs;xøÜnsþIBIbBaðakm<úCa nigjúaMg[
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kMBugduHdalenAshrdæGaemriksþIBIerOgGñkeTasEdltameKGHGagfa RtÚvXMuXaMgedayRkúghaNUy.
BYkemdwknaMevotNamk¾sgÇwmpgEdrfa karKaMRTrbs;GaemrikaMgcMeBaHclnats‘Ukm<úCaEdlbgðajedIm
ehtu edaykardwknaMEpñkmenaKmviC¢arbs;rdækarIehÁnnwgfmfycuHminxan.
témøEdlRtÚvbg;
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siT§isßitenACamYyBYkeK. RkúghaNUysgÇwmfa erogral;qñaMEdlknøgputeTAnwgeFVI[CMhrrbs;rbb
ehg sMrin rwtEtrwgmaMeLIgkñúgkm<úCamYyEdlrs;eLIgvij ehIyfa enATIbMput BiPBelakk¾TTYlsÁal;
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karbdiesFrbs;bs©imRbeTsminpþl;CMnYyesdækic©nighirBaØvtßúmYymk[evotNam)aneFVI[esdækic©
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EdlkalBIedImCa davID [David CaRBHmhakSRtTIBIrrbs;CnCatieGRbW (Hébreu) RbEhlqñaM1010-
970munRKisþskraC] nigCaGñkvayQñHháÚlIy:at GaemrikaMg [Goliath Gñkcm,aMg CnCatihVIlIsþaMg
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rab;rk nigeFVI[GgÁkarshRbCaCatiemIlgayEdlCaGñke)aHeqñatseRmcpþl;nUvCMnYyd¾sMxan;mYy
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xaglic)anbdiesFElg[x©IteTAeTot. karEkTRmg;esdækic©EbbTIpSaresrI EdlepþImeLIgtaMgBIqñaM
1980 )aneFVI[plitplEpñkes,ógGaharrbs;xøÜnekIncMnYneLIgy:agCak;c,as; ehIy)anCYy[
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EdlBYkenaHcg;[kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;edayGnuvtþkarpøas;bþÚrRkdasR)ak; enAExkBaØa qñaM1985
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eTot RbCaCnenAPaKxageCIgfVIt,itEtmanPkþIPaBmYyCanic©k¾eday )ancab;epþImTamTar[mankarpøas;
bþÚrmYykñúgk,alm:asuIndwknaMRbeTs. eBjfirevlaénrdUvekþAqñaM1986 kñúgkic©RbwgERbgmYyedIm,I
sþarCMenOTukcitþrbs;RbCaCneLIgvij GKÁelxabkSkumµúynIsþevotNam eLyn; EdleBlenaHkMBug
manCMgW)anlHbg;GMNacesÞIrEtTaMgGs;. karerIruHKN³rdæm®nþIy:agFMmYy)anekItmaneLIg edayman
karbBa©ÚlGñkEkTRmg;sMxan;²mYycMnYnmkkñúgrdæaPi)alpg. tameKsnñidæan mhasnñi)atbkSkumµúy
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edaydak;BYkemdwknaMv½yekµgEdlmanKMniteCOnelOnCMnYsvij. b:uEnþ KµanGVImYybgðaj[eXIjfa
emdwknaMEdlmanv½yekµgTaMgenaHnwgmanCMhrmYyxusKñaBICMhremdwknaMeromc,grbs;BYkeKsþIBIbBaða
km<úCa b¤k¾y:agNaeLIy.
karxUcTwkcitþ)anraldaly:agrh½skñúgcMeNamédKUTaMgLayrbs;smaKmGas‘an eTaHbICa
RbeTséfnigRbeTscinEdlCatYÉkBIrd¾sMxan;hak;dUcCaBMueRtómcuHj:mk¾eday. RbeTsevotNam
)anP½nRþ cLMya: gF¶ne; daynwksµanfa ExµrRkhmnwgRtÚvvay[cuHcaj;edayqab;rh½s ehIyfa BiPBelak
nwgePøcBIkm<úCakñúgeBld¾xøI. BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM karkan;kab;xusc,ab;rbs;evotNammkelIRbeTs
km<úCa)anRtÚvBRgwgrwtEtrwgmaMeLIg b:uEnþ enAGgÁkarshRbCaCatik¾mankarRbqaMgCMTas;cMeBaHkar
kan;kab;enHEdr. ExµrRkhmEdlRtÚvRbCaCns¥b;ex<ImnigP½yxøacCanic©enaH)anseRmceCaKC½yvil
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kñúgGMLúgrdUvR)aMgqñaM1985k¾eday k¾s®gÁamT½BéRBenAépÞkñúgRbeTsenAEtmanskmµPaBxøaMgkøa
Canic©. bnÞab;BIkarkan;kab;km<úCaGs;ry³eBlCagR)aMmYyqñaM sm¥b;d¾yUrlg;rbs;RbCaCnExµrRbqaMg
nwgevotNam)anelceLIgCafµI. eKcab;epþImdwgnUvsBaØaénkarrvatcitþCaeRcInkñúgCYrkgT½Brbs; ehg
sMrin ehIysaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaElgsßitenAeRkamGMNacRkúghaNUyeTotehIy.
enAedImqña1M 986evotNamdwgxønÜ fa eBlevlaRbEhlCaBMpu lþ k; arGnueRKaH[xønÜ eLIy ebIBkY eK
enARtÜtRtaRbeTskm<úCaeTotenaH. ebIsinCaQñHkarRbyuT§enARbeTskm<úCa k¾RbeTsevotNam
muxCanwgcaj;karRbyuT§edIm,IsnþiPaBnigvibulPaBEdr. enARbeTscin kareFVITMenIbPavUbnIykmµ)anrIk
lUtlas;y:agelOn rIÉPaKeRcInénbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumúµynIsþenAGasuIPaKGaeKñy_suT§EtrIk
duHdaldUcpáaRtÚvTwksenSIm ³ manEt\NÐÚcinmYyb:ueNÑaHEdlhak;dUcCaCMrujeTArkPaBcuHdundab. eTaH
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semþc sIhnu nigEdlRTRTg;edaykarFanar:ab;rgepSg²rbs;GnþrCati. dMeNaHRsayenHRbEhl
eBIbRbTHnwgkarRbqaMgCMTas;BIKUsRtÚvTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn EdlsgÇwmfab:unµanqñaMeTAmuxeTot RbeTs
evotNamnwgyl;c,as;minxan. b:uEnþ CamYynwgRkúmemdwknaMfµImYy RkúghaNUyBMu)aneRtómdak;GavuF
cuHeLIy ebITukxøÜnRtÚvbg;xatkñúgerOgenHy:agNak¾eday.
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nigRkúgv:asuInetan.
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qañ 1M 979
X 07mkra karvaydeNþIm)anRkúgPñMeBjedayevotNam.
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« »
X 17kumÖ³ RbeTscin)ancUllukluyRbeTsevotNam.
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GkSrkat;EdleRbIR)as;kñúgRbPBÉksarsMGag
A.C.N. Agence Chine Nouvelle ¬TIPñak;garB½t’mancinfµI¦
A.F.P. Agence France-Presse ¬TIPñak;garB½t’man)araMg¦
A.V.I Agence Vietnamienne d' Information ¬TIPñak;garB½t’manevotNam¦
B.P Bangkok Post ¬kaEst)agkkb:usþ×¦
C.V. Le Courrier du Vietnam
F.E.E.R. Far Eastern Economic Review ¬TsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUBa’¦

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F.B.I.S.-A.P.A. Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Asia Pacific
N.D. Nhan Dan
N.Y.T. The New York Times ¬kaEstjÚvy:kEfms_¦

P.I. Pékin Information
Q.D.N.D. Quan Doi Nhan Dan
R.R. Renmin Ribao
S.W.B. Summary of World Broadcast (BBC)
W.P. Washington Post ¬kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×¦

462
RbPBÉksarsMGag
CMBUkTI1
1 Roy Rowan, The Four Days of Mayaguez, New York, Norton, 1975; pp. 38-48.
2 The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975: An Analysis of its Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh
Tang, Southeast Asia Monograph Series, Vol.3, Washington, D.C., VSAF, 1981, p. 106.
3 Roy Rowan, ibidem, p. 123.

4 karR)aRs½yTak;TgKñapÞal;xøÜnrbs;m®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsGU®sþalI eRkaykarsnÞnarbs;
Kat;CamYytUt (Tot) enARbeTsm:aeLsuI/ éf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1979.
5 Michael Chinoy, A Close Look at the Mayaguez , F.E.E.R, éf¶TI30 Ex]sPa qñaM1975, p. 18.
« »
6- R.M.Smith, Cambodia Foreign Policy, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1965, p. 159.
7 Ben Kiernan, man;éRB/ man;Rsuk nigEk¥kTwk ³ PUmiPaKbUBa’eRkamrbb b:ul Bt kñúgkarniBn§l,g
« »
TI8 bdivtþn_nigplvi)akkñúgRbeTskm<úCa David Chandler and Ben Kiernan éd., Monograph Series
« »
Nº25, New Haven, Conn. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1983, p. 178. karbkERbeTACa
Pasa)araMgkñúg Camille Scalabrino nig Marie-Claire Orieux: Cambodge: Rbvtþisa®sþ nigRkya

tMNaMg/ 1945-1985, Asie-Débat 2, l’Harmattan, 1985, pp. 159-160.
8 Dossier Kampuchéa, Vol. 1, C.V., Hanoi, 1978, p. 128.
9 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy paM v:an;)a GtItÉkGKÁrdæTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü/ TIRkúghUCImij/ éf¶TI27 Exmkra qñaM1981.
10 S.W.B., 5 août 1975.
11 Dossier Kampuchéa, p. 127.
12 Kenneth M. Quinn, The Origin and Development of Radical Cambodia Communism, niekçbbTfñak;
bNÐit/ University of Maryland, 1982, p. 187.
13 Ibid.
14 kMNt;ehtuGUsr:UeNGU sþIBIkarsnÞnarvag v:ag sðagr:ug-sun esn enAéf¶TI6 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1976
Edlbgðaj[dwgkñúgeBlkat;kþI b:ul Bt-eGog sarI edaykM)aMgmux. sMeNAedImRtÚv)at;bg;
b:uEnþkarerobrab;y:agl¥itl¥n;CaeRcIn)annaM[nwkeXIjBIlkçN³BiténkarbkERbCaPasa)araMg
RbPBÉksarsMGag 463
enH. CaBiess Tak;TgeTAnwgPaBsþÜcesþIgénCMnYyrbs;cin EdlpÞúynwgkarbBa¢ak;GHGagrbs;
Gñkkan;GMNacevotNam.
15 F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., éf¶TI16 Exemsa qñaM1976/ A-7.
16 The Straits Times, éf¶TI13 Exvicäika qñaM1974.
17 hg;rI KIsSIúghÁ½r/ The White House Years, Boston, Little, Brown, 1979, p. 1114. esovePAbkERbCa
Pasa)araMg ³ GMBIestviman ³ 1968-1973, Paris, Fayard, 1979.
18 Kiessing’s Contemporary Archives, janvier 1974, p. 26488.
19 esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug enA

éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977, A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
20 S.W.B., éf¶TI1 Ex]sPa qñaM1975.
23 «Fighting a New Kind of War", F.E.E.R, éf¶TI26 ExkBaØa qñaM1975/ p. 10.
24 F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., éf¶TI23 ExkBaØa qñaM1975/ A-16.
25 Ibid., A-18-19.
26 tameyabl;m®nþIcinmñak;fa karTamTaredayTTUcrbs; eL faj;gI edIm,IsuMCMnYyrbs;cin kñúg

GMLúgénkareFVIdMeNIrKµanQb;Qrrbs;Kat;)aneFVI[Kat;maneQµaHehAeRkAfa sµÚmyack .« »
27 P.I., éf¶TI16 Exmifuna qñaM1978/ pp. 12-16. GtßbTBuMmanbBa¢ak;TaMgkalbriecäTénkarsnÞna
enH TaMgeQµaHemdwknaMrbs;evotNameT b:uEnþ karniyaybBaäitbeBaäógBI CMgWd¾F¶n;F¶r rbs; CU

« »
nigkarniyayeyagBI sm½ys®gÁam eFVI[eKKitfa Kat;enaHCa eL faj;gI ³ enAExsIha

« »
qñaM1975 RbB½n§pSBVpSayB½t’manrbs;cin )anelIkykmkniyayBIkarCYbKñamYyrbs; gI

CamYy CU EdlenAeBlenaHcUlBüa)aleraKkñúgmnÞIreBTü.
28 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday A.C.N., éf¶TI19 Exmifuna qñaM1981.
29 GMBIGFibetyüPaBrbs;evotNamelIRbCuMekaH h½gsa nig eRTÓgsa/ RkúghaNUy/ RksYg
karbreTs/ 1979/ p. 60. karbkRsayrbs;evotNam)anRtÚvGHGagbBa¢ak;eday A.C.N.,
éf¶TI14 ExsIha qñaM1979.
30 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYynaykrgmCÄmNÐlRbvtþisa®sþsm½ybc©úb,nñrbs;cin/ Rkúg
eb:kaMg/ éf¶TI8 ExmIna qñaM1982.
31 S.W.B., éf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM1978.
33 Carlyle A. Thayer nig David G. Marr, Vietnam Since 1975, Center for the Study of Australian-Asian
Relations, Research Paper Nº20, Brisbane, Griffith University, 1980, p. 7.
34 Ta Kung Pao, hugkug/ éf¶TI27 Exvicäika qñaM1975.
35 Gareth Porter, neya)ayevotNamnigvibtþienA\NÐÚcin kñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ David W.P.

« »
Elliott éd., Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1981, p. 80.
36 S.W.B., éf¶TI26 Exemsa qñaM1976.
37 karsnÞnarbs; eGog sarI CamYyelak Patrice de Beer, GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’manénkaEst LWm:ug

sRmab;PUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_/ )agkk/ Extula qñaM1975. ´sUmGKuNelak Beer Edl)an
bBa¢ÚnkMNt;RtaxøI²rbs;elakmk[´.
38 sarin qak/ RBMEdnRbeTskm<úCa , Paris, Dalloz, 1966, pp. 207-208; sUmGanpgEdrnUv esovePA
« »
km<úCa-evotNam/ International Boundary Study Nº155, RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg/ kariya-

l½yesuIbkarN_ nigRsavRCav/ Washington, D.C., 1976, pp. 11-12.
39 esckþIcmøgénkarsnÞnarbs; v:ag Tug CamYyelak James Burnet, haNUy/ éf¶TI12 Exmkra
qñaM1986. B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak James Burnet.
40 S.W.B., éf¶TI6 Exkkáda qñaM1976.
41 S.W.B., éf¶TI18 ExsIha qñaM1976.
42 «esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYynaykrdæm®nþI

paM v:an;dug enAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977 , A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
»
43 Jurgen Domes, RbeTscineRkaysm½ybdivtþn_vb,Fm’/ London, Hurst, 1976, pp. 247-251.
44 Michel Oksenberg, mYyTsvtSn_énTMnak;TMngcin-Gaemrik , karbreTs/ srTrdUv 1982, pp. 180-

« »
181.
vKÁ ³ «neratþm sIhnu ³ em:agénC½yCmñH»

1 Henry Kissinger, bNþaqñaMEdlclaclxøaMg Little, Brown, 1982, p. 59. karbkERbCaPasa)araMg ³
RbPBÉksarsMGag 465
bNþaqñaMd¾rMeCIbrMCYl , Paris, fayard, 1982.
« »
2 GuI pan;dara/ karRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij , Paris, A.M. Métailié, 1982, p. 37.

« »
CMBUkTI2
1 Paul Mus, evotNam ³ sgÁmsa®sþéns®gÁammYy/ Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1952, p. 17.
2 Michael G. Cotter, Towards a Social History of Vietnamese Southward Movement , Journal of Southeast
« »
Asia History, Vol. IX, Nº1, mars 1968, p. 14.
3 Georges Maspero, RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a , Paris, Van Houst, 1928, p. 26. cMeBaHtYelxEdlfµI

« »
bMput sUmGansßitiCMerOnRbCaCnenAqñaM1976 rbs;saFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNam.

4 Alexander Barton Woodside, evotNam nigKMrUrbs;cin/ Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971,
p. 247.
5 David Chandler, km<úCamunsm½y)araMg ³ Politics in a Tributary Kingdom. 1794-1848, Ann Arbor,

Mich., University Microfilms, 1973, p. 108.
6 David Chandler, An Anti-Vietnamese Rebellion in Early Nineteenth Century Cambodia: Pre-Colonial

«
Imperialism and a Pre-Nationalist Response», Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. VI, Nº1, mars
1975, pp. 16-24

.
7 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak David Chandler, éf¶TI15 Extula qñaM1982; aussi, David Chandler, op.
cit., p. 154; David Chandler, «Kampuchea-Vietnam-The Roots of Strife», in The Vietnam-Kampuchea-
China Conflict, Malcolm Salmon éd., Working paper Nº1 Canberra, Department of Political and Social
Change, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1979, pp. 4-5
.
8 erOgxøI²kñúgRbvtþisa®sþenH )anpþl;CaRbeyaKEdleKTenÞjminQb;mYykñúgkareXasnarbs;
ExµrRkhm. cMeBaHkarbkRsayrbs;GñkrYcputBIeRKaHfñak;mñak;CaCnCatikm<úCa sUmGan
esovePA karvilRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ Paris, Métailié, 1982, p. 129
« »
RBmTaMg esovePArbs;elak A. Pannetier, kMNt;ehtuxøI²GMBIkm<úCa ³ enAkNþalRbeTsExµr/

Paris, Payot, 1921; Paris, Cedoreck, 1983, pp. 15-16 pg.
9 Chandler, op. cit., p.153.

10 esckþIRbkasB½t’man/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ KN³ebskkmµGcié®nþy_enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati/
éf¶TI11 ExFñÚ qñaM1978. tamkarBit erOgenHmanBitR)akdKWcab;BIqñaM1977mk.
11 sarin qak/ RBMEdnRbeTskm<úCa / Paris, Dalloz, 1966, tome 1, p. 179.
« »
12 Michael Leifer, Cambodia: The Search for Security, London, Pall Mall, 1967, p. 95; Roger M. Smith,
Cambodia’s foreign Policy, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1965, pp. 158-159. karTTUcedIm,I
[mankareRbIGakb,kiriyaRby½tñ ¬xagpøÚvkay b¤vaca¦ edayELkmYycMeBaHCnCatiPaKticExµr

eRkamenAPaKxagt,ÚgevotNam KWCamUlehtuénbraC½ykñúgkarcrcaenAExtula qñaM1964
rvagrNsirSrMedaHCatievotNam¬evotkug¦ nigkm<úCa. kMNt;ehtuénkarRbCuMrbs;KN³RbtiPU
énrNsirSrMedaHCatievotNamxagt,ÚgenAvimanTTYlePJóvnaTIRkúgeb:kaMg/ éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM
1964 evlaem:ag4l¶ac/ ÉksarpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak sðal émy½r.
13 Alain Forest, km<úCanigkartaMgGaNaniKmrbs;)araMg / Paris, l’ Harmattan, 1980, p. 452.
« »
14 elIkmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Gareth Porter, evotNamnigkm<úCa , CemøaH\NÐÚcinelIk

« »
TI3/ David Elliott éd., Boulder, Colo, Westview, 1981, p.124, note 101.
15 RksYgkarbreTs/ TUrelxNº749-S.D.C.S Extula qñaM1952/ manRbPBmkBITIRkúgéRBnKr.
tammtiENnaMdEdlfa bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin)anRbKl;GMNac[bkSkumµúynIsþevotNamedIm,I
erobcMnigdak;[manRkbx½NÐnUvsmaCikrbs;xøÜn EdlmanedImkMeNItCacin ehIyEdlkMBugsñak;
«
GaRs½yenARbeTsevotNam/ km<úCanigRbeTsLav . »
16 GñkÉkeTsxagbBaðaRbeTskm<úCa min)anRBmeRBógKñaGMBIGtßn½yénmhasnñi)atqñaM1960
EdlCakalbriecäTénkarbegáItbkS dUcEdl b:ul Bt )anGHGagb¤mhasnñi)atelIkTIBIrénbkS
RbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa EdlekItmkBIbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcineT. karbBa¢ak;GHGagTaMgBIrRbEhl
CamankarBit¬enAkñúgenaH¦tamcMENknImYy².
17 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Charles Meyer, Rkúg):arIséf¶TI18 Exmifuna qñaM1977.
18 neratþm sIhnu/ esovePA GñkeTasExµrRkhm / Hachette, 1986, p. 416.
« »
19 Harald Munthe-Kaas, smÖasn_CamYysemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu / F.E.E.R. éf¶TI9 Extula qñaM

« »
1965.
20 Stephen Header, Kampuchea’s Armed Struggle: The Origin of an Independent Revolution , Bulletin of
« »
Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 11, Nº1, 1979, p.7.
21 Timothy Carney, Cambodia: The Unexpected Victory , GtßbTmin)ane)aHBum<pSay/ ExkumÖ³

« »
RbPBÉksarsMGag 467
qñaM1979/ p.10.
22 Heder, Kampuchea’s Armed Struggle , p.14.
« »
23 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak sðal émy½r/ ):arIs éf¶TI18 Exmifuna qñaM1977.

24 Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 250; William Shawcross, ehtukarN_bnÞab;bnSM/ KIsSúIghÁ½r/
nicsun nigkarbMpøajRbeTskm<úCa/ New York, Simon and Schuster, 1979, p. 70.
25 elIkmkniyaysMGagedayelak sðavRkÚs op.cit.p. 123. kñúgn½ydEdlelak sðavRkÚs k¾
elIksmþIrbs;elak William Colby GtItnayk C.I.A. mksMGagpgEdr.
26 Sihanouk, op.cit.
27 Heder, Kampuchea’s Armed Struggle , p. 14. enAqñaM1968 semþc sIhnu )anGYtGagfa )an[
« »
eKsmøab;GñkRbqaMgCaCnkumµúynIsþ1500nak;taMgBIqñaM1956mk.
28 Ibid.
29 Shawcross, op. cit., p. 250.
30 esovePAexµA/ ehtukarN_nigP½sþútagénGMeBIQøanBannigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTsevotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa/ PñMeBj ³ RksYgkarbreTskm<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ qñaM1978/ p. 86.
31 Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, Boston, Little, Brown, 1981, p. 353.
32 Ibid., p. 341.
33 Ibid., p. 36.
34 Shawcross, op. cit., pp. 335-343.
35 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enATIRkúgeb:kaMg éf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM
1980.
36 Donald Kirk, Revolution and Political Violence in Cambodia, 1970-74 , dans Communism in Indochina,
« »
Joseph Zasloff and Paul Brown éd., Toronto, Lexington, 1975, p. 218.
37 TUrelxEdlerobrab;bBa©Úledayelak Ben Kiernan man;éRB/ man;Rsuk nigEk¥kTwk ³ PUmiPaKbUB’a

«
rbs;km<úCaeRkamrbb b:ul Bt /kñúgkarniBn§l,gTI8sþIBIbdivtþn_nigplvi)akenAkm<úCa/ David

»
Chandler and Ben Kiernan éd., Monograph Series Nº25, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Southeast
Asia Studies, 1983, p. 176 .

38 .
Ibid., p. 159
39 sMNuMerOgkm<úCa/ pp. 9-10.
CMBUkTI3
1 Rbtikmµrbs; eGog sarI cMeBaHkarcab;xøÜnBYkr:aDIkal; RtÚv)anerobrab;R)ab;´ edayshkarI
CitsñiT§mñak;rbs;elak háas):arI enATIRkúg)agkk. BIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1982 háas):arI CaÉk
GKÁrdæTUtRbeTsyUehÁasøavIRbcaMRbeTséf.
2 J.B. Armstrong, Revolutionary Diplomacy: Chinese Foreign Policy and the United Front Doctrine,
Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977, pp. 180-181.
3 cMeBaHkarbriyaymYyGMBIRBwtþikarN_Extula qñaM1976 enARbeTscin sUmGanesovePArbs;

elak Roger Garside, Coming Alive: China after Mao, New York, Mentor, 1981, pp. 101-154; Andres
D. Onate, hVaKUehVg nigkarcab;xøÜnbn4nak; , China Quarterly, ExkBaØa qñaM1978/ pp. 540-565.
« »
4 tamviTüúRkúgPñMeBjfa enAéf¶TI13 Extula ÉkGKÁrdæTUténRbeTsm:alInigtg;hSanIEdlGeBa¢Ij

mkCUnlixitsartaMgRtÚv)anTTYleday sun esn rdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTs EdlbMeBjParkic©kñúg
zan³Cardæm®nþIkarbreTs/ S.W.B., éf¶TI1 Exvicäika qñaM1976.
5 sunÞrkfarbs;elak lI Cag (Li Qiang) rdæm®nþIBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTsrbs;cinEføgkñúg»kasBiFI
Cb;elogmYyenAéf¶TI28 Extula qñaM1976/ F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI29 Extula 1976.
6 sgáat;¬GtßbT¦enH sMGagelIkarsnÞnarbs;ĆamYyGñkkarTUtEdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúg
haNUynigeb:kaMg naBak;kNþalqñaM1977. enAcugqñaM1976 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anTij
TMnijBIRkúghugkugRtwmEt1landuløarb:ueNÑaH. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Nay:an; can;da ³
«Phnom Penh Undercover Men kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUBa’ (F.E.E.R) ecjéf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM
»
1976.
7 Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua, ksikr nigneya)ayenAkm<úCa/ London, Zed, 1982, p. 291.
8 David P. Chandler, A Revolution and Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea,
«
ExFñÚ qñaM1976 , GtßbTmin)ane)aHBum<pSay/ p. 7.

»
9 Kenneth M. Quinn, The Origin and Development of Radical Cambodian Communism, niekçbbT
fñak;bNÐit/ University of Maryland, 1982, pp. 136-137.
10 David P. Chandler, Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuchea: When Was the Birthday of the
«
RbPBÉksarsMGag 469
Party?», Pacific Affairs, été 1983, pp. 297-299; Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua, ksikr nig
neya)ayenAkm<úCa/ London, Zed, 1982, p. 291.
11 Chandler, ibid., p. 297.
12 Chanthou Boua and Ben Kiernan, kariyaFibetyüénesckþIsøab; , New Statesman, éf¶TI2 Ex

« »
]sPa qñaM1980; David Hawk, mCÄmNÐlRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg , Index on Censorship,

« »
Exmkra qña1M 986, pp. 25-31.

13 Chandler, op. cit., p. 298.
14 karbkERbGtßbTBITsSnavdþITg;bdivtþedayelak Timothy Carney nig Kem Sos Edlmankñúg

esovePAmYyCitecjpSay e)aHBum<pSayeday Karl Jackson.
15 B½t’manpþl;eday Timothy Carney, CaGñkÉkeTsxagbBaðakm<úCaenAsßanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRkúg
)agkk. sUmGanesovePA Cambodia’s Communist regime begins to purge its own ranks while
«
continuing a crack-down , Wall Street Journal, éf¶TI19 Extula qñaM1977.

»
16 S.W.B., éf¶TI1 Exvicäika qñaM1976.
17 A.V.I., éf¶TI21 ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
18 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysa®sþacarü R)aemaCJ Naxnfab (Pramoj Nakhonthap) GtItRKÚ

beRgónmuxviC¢aviTüasa®sþneya)ay enAsaklviTüal½yFmµsatRkúg)agkk naTIRkúgevogc½nÞ
éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1982.
19 B½t’manpþl;[enAEx]sPa qñaM1977 edayGñkkarTUtGasuImñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenARkúg
haNUy.
20 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy xaMKuN m®nþIénKN³kmµaFikarRbCaCnextþsVayerog/ sVayerog
éf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1981.
21 bkSkumµúynIsþenAevotNam ³ mhasnñi)atCatielIkTIIV. ÉksarRkúghaNUy/ kare)aHBum<
pSayCaPasabreTs/ 1977, pp. 161-162.
22 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rs; saerOn enAéf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1981 naTIRkúg
PñMeBj.
23 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Michel Strulovici GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’manrbs;kaEstG‘uym:anIet
¬l’Humanité) RbcaMTIRkúghaNUy/ Exvicäika qñaM1977.
24 karsnÞnaCamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúgeb:kaMg enAéf¶TI27 Extula
qñaM1977/ hugkug.
25 esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug enA
«
éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977 / A.C.N., 22 ExmIna qñaM1979.

»
26 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak suInNafmb‘Í r:ahSar:atNam rdæm®nþIkarbreTssigðburI/ éf¶

TI19 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1982/ sigðburI.
27 A.C.N., éf¶TI14 ExmIna qñaM1977.
28 S.W.B., éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM1977.
29 S.W.B., éf¶TI9 Exmkra qñaM1978.
30 sMMNuMerOgkm<úCa/ p. 133.
31 S.W.B., éf¶TI28 Exmifuna qñaM1977.
32 tamkaEst Sankei Shimbun, elIkykmkniyayCasMGagkñúg Issues and Studies, ExmIna qñaM
1978. enAExvicäika qñaM1977 tamRbPBB½t’manmYyrbs;evotNamfa TIRbwkSaciny:ag
eRcInRtÚvcab;CaeQøIyswkkñúg»kasénkarvaybkmYyenAkñúgEdndIrbs;km<úCa.
33 esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug
«
enAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977 / A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.

»

35 S.W.B., éf¶TI20 Exkkáda qñaM1977. bEnßmBIelIÉksarenH mankarcuHhtßelxaelI ³ sn§i
sBaØakMNt;RBMEdnmYyrvagevotNam-Lav/ kic©RBmeRBógpþl;CMnYyesdækic©mYysRmab;
ry³eBl3qñaMedaymin)ac;sgvij nigpþl;nUvR)ak;km©ImYyedayKµanykkarR)ak; nigkic©RBm
eRBógmYy edIm,Ipþl;TidæakarsRmab;GñkkarTUtnigm®nþIbuKÁlikrdækarRbeTsTaMgBIr. tamÉkGKÁ
rdæTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMRbeTsLav egVón s‘n; (Nguyen Xuan) fa GVIEdlsMxan;KWCMnYyesdækic©
RtÚvEteRbIR)as;sRmab;karpÁt;pÁg;kgT½BevotNamEdlsMctenARbeTsLav.
36 bTsmÖasn_rbs;smmitþ b:ul Bt CamYyKN³RbtiPUGñkkaEstyUehÁasøavI EdlmkeFVITsSnkic©
enAkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ PñMeBj/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü ExmIna qñaM1978.
37 sunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt enAmuxKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkSnaéf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1978 Edl
ykmkbgðajenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarbdivtþn_RkúgPñMeBjenAéf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1979 eRkamelx
RbPBÉksarsMGag 471
eyag 2>5>11. tulakarenH)ankat;eTas b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI kM)aMgmux edayRbhar
CIvitbg;.
38 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Nay:an; can;da ³ Lav/ evotNam ³ mitþCitsñiT§Cag
«
eK / TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI29 Exkkáda qñaM1977.

»
39 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak háaer:t B½rT½r ³ , neya)ayrbs;evotNam nigvibtþi

«
enA\NÐÚcin , p. 97.
»
40 Kiernan and Boua, Peasants, p. 170.
41 ÉksarNº2.5.11, kñúgkMNt;CasMGagenARtg;elxerog37.
43 S.W.B., éf¶TI22 Extula qñaM1977.
44 P.I, éf¶TI7 Extula qñaM1977/ pp. 20-30.
45 kMNt;ehtusþIBIkarCYbrbs; b:ul Bt CamYyBYkemdwknaMcin/ éf¶TI29 ExkBaØa qñaM1977 RtÚv

rwbGUs)anenATIRkúgPñMeBj ÉksarenHRtÚv)anbgðajenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarbdivtþn_ naExsIha
qñaM1979 eRkamelxeyag 2>5>28.
46 esckþIraykarN_)anFøak;kñúgédRkúmPñak;garsm¶at;enAétv:an; ehIy)ane)aHBum<pSaykñúg Issues
and Studies, ExFñÚ qñaM1977/ pp. 77-79. esckþIraykarN_enH )ane)aHBum<pSaymYyExmun
karepþIms®gÁamrvagkm<úCanigevotNam Edlvabgðaj[eXIjR)akdEmn.
47 P.I., éf¶TI7 Extula qñaM1977, pp. 20-30.
vKÁ«neratþm sIhnu ³ kSRtEdlcakecjBIqakneya)ay»

1 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy paM v:an;)a/ GtItÉkGKÁrdæTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü RkúghUCImij éf¶TI27 Exmkra qñaM1981.
CMBUkTI4
1 Wang Gungwa, shKmn_nigRbCaCati ³ karniBn§l,gGMBIGasuIGaeKñy_ nigRbeTscin/ Singapore,
Heinemann, 1981, p. 53.
2 Georges Maspero, RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a , Paris, Van Houst, 1928, p. 224.

« »
3 kaEst Réalités Cambodgiennes, elxecjéf¶TI24 Exmifuna qñaM1965.
4 Huynh Sanh Thong, éd. et trad., The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry, New Haven, Conn., Yale University
Press, 1979, p. 3.
5 Henri Maspero, dkRsg;CasMGagedayelak M. Coughlin, evotNamkñúgRsemalrbs;cin

« »,
Journal of Southeast Asian History, kBaØa qñaM1967/ p. 242.
6 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Keith W. Taylor, The rise of Dai Viet and the establishment
«
of Thang Long» dans Kenneth R. Hall and John K. Whitmore éd., Explorations in Early Southeast Asian
History: The Origins of Southeast Asian Statecraft, Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, Nº11,
Ann Arbor, 1976, pp 165-166, bkERbBIPasaevotNamedayelakétl½r. sMeNAedImCaPasa

cinRtÚv)at;bg;. RbvtþiviTU Wang Gungwu Kitfa lixitenHTMngCa)anbBa¢Ún edayBitR)akd
eRBaH)armÖeFVI[rMCYldl;menaseBa©tnaCatiniym b:uEnþmankarEkbEnßm[kan;Etl¥elIsmunxøHBI
sMNak;Gñksresrkalb,vtþirbs;evotNam.
7 Gungwu, op. cit., p. 64.
8 Thomas Hodgkin, Vietnam: the Revolutionary Path, New York, St. Martin’s Press, p. 56.
9 Hodgkin, ibid., p. 89.
10 sa®sþacarü George Mct. Kahin, B½t’manpÞal;xøÜn/ éf¶TI19 Exkkáda qñaM1984.

11 Trung Buu Lam, Intervention versus Tribute in Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1788 -1790 , kñúg The
« »
Chinese World Order, John K. Fairbank éd., Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1968, p. 178.
12 Le Thanh Khoi, Histoire du Vietnam des origines à 1858, Paris, Sudestasie, 1981, p. 214.
13 Lloyd Eastman, Throne and Mandarins: China’s Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy
1880-1885, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1967, p. 43 .

14 Trung Buu Lam, ibidem, 174-175 .
15 John K. Whitmore, The Development of Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam,
niekçbbTfñak;
bNÐit/ Cornell University, 1968, p. 208 nigesovePA RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a p. 231 rbs;elak
« »
Maspero pgEdr.
16 Chandler, Cambodia Before the French, p. 63.

17 niekçbbTrbs; vUdés EdlRtÚv)ankarBary:agRtcHRtcg;kñúgesovePArbs;Kat; mancMNgeCIg
RbPBÉksarsMGag 473
fa evotNam nigKMrUcin/ Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971, pp. 253-254.
18 Dao Vang Vy, Nguyen Tri Phuong, Saigon, Nha Van Hoa, Ba Van Hoa, Giao Duc Va Than Nien,
1974, p. 53. ´sUmGKuNelak Michael Eiland Edl)anTak;TajkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;éTAelI

sgáat;GtßbTRtg;enH ehIyEdl)anbkERb[ÉfmeTot.
19 John T. McAlister, Jr., PaBGacnwgekItmansRmab;kargarTUtenAGasuIGaeKñy_ , World Politics, Vol.
« »
XIX, Nº2, Exmkra qñaM1976/ p. 273.
20 dkRsg;ykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Huynh Kim Khanh, lT§ikumµúynIsþevoNam/ Ithaca,

N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1982, p. 129.
21 Dossier Kampuchéa, p. 95.
22 Ibid.
23 William Turley, Vietnam’s View of Regional Order , karTak;TgKñaenAsnñi)atRbcaMqñaMelIkTI26én

« »
smaKmsikSaBIbBaðaGnþrCati/ Washington D.C., 8 mai 1985, p.6.

24 Ibid.
25 GtßbTrbs; Che Viet Tan Redistribute the work force in order to build and defend the fatherland ,
« »
Tap Chi Cong San, ExsIha qña1 M 979 RtÚv)anbkERbcuHpSaykñgú esckþrI aykarN_rbs;RbeTs
evotNam/ Nº2148, Washington, D.C., National Technical Information Service, 1979, Washington
D.C., 1979, p. 21.
26 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI4 Exmkra qñaM1985/ K.G.
27 elIkmkniyayCasMGageday Suebsaeng Promboon, Sino-Siamese Tributary Relations, 1282-1853,

niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit/ University of Wisconsin, 1971, p. 173.
28 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Gungwu, op. cit., pp. 46-47.
29 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Eastman, op. cit., p. 39.
30 Ben Kiernan, esovePA etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? / London, Verso, 1985, p. 140.
« »
31 esckþIraykarN_EdltamsegátemIltYnaTIrbs;RbeTscinenAsnñisITRkúghSWENv KWsMGagCa
sMxan;elIesovePArbs;elak François Joyaux, RbeTscin nig karedaHRsayCemøaH\NÐÚcin
«
TImYy / hSWENv qñaM1954/ ):arIs/ kare)aHBum<pSayrbs; Sorbonne, 1979, pp. 231-323.

»
32 cMeBaHkarviPaKl¥ti l¥nm; yY GMB\I riyabfrbs;RbeTscin cMeBaHkarbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTsevotNam

EtmYy sUmGanesovePA CemøaHcin-evotNam rbs;elak Eugène K. Lawson, New York,
Praeger, 1984, pp. 52-69.
33 Roxane Witke, smmitþnarI cag Qij/ Little, Brown, 1977, p. 271.
34 Mohamed Heikal, Nasser: ÉksarRkúgEKr/ London, New English Library, 1973, p. 269.
35 esckþsI arPaBrbs;elakCMTav Wang Guangmei cMeBaHelak David G. Marr, eb:kaMg/ éf¶T7I ExkBaØa
qñaM1980. GKuNcMeBaHelak David G. Marr EdlbBa¢Únmk[ńUvkMNt;xøI²rbs;elak.
36 Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, pp. 58-59.
37 RtÚvsaksYredayGñkniBn§enATIRkúgevogc½nÞ enAéf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1978 nayTahanevot

Nammñak;)anRbkasR)ab;´fa ³ CnCatiLavkat;cinmñak;KW ]tþmesnIy_ PUm:a RtÚv)ansmøab;
«
kñúgkarRbyuT§enAqñaM1971 b:uEnþeK)anbMepøIsfa Kat;RtÚvkMcat;edayevotNam edayeFVI[eK

»
eCOfa BaküccamGar:amRbEhlCamUlehtumYyehIyemIleTA.
38 Pierre Mendès France, Tl;muxKñaCamYynwgGasuI/ New York, Liveright, 174, pp. 107-108. kare)aHBum<
pSaytamsMeNAedIm/ Pierre Mendès France, karsnÞnaCamYynwgGasuIéf¶enH/ esovePAkMNt;

ehtuénkareFVIdMeNIr/ Paris, Gallimard, 1972.
39 Pierre Mendès France, op. cit., p.189.
40 Etienne M. Mana’ch, RbeTsmYyEdlqøgkat;edaybNþaGanuPaBminGacTb;Tl;)an ³ cin-\NÐc Ú ni

qñaM1972-1973 Paris Fayard, 1982, p. 575.
41 Porter, evotNamnigvibtþi\NÐÚcin , pp. 74-75.
« »
42 TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI15 Exmifuna qñaM1979, p. 39.

43 Lawson, op. cit., pp. 193-194.
44 karkt;smÁal;rbs; tag ¬Tang¦ RtÚv)anGHGagbBa¢ak;edaym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;enARkúghaNUy

nigdkRsg;ykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Stanley Karnow kñúgesovePA evotNam/ GMBI
Rbvitþsa®sþmYy/ N.Y., Viking, 1983, p. 638.. bYnExmunkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;RbFanaFibtI nicsun
eTAkan;RbeTscin ¬ExkumÖ³ qñaM1972¦ RbeTscin)anTUnµan[RbeTsevotNamTukbBaðaRbFana
FibtI FIv mYyduMsin ehIyseRmc[xagEt)annUvkic©RBmeRBógmYysMedA[mankardkkgT½B
GaemrikcugeRkayecjBIRbeTsevotNam.
45 François Missoffe, karRbyuT§ttYrvagRkúmneya)ayxageqVg/ Paris, Ramsay, 1977, p. 128.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 475
46 Thanh Nam, «eb:kaMgse®gÁaHRkúgéRBnKr ¬ebkaMgCYyRkúgéRBnKr¦/ Tinanub,vtþievotNam/ Ex
»
mifuna qñaM1979; Philippe Richer, El,gelgbYnnak;enAGasuIGaeKñy_/ Paris, Presses Universitaires

de France, 1982, p. 49.
47 Joyaux, la Chine, p. 355.

48 Lawson, op. cit., p. 242.
49 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNammñak;enAéf¶TI14 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983 naTIRkúg
)agkk.
CMBUkTI5
1 Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, New York, Summit Books,
1983, pp. 623-625.
2 tamkic©RBmeRBógRkúg):arIs RbeTsevotNam)ansnüa CYysRmÜldl;karbBa¢ÚneTAmatu

«
RbeTsvijnUvsaksBTahanTaMgLayEdl)at;kñúgxøÜnkarRbyuT§ ehIyshrdæGaemriksnüa
»
«CYypSHmuxrbYss®gÁam . »
3 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enAéf¶TI17 ExsIha qñaM1984naTIRkúg

v:asuInetan.
4 kariyal½yGnuB½n§B½t’manrbs;estviman/ Presidential Commission on Americans Missing and
Unaccounted for in Southeast Asia: A Report on Trip to Vietnam and Laos March 16-20, 1977,
Washington, D.C.,
éf¶TI23 ExmIna 1977/ p. 11.
5 W.P., éf¶TI18 ExmIna qñaM1977.
6 fVIebImtiPaKeRcInelIslubmYyénrdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik bgðajPaBGmitþcMeBaHRbeTsevot
NamenAqñaM1975k¾eday k¾manGñkxøHlMeGogeTArkkarpSHpSaKñaEdr. elakvresnIy_RtIy_
ém:xWl GILin EdlRbLÚkyUrmkehIykñúgkarRbwgERbgeFVIs®gÁamrbs;GaemrikaMgenA\NÐÚcin
)ansresrGnusSrN³mYyeTAGnurdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTsenAéf¶TI5 Exmifuna edayENnaMBIkareFVI
[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRkúghaNUy eTaHbICaTRmg;d¾Cak;lak;mYyénCMnYyEpñkesdækic©RtÚvbg;
Catémøk¾eday. sRmab;Kat;yl;fa karraMgxÞb;Epñkesdækic© KWCaTegVIrMelaPbMBanmYyEfmTaMg
«
CaTegVIRceLatetattUgmYypg EdlminsmrmüTaMgRsugkñúgneya)ayGnþrCatirbs;RbCaCati
eCOnelOnmYy . edaypÞúyeTAvij GILin )anpþl;CaGnusasn_[Rbkan;ykviFankarl¥itl¥n;
»
nigemaHmutepSg²Tl;nwgtfPaBénRbeTsevotNamfµI.
7 N.Y.T., éf¶TI19 Exvicäika qñaM1975.
8 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Murray Hiebert, Playing Politics with the MIAs ,

« »
Southeast Asia Chronicle, Nº85, éf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1982.
9 N.Y.T., éf¶TI25 Exemsa qñaM1976.
10 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI5 Exmifuna naTIRkúgeb:kaMg.

11 tamkar[dwgrbs;RksYgkarBarRbeTsfa kñúgcMnYnsrubmnusS)at;xøÜnenA\NÐÚcin2>546nak;
man753nak;)anRtÚvcat;Tukfa)at;xøÜnkñúgkarRbyuT§/ 33nak;RtÚvcab;CaeQøIys®gÁam/ 647
nak; TMngCasøab; ehIy1>113)anRtÚvsmøab;kñúgeBlRbyuT§ edayeKminGacnaMsaksBmk
)an. sUmGacesovePArbs;elak Bill Herod, The Unfinished Business of America’s MIAs ,
« »
Indochina Issues, Nº17/ mifuna qñaM1981/ rYmTaMg America’s Missing: A Look behind the Numbers ,
« »
Indochina Issues, Nº54/ ExkumÖ³ qñaM1985pg.
12 W.P., éf¶TI17 ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
13 Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy, New York, Simon and Schuster,
1983, 450.
14 snñisITkaEstrbs;RbFanaFibtI xaF½r enAéf¶TI24 ExmIna qñaM1977/ Rkúgv:asuInetan.
15 S.W.B., éf¶TI29 ExmIna qñaM1977.
16 kñúgkarsnÞnamYyenATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI3 ExmIna qñaM1983elak mIEsðl GUkesnbWk Gñk

ÉkeTsxagbBaðaGasuIenARkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati )anniyayR)ab;Ća]TahrN_fa ³ ebskkmµ «
rbs; vUdxUk RbRBwtþeTAmin)anl¥eLIy. tamkarBit GñkxøH)anxMRbwgeFVIdMeNIrmYysRmab;Et

erOgTahanGaemrik)at;xøÜnsuT§saF/ »kasénkare)aHtRmúydMbUg²sRmab;kareFVI[manRbRktI
PaBmYyCamYyRbeTsevotNamkMBugnaM[evotNamyl;RcLM. enAcMeBaHmux vUdxUk evotNam
)anbgðajlkçN³Tn;Pøn;GMBIbBaðaCYsCulkarxUcxatedaysars®gÁam. rhUtTal;EteRkaymk
eTIbevotNamElgbnÞn;CMhr ehIyxaMRkajcMeBaHsMeNIsuMCMnYyesdækic©rbs;eK . »
17 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYy egVón LaM RbFanKN³kmµaFikarEpnkarrbs;evotNamenAéf¶T3I 1

Exmkra qñaM1981naTIRkúghaNUy. TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R, éf¶TI28 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1981.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 477
18 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI5 Exmifuna qñaM1983 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg.
19 C.Vance, op. cit., p. 122.. xaF½r )ansEmþg[dwgBITwkcitþrbs;Kat;fa eRtómRbkYtRbECgnwgBYk
«
sUevotkñúgtMbn;CayuT§sa®sþTaMgLay CaBiessenARbeTsevotNam . N.Y.T., éf¶TI12 Ex

»
mifuna qñaM1977.
20 Zbigniew Brzezinski, GMNacnigeKalkarN_ ³ kMNt;RbvtþiGMBIRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati (1977-1981),
New York, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983,p. 197.
21 saFardæsgÁmniymevotNamr)aykarN_esdækic©mYy/ FnaKarBiPBelak/ Washington, D.C.,

August 1977, p. 66.
22 TUrelxrbs;ÉkGKÁrdæTUtshrdæGaemrikRbcaMRkúg)agkk Charles Whitehouse, Nº09191-2717442,

éf¶TI27 Exemsa qñaM1977.
23 Asian Wall Street Journal, éf¶TI5 Ex]sPa qñaM1977.
24 karerobrab;l¥itl¥n;enHKW)anmkBIkarsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGnurdæm®nþIkarbreTs pan; ehon
enATIRkúg):arIs naéf¶TI21 Exmifuna qñaM1977 nigCamYyGtItGnurdæm®nþI rIqad hUlRb‘Úk/
Rkúgv:asuInetan>DI>suI>/ éf¶TI24 Exkkáda qñaM1981.
25 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI7 Exmifuna qñaM1977, K-5.
26 Arkady N. Shevchenko, Ebk)ak;CamYynwgRkúgmUsÁÚ/ New York; Knopf, 1985, p. 265. kare)aHBum<
pSay CaPasa)araMg ³ karpþac;mitþPaBCamYyRkúgmUsÁÚ (Rupture avec Moscou), Paris, Payot,
« »
1985.
27 Marc Menguy, haNUyRbqaMgnwgeb:kaMg/ mCÄmNÐlsRmab;kic©karGnþrCati/ Harvard University,

1979, p. 36.
28 Ibid., 40.
29 Ibid., 41.
30 Information-Documents, Nº3, éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM1982/ e)aHBum<pSayeday C.V., RkúghaNUy,
p. 11.
CMBUkTI6
1 karerobrab;GMBI]bTÞvehtuenAsNæaKarfaMgLenH KWsMGagelIkarsnÞnaCamYyGñkkarTUtCaeRcIn
EdlmanmuxenAkñúgBiFIbdisNæarkic©. ]bTÞvehtu)anRtÚvelIkykmkniyayedayelak Marc
Menguy GñkkarTUt)araMg EdleBlenaHbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy ³ haNUyRbqaMgnwg
eb:kaMg/ mCÄmNÐlsRmab;kic©karGnþrCati/ 1979, p. 33.

2 hU CImij ³ ehtuGVIéRCIserIslT§ieLnInniym / skmµPaBnigkarbdivtþn_ ¬Action et Révolution
« »
1920-1967,¦ GtßbTCeRmIs nigerobcMedayelak Colette Capitan -Peter-Paris, shPaBTUeTAén
kare)aHBum<pSay/ coll. 10/18, 1968, p.18.

3 GMBIdMeNIrCIvitrbs; hU CImij sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Jean Lacouture: Ho Chi Minh, Paris,
éditions du Seuil, 1977. GMBcI lnakumy úµ nIseþ votNam sUmGanesovePAmYykñgú cMeNamesovePA
nanaEdll¥CageKKW lT§ikumµúynIsþevotNam 1925-45 rbs;elak Huynh Kim Khanh,
Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1982.
4 Gareth Porter, Vietnam and the Socialist Camp: Center or Periphery , Vietnamese Communism in
« »
Comparative Perspective, William Turley éd., Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1980, pp. 228-231.
5 Bernard Fall, esovePA ³ evotmij ³ saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüevotNam 1945-60, Paris, Presses

de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1960, p. 116-119.
6 Jean Lacouture nig Philippe Devillers, End of a War: Indochina 1954, New York, Praeger, 1969, pp.
291-293. kare)aHBum<c,ab;edIm ³ TIbBa©b;éns®gÁammYy/ \NÐÚcin qñaM1954, Paris, éditions du
Seuil, 1960.
7 Porter, op. cit., p. 247.

8 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Douglas Pike: \T§iBlénCemøaHcin-sUevotcMeBaHGasuI
«
GaeKñy_ , CemøaHrvagcin-sUevot/ Herbert Ellison éd., Scattle, University of Washington Press, 1982,
»
p. 196.
9 Donald S. Zagoria, Vietnam Triangle: Moscow, Peking, Hanoi, New York, Pegasus, 1967, p. 127.
10 sRmab;karviPaKsuICeRmAmYyGMBIneya)ayrbs;evotNamcMeBaHshPaBsUevot nigRbeTs
cin sUmGanesovePArbs;elak W.R. Smyser, PaBminBwgEp¥krbs;evotNam ³ lT§ikumµúynIsþ
evotNamenAcenøaH rusSI nigcin/ 1956-69, Papers on International Studies, Southeast Asia Series,
Nº55, Athens, Ohio, Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1980.
11 David Butler, kardYlrlMrbs;RkúgéRBnKr/ New York, Simon and Schuster, 1985, p. 299.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 479
12 Daniel S Papp., evotNam ³ mtimkBIRkúgmUsÁÚ/ eb:kaMg/ v:asuInetan/ Jefferson, N.C., Mc Farland,
1981, p. 195 .
13 Shevchenko, Ebk)ak;CamYynwgRkúgmUsÁÚ/ pp. 262-263.
14 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsrbs;evotNamenAéf¶TI24 Exmkra
qñaM1981 naTIRkúghaNUy.
15 Joseph Alsop, Showdown Over Southeast Asia , TsSnavdþI Reader’s Digest, elxecjExFñÚ qñaM
« »
1975/ TMB½r128.
16 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy v:ag Tug enAéf¶TI25 Exkkáda qñaM1975 naTIRkúghaNUy.
karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énRksYgkarbreTsevotNam enATIRkúghaNUy
naéf¶TI26 Exkkáda qñaM1975.
17 Q.D.N.D., éf¶TI7 Extula qñaM1974/ dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagkñúg Asian Analyst, éf¶TI4
Exvicäika qñaM1975/ p. 4.
18 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Peter Limqueco, éf¶TI11 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1976.
19 vicarNkfarbs;kaEst Giaiphong éf¶TI28 Exvicäika qñaM1975 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGag
eday Le Thi Tuyet, evotNam ³ sgÁmniymkñúgkarEsVgrkmUlFn/ Washington, D.C., Center of
Strategic and International Studies, 1976, p. 9.
20 Nayan Chanda, Hanoi Opts For a Broad Approach , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R, éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM
« »
1977.
21 kareqøIy[karN_rbs;elak Evelyn Colbert GtItGnurdæelxaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkic©karGasuIxagekIt
nig):asuIhVik enAcMeBaHmuxGnuKN³kmµkarsPaTTYlbnÞúkkic©karGasuInig):asuIhVik/ éf¶TI26 Ex
kkáda qñaM1983/ muxgarrbs;sUevotenAGasuI/ Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1983, p. 193.
22 Sevchenko, op. cit., p. 263.
23 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtGWr:ubmñak;enAéf¶TI25 Exvicäika naTIRkúghaNUy. kar

snÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énGgÁTUtrbs;sUevot enATIRkúgeb:kaMgnaéf¶TI6
Exmifuna qñaM1983.
24 GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’manGnamik/ Le Duan backs the loners , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI19 ExmIna
« »
qñaM1976.
25 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Massimo Loche, GñkeqøIyqøgB½t’mankaEst l’Unità enATIRkúghaNUy/
ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
26 «I.M.F., I.B.R.D., Tools of Imperialist Exploitation , TIPñak;garB½t’man Tass, éf¶TI6 Exemsa qñaM
»
1983/ F.B.I.S., U.S.S.R., éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM1983/ C.C.2.

27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenARkúghaNUy naéf¶TI2
Exmkra qñaM1977 enATIRkúghugkug.
28 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNammñak;enATIRkúgevogc½nÞ naéf¶TI9 ExmIna qñaM
1977.
29 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkaTUtGasuImñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶TI4 Ex
vicäika qñaM1976 enATIRkúghugkug. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ
GU®sþalIenATIRkúghugkugnaéf¶TI4 Ex]sPa qñaM1977. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Nayan
Chanda, Hanoi Opts For Broad Approach cuHpSaykñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSay
« »
éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1977 pg.

30 Robert Ross, Chana’s Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979; The Politic of Alliance Termination,
niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit/ Colombia University, 1984, p. 140.

31 Nayan Chanda, Vietnam’s Economy: New Priorities , F.E.E.R., éf¶TI19 Exvicäika qñaM1976.
« »
32 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtGasuImñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶TI5
Ex]sPa qñaM1977enATIRkúghugkug.
33 S.W.B., éf¶TI17 ExFñÚ qñaM1976.
34 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶T1I 9

ExsIha qñaM1977 enATIRkúghugkug.
35 karsnÞnaCamYyelak Philippe Richer GtItÉkGKÁrdæTUt)araMgRbcaMTIRkúghaNUy enAéf¶TI13
Exmifuna qñaM1982 enATIRkúg):arIs.
36 esckþIraykarN_GMBIkarcrcasUevot-evotNamenH KWsMGagelIkarsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§Ca
mYyGñkkarTUtCaeRcInrUb TaMgxagbs©imRbeTsk¾dUcxagbøúkkumµúynIsþ rYmTaMgCamYyGñkkaEst
GWr:ubxagekItenATIRkúghaNUy naExvicäika qñaM1977pg. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñk
RbPBÉksarsMGag 481
TTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;EpñkkarTUtrbs;sUevotenAéf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM1983 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg.
37 Ross, op., cit., 211.
38 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtsUevot nig GWr:ubxagekIt enATIRkúghaNUy naExvicäika
qñaM1977. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak; eFVIkarGmBYksUevotenA
éf¶TI17 Exmkra qñaM1986 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
CMBUkTI7
1 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Sandor Gyori, éf¶TI12 Extula qñaM1985.
2 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Stephen Heder enATIRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI30 Exmifuna qñaM
1983.
3 karBiBN’naenHsMGagelIkarsnÞnaCaÉkCnmYyCamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvevotNambIrUbkñúgenaH
manmñak;CavresnIy_Ék rYmTaMgCamYyGñkkarTUténbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynIsþ enATIRkúg
haNUy naExmIna qñaM1978pg.
4 esovePAexµA ³ ehtukarN_nigP½sþútagepSg²énGMeBIQøanBannigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;evotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa/ PñMeBj/ RksYgkarbreTs/ qñaM1978/ TMB½r99.
5 sMNuMerOgkm<úCa/ Vol. 2. C.V., Hanoi, 1979, pp. 63-65.
6 karsnÞnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak h‘un Esn/ PñMeBj/ Exkkáda qñaM1981.
7 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Stephen Heder enATIRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI30 Exmifuna qñaM
1983.
8 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkúghaNUy naExsIha
qñaM1978 enATIRkúghugkug.
9 karbkRsayRsbKña RtÚv)anpþl;dl;elak Stephen Heder edayelak h‘un Esn nig ehg sMrin
kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnadac;edayELkBIKñaenAExkkáda qñaM1981.
10 tamelak ehg sMrin Edlkan;muxtMENgsMxan;²enAkñúgépÞrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa
enAqñaM1979 nigEdlkøayeTACaRbFanRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_extþkNþal)an[dwgfa Rkúm
GñkbegáItrNsirSenHdMbUgKWmanR)aMbInak; ³ Kat;/ elak h‘un Esn/ nut fn/ jwk hYn/ mas RkÚc/
mas hYn/ G‘ug pn nig eb:g ):at; ¬karsnÞnaCamYyelak Heder, éf¶TI8 Exkkáda qñaM1981
enARkúgPñMeBj¦.
11 karsnÞnaCamYyGñkkarTUtevotNamnigGasuIenARkúghaNUy naExmIna qñaM1978.
12 CemøaHRBMEdnrvagcin-evotNam manlkçN³CanimitþehtumYyeRcInCagCabuBVehtumYyén
CemøaHEdlmanenAeBlxagmux. CemøaHenH)ancab;epþImenAedImTsvtSr_1970 enAeBlEdl
plRbeyaCn_ CatinigCayuT§sa®sþrbs;RbeTsTaMgBIrcab;epþImExVgKña. cMeBaHkarbkRsay
rbs;evotNam sUmGanGnusSrN³rbs;RksYgkarbreTsénsaFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNam
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbgáehtu nigkarrMelaPRBMEdnrab;minGs; EdlBYkGaCJaFrcinenAtambeNþay
RBMEdncin-evotNam CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚv/ haNUy/ RksYgkarbreTs/ qñaM1979/ pp. 17-22.
sRmab;PaB c,as;las;epSg²Tak;TgnwgRBMEdnEdneKakenH sUmGanGtßbT China-Vietnam
Boundary, International Boundary Studies, Nº38, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department
of State, Washington, D.C., éf¶TI29 Extula qñaM1964. tamGtßbTenHfa KµankarvivaTEdndI

«
NamYyB¤mkdl;eyIgeT . »
13 A.V.I., éf¶TI10 Extula qñaM1977.
14 h½g v:an;hn )ancuHcUlnwgBYkcinenAExkkáda qñaM1979 b:uEnþ TMnak;TMngd¾CitsñiT§rbs;Kat;Ca

mYyBYkcin RtÚveKdwgB¤CasaFarN³taMgBImunkalbriecäTenHemø:H. vaGacfa RkúghaNUyxMRbwg
eRbIR)as;TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;Kat;CamYyBYkemdwknaMcin edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRkúgeb:kaMg
cMeBaHeKalbMNgrbs;xøÜnEdr. BYkcinRbEhlCa)anTTYlBIKat;nUvB½t’mand¾mantémøCaeRcInsþIBI
CMhrrbs; evotNameTAelIbBaðasMxan;². eTaHbICaKat;pÞal;RtÚvTuk[manmuxtMENgCapøÚvkar
¬manEtsMbkeRkA¦ k¾eday k¾kUnrbs;Kat;)ankan;kab;TItaMgd¾sMxan;mYykñúgbkSkumµúynIsþ
evotNamEdr ehIyGacesuIb ykkarN_tamry³mitþPkþinigGñkmansmancitþCaeRcInrbs;Kat;
EfmeTot.
15 sMeNAénkic©RBmeRBóg )anRtÚvRbmUl)anedaykgT½Brbs;evotNamenARkúgPñMeBj enA
Exmkra qñaM1979.
17 esckþIseRmccitþEdlsnµtfaCarbs;elak eL yn; RtÚv)annaMmkniyayedayTIPñak;gar

B½t’mancinfµI(A.C.N.)enAéf¶TI23 Exvicäika qñaM1979bnÞab;BIkarcab;epþImGriPaBrvagcin-
evotNam enAqñaM1978 kñúgeKalbMNgbriharBIkarbþÚrKMnitPøam²rbs;evotNam. k¾b:uEnþ
RbPBÉksarsMGag 483
vaTMngCasMedARbqaMgnwgesckþIesµaHRtg;rbs;evotNamcMeBaHRbeTscineTAPaBminesµaHRtg;
rbs;Rkúgeb:kaMgcMeBaHRbeTsevotNampgEdr.
20 F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., éf¶TI22 Exvicäika qñaM1975/ A-18-19.
21 «Keng Piao’s r)aykarN_GMBIsßankarN_enA]bTVIb\NÐÚcin Issue and Studies, étbui/ Exmkra

»
qñaM1981/ p. 85. m®nþIcinfñak;x<s;mñak;)anbBa¢ak;R)ab;´BIlkçN³BiténÉksarenH.

22 GñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinCaeRcInrUb EdlRtÚvsaksYrenATIRkúgeb:kaMg nigTIRkúghugkug kalBIqñaM
1979)anniyayGMBIPaBExVgKMnitKñaEdlenAmanbnþkñúgépÞfñak;dwknaMcin rhUtmkdl;cugqñaM
1978 sþIBIbBaðaRbeTskm<úCa. enAkalbriecäTenH CemøaHrvagkm<úCa-evotNam)aneLIgdl;
kRmitminGacRtLb;eRkaymYy edayKMramkMEhgdl;TItaMgCayuT§sa®sþTaMgLayrbs;RbeTs
cin enAGasuIGaeKñy_ ehIy etg s‘avBIg RtÚv)anCMruj[begáInkarKaMRTrbs;cindl;RbeTskm<úCa
TaMgeTIsTal;.
23 N.Y.T., éf¶TI23 ExFñÚ qñaM1977/ p.5.
24 edayelIkyksmþIsnÞnaTaMgenHmkniyaysMGag RbB½n§pSBVpSayrbs;evotNam)ankt;
smÁal;fa vagayyl;Nas;fa GñkNaEdleRbIsmþIbBaäitbeBaäógEdlmaneKalbMNgTaMg
«
enH / CemøaHevotNam-km<úCa ³ ÉksarmYy/ haNUy/ GKare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/

»
1979, p. 23.
25 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A, éf¶TI16 ExFñÚ qñaM1977/ H-3.
26 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak can;epg sIupaPMu Cam®nþICan;x<s;enARksYgkarbreTsLav/

éf¶TI28 Exkkáda qñaM1983 enATIRkúgevogc½nÞ.
27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy v:ag Tug enAéf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1978 naTIRkúghaNUy.
28 briyakasEdlkMBugRKbdNþb;RkúgPñMeBjnaeBlenaH KWRtÚv)anBiBN’naedayCnbreTsCaGñk
taMglMenAeRkARsukmñak; kñúgcMeNamCnbreTsd¾kRmmanbMput KWGñkRsI LÚr:g;Bic CaPriyarbs;
kmµaPi)alfñak;dwknaMExµrRkhmmñak; EdlGñkRsI)anrs;enARbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM1975 dl;
1979 munnwgcakecjBIsVamInigRbeTsEdlTTYlsÁal;Kat;TukdUcCakUn. sUmGanesovePA ³
«q¶ayhYs eCIgemX ³ R)aMqñaMCamYyExµrRkhm / Paris, Barrault, 1984, p. 116.
»
29 Ibid., p. 115.
30 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI1 Exmkra qñaM1978.
31 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Kieu Ming enAéf¶TI16 Exmkra qñaM1981 naTIRkúgPñMeBj.
32 kñúg»kasénsnñisITmYy ¬enATIRkúgeb:kaMg éf¶TI31 ExFñÚ¦ ÉkGKÁrdæTUtkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü biuc
Cag )anRbkasfa ³ kareRCIserIsEtmYyKt;rvaglT§PaBBIrrbs;eyIgKWvayRbyuT§ edIm,ITak;
«
TajkarykcitþTukdak;BIbNþamitþrbs;eyIgTaMgCitTaMgq¶ayelITVIbTaMgR)aM edIm,IdeNþImkarKaMRTBI
saFarN³mtiGnþrCati . elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Douglas Pick kñgú GtßbTCemøaH
»
evotNam-km<úCa/ r)aykarN_EdleFVIsRmab;GnuKN³kmµkarGMBIGasuI nigkic©kar):asuIhVik/

Committee on International Relations, Washington, D.C., U.S. Congress, éf¶TI4 Extula qñaM1978/
p. 11.
33 TIPñak;garB½t’man A.F.P., éf¶21 Extula qñaM1977.

34 enAsm½yRbCuMeBjGgÁrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþcinnaExkkáda qñaM1977 etg s‘avBIg )anEføg
sunÞrkfamYyEdlriHKn;edayRtg;²bMputcMeBaHneya)ayeRkARbeTsrbs;cinedayecaTRbkan;
fa Ep¥keTAelIkarts‘UvNÑ³xøaMgeBk (Issues and Studies, Taipei, mai 1979, p. 55). mYyExeRkaymk
cMnYnsmaCikBak;kNþalénKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim suT§EtCamnusSCitditnwg etg EdlBImunFøab;
RtÚveFVIvisuT§ kmµcMeBaH PaBlMeGogeTArksþaMniym rbs;xøÜn ehIyRtÚveFVI[mannItism,Tavij
« »
sRmab;kal³eTs³enH. enAcugqñaM1977 kare)assm¥atTUeTAmYy)ancab;epþImsMedARbqaMg

nwgsøabniymeqVgrbs;bkS. sUmGanesovePA naK nig xøaXµúM/ London, Pall Mall, 1982, pp. 226-
229 rbs;elak Philip Short. eKGacsnñidæanedaysmehtuplfa sßanTUtrbs;km<úCaenATIRkúg
eb:kaMg)antamsegátemIledayykcitþTukdak;nUvkar»nfykitþisBÞénRkúmeqVgniymenARbeTs
cinenH.
35 F.B.I.S., Trend in Communist Media , éf¶TI11 Exmkra qñaM1978, pp. 10-11, elIkykmk
« »
niyayCasMGagedayelak Ross, China’s Vietnam Policy , p. 286.

« »
36 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTsttiyelakmYyenAéf¶TI4 ExmIna qñaM

1978 naTIRkúghaNUy.
37 Laurence Picq, Au-delà du ciel, p. 52.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 485
40 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI20 Exmkra qñaM1978/ H-2.
41 S.W.B., éf¶TI23 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978.
42 tamRkúmesuIbkarN_sm¶at;elakxaglicfa karpÁt;pÁg;kaMePøIgFMnigGavuFRbqaMgrfeRkaHrbs;cin
)ancab;epþImmkdl;édkm<úCaenAcugExmkra-edImExkumÖ³. sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Evelyn
Colbert, Issues of Power, Balance and Security in Indochina , eyabl;enAsnñisITsþIBIsnþisux
« »
enAGasuInigkñúgmhasaKr):asuIhVik EdlRbRBwtþeTAenA Palm Springs 8-10 Exmkra qñaM1982,

p. 14 nigesovePA \T§iBlénCemøaHcin-sUevot , p. 11 rbs;elak Douglas Pick.
« »
43 sunÞrkfarbs;elak v:a KUehVg enAkñúgmhasnñi)atCatielIkTIV EdldkRsg;mkniyayCasMGag

edayelak Ross kñúgesovePA China’s Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979, p. 290.
44 Ben Kiernan, Khmer Bodies with Vietnam Mind’s: Kampuchea Eastern Zone, 1975-1978 , p. 31.
« »

46 karerobrab;BIRBwtþikarN_epSg²enAPUmiPaKbUBa’KWsMGagelIkarsnÞnaCamYymnusSCaeRcIn enA
kñúgextþkMBg;camnigéRBEvg naExmIna qñaM1980 nigExmkra qñaM1981.
47 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§ ¬Exmkra qñaM1981¦ CamYym®nþIevotNamfñak;x<s;mñak; Edledaysar
Kat;enHehIy Edl´)andwgPaKeRcInénPaKl¥ti l¥nT; ak;TgeTAnwgkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVGI nþraKmn_
rbs;evotNamenARbeTskm<úCa. sRmab;ehtuplEdl[mnÞilsgS½y m®nþIrUbenHRtÚvkarrkSa
GnamikPaBrbs;xøÜnmin[eKdwgeLIy.
48 B½t’manTaMgenHEdlTak;TgnwgCMrMhVwkhVWnnanarbs;clnats‘Ukm<úCa KW)anmkBIkareFVIsmÖasn_
m®nþIRbmaNCadb;R)aMnak;énrbbelak ehg sMrin enAPñMeBj kMBg;cam sVayerog nig kMBg;FMenA
ExmIna qñaM1980.
49 éf¶ExqñaMénkarbegáItkgBltUcdMbUgenH RtÚv)anniyay[dwgkñúg»kasénkarR)arB§xYbkMeNIt
elIkTIbIrbs;kgBltUcenHenAExemsa qñaM1981/ F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI29 Exemsa qñaM
1981, H-4.
50 Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 1414.
51 Richard Dudman, km<úCaTl;nwgstVRkeBI , Asian Wall Street Journal, éf¶27 ExFñÚ qñaM1978.
« »
52 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI20 ExmIna qñaM1978/ H-2.

CMBUkTI8
1 S.W.B., éf¶3 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.
2 Roland-Pierre Paringaux, kaEstLWm:ug éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM1978.
3 Tsai Maw-kuey, esovePA CnCaticinenAevotNamxagt,Úg (Les Chinois au Sud-Vietnam), Paris,
« »
bNÑal½yCati/ 1968 pp. 23-29. sUmGanniekçbbTrbs;elak Michael Eiland EdlCitecjpSay

pgEdr(Cornell University) sþBI TI nM ak;TnM gepSg²rvagevotNam-éfenAstvtSr_T1I 8.
4 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Alexander Woodside, evotNam nigKMrUrbs;cin
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 244.
5 Fujiwara Riichiro, Vietnamese Dynastie’s Policies Toward Chinese Immigrants , Acta Asiatica, Nº18,
« »
mars 1970, pp. 68-69.
6 Hoa in Vietnam Dossier, Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1978, p. 24. m®nþImñak;énKN³
kmµkarsRmab;kic©karCnCaticinenAÉnaysmuRT )anniyayR)ab;´fa karbkERbCaevotNam
nUvkarRBmeRBógedaymat;TeTenH )anePøcniyayBaküsMxan;mYy ³ edaysµ½RKcitþ . eday
« »
´saksYrBIerOgenH Nguyen Trong Vinh, ÉkGKÁrdæTUtrbs;evotNamenARkúgeb:kaMg)anGHGag

nwg´fa KWRbeTscinEdlCaGñkeFVI[kic©RBmeRBógERbcakBIsPaBedIm. sUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Nayan Chanda, Southeast Asia Comes into Focus , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI7 Exkkáda qñaM
« »
1978.
7 Pao-min Chang, Beijing, Hanoi and the Overseas Chinese, Berkeley Institute of East Asian Studies,
University of California, 1982, p. 11.
8 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Charles Benoit, kñúgesovePA GñkePosxøÜntamTUkrbs;

«
evotNam , kñúgCemøaH\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ David W.P. Elliott éd. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press, 1981,
»
p. 144.
9 Gareth Porter, Vietnam Policy and the Indochina Crisis kñúgCemøaH\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ David W.P.
« »
Elliott, éd. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press, 1981, p. 74.
10 sunÞrkfarbs; To Huu enAsalaRkbx½NÐkmµaPi)al Nguyen Ai Quoc, Giao Duc Ly Luan (traduit),

J.P.R.S. Southeast Asia, 1 ExmIna qñaM1985.
11 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Nguyen Trong Vinh, ÉkGKÁrdæTUtevotNamRbcaMRkúgeb:kaMg/

RbPBÉksarsMGag 487
eb:kaMg Exmifuna qñaM1978.
12 «esckþIraykarN_segçbsþIBIkarsnÞnarbs;]bnaykrdæm®nþI lI s‘annan CamYy paM v:an;dug
enAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1977 / A.C.N., éf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1979.
»
13 P.I., éf¶TI18 ExsIha qñaM1978/ p. 28. Ibid. éf¶TI16 Exmifuna qñaM1978/ p. 15.
14 cMeBaHesckþIraykarN_mYyGMBIkarBi)akEpñkesdækic©enARbeTsevotNamnaedImqñaM1978
sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Nay:an; can;da Hanoi Takes the Campaign behind the Lines kñúg
« »
TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI3 ExmIna qñaM1978 nigGtßbT Hanoi Takes a Grip on the South ,
« »
kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.

15 F.B.I.S., éf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1978/ E-11-21.
16 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþIevotNammñak;enATIRkúghUCImij naExkkáda qñaM1979.

17 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNammñak;enAéf¶TI2 ExmIna qñaM1978 naTIRkúg
evogc½nÞ.
18 S.W.B., éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM1978.
19 Nayan Chanda, Peking Says It Out Loud to Hanoi , F.E.E.R., 12 mai 1978.
« »
20 GMBIRbeTsevotNameFVIkarbeNþjGaNikCncinecj/ eb:kaMg/ GKare)aHBum<pSayesovePA

CaPasabreTs/ 1978, pp. 2-6.
21 Benoit, kñúgCemøaH\NÐÚcinelIkTI3/ p. 151.
22 sRmab;PaBCak;EsþgsþIBIkardkCMnYyrbs;cin sUmGanesckþIEføgkarN_rbs;RksYgkarbreTs
evotNamcuHéf¶TI17 Exmifuna/ S.W.B., éf¶TI18 mifuna qñaM1978.
23 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtevotNamenATIRkúgevogc½nnÞ aéf¶T2I ExmIna qña1M 978.
24 F.B.I.S.-A.P.N., éf¶TI6 Exmifuna qñaM1978/ K1-7.
25 S.W.B., éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM1978. karRsavRCavmYyrbs;es>GuI>Ga> )anvaytémøeRkay
mkfa CnCaticinRbEhl200>000nak; )anRtÚvsmøab;enARbeTskm<úCaeRkamrbb b:ul

Bt. A Demographic Catastrophe, Washington, D.C., C.I.A., 1980, p. 14.
27 Michael Godley, «A Summer Cruise to Nowhere: China and the Vietnamese Chinese in Perspective», The
.
Australian Journal of Chinese affairs, Nº4, July 1980, p. 41
28 Pao-Min Chang, Beijing, Hanoi and the Overseas Chinese, p. 40.
29 Benoit, op. cit., p. 153.
30 esckþIraykarN_l¥CageKGMBIRbtibtþikarxaghirBaØvtßúKWesckþIraykarN_rbs;elak Barry Wain,
The Refused: The Agony of Indochina Refugees, Hong-Kong, Dow Jones, 1981, pp. 85-106.
31 The Boat People: An Age Investigation, introduction de Bruce Grants, Victoria, Australia, Penguin,
« »
1979, pp. 80-81.
32 Stephen Heder, BI b:ul Bt eTA Eb:n suvNÑ/ Bangkok, Chulalongkorn University, 1980, p. 16.
33 tamsakSImñak;EdldkRsg;smþImkniyayCasMGagedayelak Michael Vickery: esa Pwm
Føab;)anRbkasfa eKaledAénkareFVIbdivtþn_ KWelIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enA BuMEmneFVI[fyb¤bgçM[
mnusSmñaeTArkPaBevTnaetaky:akkñúgeKalbMNgEtmYyKt; edIm,IeFVI[GñkTaMgenaHsÁal;fa GVI
eTACaPaBRkIRkeLIy ¬EdlenHCaneya)ayrbs; b:ul Bt¦. Michael Vickery, Cambodia, 1975-
1982, Boston, South End Press, 1984, p. 137.
34 sRmab;karviPaKKYr[cab;GarmµN_mYyGMBIPaBTIéTBIKñaénPUmiPaKenARbeTskm<úCa sUmGan
esovePA Cambodia rbs;elak Vickery TMB½r65-188 CaBiess TMB½r131-138. cMeBaH
skçIPaBmYysþIBIdMeNIrrs;enAkñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’ sUmGanesovePA man;éRB>>> pp. 136-196
« »
rbs;elak Ben Kiernan pg.

35 tamRbEhl karb:unb:glYcsmøab;mYykñúgcMeNamkarb:unb:glYcsmøab;dMbUg²eTAelIbuKÁl b:ul
Bt KWkarb:unb:glYcsmøab;rbs; can; cRkI CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvd¾manRbCaRbiymñak;enAPUmiPaK
bUBa’. bnÞab;BIbraC½y Kat;RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnnigsmøab;enAéf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM1976. bBa¢I
eQµaH BYkemdwknaMEdlRtÚvsmøab;KmW anenAkñgú EpnkarrYmcugeRkay , esckþrI aykarN_Rbticar
« »
kmµrbs; km<úCaEdlrkeXIjCafµIenAmNÐlsYrcemøIyTYlEsøg. ´sUmGrKuNelak Murray

Hiebert Edl )anpþl;GtßbTbkERbCaPasaGg;eKøsmYymk[´.
36 Kiernan, man;éRB>>> , p. 187.

« »
37 S.W.B., éf¶15 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.

38 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Stephen Heder enATIRkúgjÚvy:kéf¶TI20 ExkBaØa qñaM1980.
Heder )ansMGagelIkareqøIysarPaBrbs;bNþashkarIxøHrbs; esa Pwm man PYg CaedIm
nigkar snÞnaCamYyemdwknaMExµrRkhmCaeRcInrUbEdlsÁal;Kat;c,as;.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 489
39 esovePAexµA/ TMB½r101-104. ÉksarxøHEdlrkeXIjeRkaymkenAkñúgKukTYlEsøgbgðaj
farbb b:ul Bt eCOBIGtßiPaBénkarYmKMnitk,t;minBitCaeRcIn EdlBak;B½n§minRtwmEtRkúmesuIb
karN_sm¶at;evotNamb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþshPaBsUevot GaløWm:g;xagekIt shrdæGaemriknig
étv:an;pgEdr.
40 karerobrab;GMBIkarsøab;rbs; esa Pwm KWsMGagelIesovePArbs; Kiernan, op. cit. TMB½r168-
172/ elIkarRsavRCavrbs; Heder nigelIkarsnÞnapÞal;xøÜnrbs;ĆamYykmµaPi)al CaeRcIn
rUbrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ enAkMBg;cam nigsVayerog enAExmIna qñaM1980 nigExmkra qñaM1981.
cemøIyCasakSITaMgGs;)anniyayRtÚvKñaGMBIkarN_fa esa Pwm )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan; RkúgPñMeBj
b:uEnþ PaBExVgKMnitKñaxøHenAEtmanGMBITIkEnøgd¾Cak;lak;nigkal³eTs³énkarsøab;rbs;Kat;.
GñkxøHGHGagfa Kat;)anRtÚvsmøab;edaykgT½Brbs; b:ul Bt b:uEnþ eKTTYlRsbCaTUeTAfa Kat;
søab;edaykareFVIGtþXad.
41 karniTanrbs; Run Dun embBa¢akarkgvresnatUc/ A.V.I., éf¶TI21 Exmifuna qñaM1978.
42 rUbmnþenHmanmktaMgBIqañ 1M 971 enAeBlEdlcab;epþmI kareFVvI si Tu k§ mµBkY kmµaPi)al EdlRtLb;
mkBIRkúghaNUyvijCasm¶at;. karsnÞnarbs; Heder CamYyelak ehg sMrin enAéf¶TI8 Ex
kkáda qñaM1981.
43 enAExmkra qñaM1979 enAeBlEdlKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCafµImYyRtÚvbegáIt
eLIg KWkñúgcMeNamsmaCik20rUb man16rUbCaGñkmanedImkMeNItBIbNþaextþrbs;km<úCa Edl
manRBMEdnCab;CamYyevotNam ehIykñúgcMeNamextþTaMgenHPaKeRcInKWenAPUmiPaKbUBa’.
44 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak ehg sMék enAsVayerognaéf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1981.
PaKl¥itl¥n;énsm½yRbCuMEdlnaMeTAlT§plcugeRkayenH RtÚv)anpþl;mk[édaym®nþIrbs;
evotNamfñak;x<s;mñak;.
45 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Branning Garrett, The China Card and Its origins: U.S.
« »
Bureaucratic Policies and the Strategic Triangle , niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit Brandeis University, 1983, p.
»
132.
46 B½t’manepSg²sþIBIbNþakarCYbKñaCasm¶at;rvagevotNamnigsUevot RtÚv)anpþl;mk[éday
m®nþIevotNamfñak;x<s;mñak;enAExmkra qñaM1981/ edaykareKarBcMeBaHRbvtþisa®sþ ehIy
« »
fVId,itEtkarlatRtdagTaMgenH BuM[cMeNjdl;buBVehturbs;RbeTsevotNamEfmTaMgcMeBaH
GaCIBpÞal;rbs;Kat;k¾eday.
47 «Who is the Instigator?», R.R., e)aHBum<pSayCafµIkñúg On Vietnam’s Expulsion of Chinese Residents,
Pékin, 1978, p. 131
.
49 Michael Pillsbury, Strategic Acupuncture , Foreign Policy, Nº41, hiver 1980-81, p. 56. enAqñaM1975
« »
Pillsbury CaGñkÉkeTsTImYyrbs;GaemrikaMgxagvis½ykarBarRbeTsEdlniyayENnaMCa
saFarN³BIkarRbKl;eRKÓgsBVavuF[RbeTscin. sUmGanesovePA ³ U.S.-Chinese Military «
Ties? rbs;GñkniBn§dEdl/ Foreign Policy, automne 1975.

»
50 Michel Oksenberg, mYyTsvtSr_énTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg , foreign Affairs, automne 1982, p.

« »
185.
51 Jiji Press, TajehtusMGagBIRbPBmYyenAhugkug/ éf¶TI26 Exkkáda qñaM1978. dkRsg;mk

niyayCasMGagmþgeTotedayelak Masa hi Nishihara, The Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979: Only
«
the First Round? , GtßbT)ane)aHBum<pSay.

»
52 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkarrbs;cinmñak;enAéf¶TI12 Ex]sPa qñaM1980

naTIRkúghugkug. cMeBaHkarviPaKd¾l¥itl¥n;mYyGMBICMhrrbs;cincMeBaHRbeTsevotNamenACMnan;
enaH sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Robert G. Sutter, China’s Strategy Towards Vietnam and Its
«
Implications for the United States», David W.P. Elliott éd. The Third Indochina Conflict, Boulder, Colo,
Westview Press, 1981, pp. 175-190

.
53 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak;enAéf¶TI10 Exemsa qñaM1979 naTIRkúg
hugkug. kñúgsunÞrkfamYyEdlmanlkçN³enAEtsm¶at; EføgenAéf¶TI16 Exmkra qñaM1979
ecn )‘av smaCikkariyal½yneya)ayrbs;cin )anniyayGMBIkarRbwgERbgrbs;cinedIm,I
elIksemþc sIhnu [esayraCüeLIgvij . sUmGanesovePA Keng Piao’s r)aykarN_GMBI
« » «
sßankarN_]bTVIb\NÐÚcin , Issues and Studies, Taipei, Exmkra qñaM1981/ p. 83.

»
CMBUkTI9
1 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak r:UbWt GUklI bc©úb,nñCardæelxaFikarTTYlbnÞúkRbqaMg
ePrvkmµ/ éf¶TI19 ExFñÚ qñaM1984/ v:asuInetanDI>suI>.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 491
2 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkar\NÐamñak;enAéf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1978 naTIRkúg
haNUy.
3 esckþIcmøgénsnñisITkaEstEdlpþl;eday pan; ehon enAéf¶TI10 Exkkáda qñaM1978.
TUrelxrbs;RksYgkarbreTs manRbPBmkBIRkúgtUküÚ/ éf¶TI14 Exkkáda qñaM1978.
4 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Gan;RDÚ PIxUk enATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a naéf¶TI26 Exvicäika qñaM
1982.
5 esckþIcmøgmYyénkarsnÞnarvagelak hSI>PI>mWrfa nig pan; ehon enHRtÚv)anpþl;[´ eday
GñkcUlrYmGaemrikaMgmñak;énbNþaGñkcUlrYmrbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgkarCYbKña.
6 Congressional Record Times, éf¶TI22 ExsIha qñaM1978.
7 kaEst Los Angeles Times, éf¶TI23 ExsIha qñaM1978.
8 Daniel Southerland, US Wary Over Vietnam’s Overtures , Christian Science Monitor, éf¶TI29
« »
ExsIha qñaM1978.
9 Zbignew Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 224.
10 Ibid., p. 562.
11 Teng Hsiao-ping’s speech on Foreign Policy at the Third Plenum, July 20 1977 , Issue and Studies,
« »
Taipei, mai 1979, p. 55.
12 Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, Memoirs of a President, London, Collins, 1982, p. 189.
13 Cyrus Vance, Hard Choice: Cristal Years in American Foreign Policy, New York, Simon and Schuster,
1983, p.81.
14 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak sIurus v:an;s_ enATIRkúgjÚvy:k naéf¶TI15 ExsIha qñaM

1980.
15 William Gleysteen EdleKsgS½ybnþicbnþÜcBIkarpÁab;citþelak Rb‘ÍhSúInsÁI yl;eXIjfa karelc
erOgsm¶at;KWCaplén karsb,ayrIkrayxøaMgmYyEdlxuskal³eTs³CaCagKitfa CakarXub
«
XitKñaedaysm¶at;mYysMedAeFVI[braC½y karRbCuMcrcaEdldwknaMeFVIeday v:an;s_. karsnÞna

»
rbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak William Gleysteen enATIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI> naéf¶TI27 Ex]sPa

qñaM1985.
16 Brzezinski, op. cit. p. 197.
17 .
Ibid. p. 560
18 Oksenberg, mYyTsvtSr_énTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg , p. 183.

« »
19 Vance, op. cit., p. 116.
20 Jonathan D. Pollack, The Lessons of Coalition Politics: Sino-American Security Relations, Santa Monica,
Rand, 1984, p. 29 .
21 Brzezinski, op. cit., annexe 1, pp. 1-3.
22 Garrett, The China Card and Its Origins , p. 46.
« « » »
23 kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnamYyCamYyGñkniBn§ smaCikmñak;rbs;KN³RbtiPUelak Rb‘IhSInsÁI )an

niyayR)ab;édaybdiesFminpþl;B½t’manepSg²sþIBIkarsnÞnaKñaenaHfa ³ esckþIsnñidæanTaMg «
Layrbs;elak minpÞúynwgGVIEdl´)andwgeT . tam Electronic Warfare/Defense Electronics,

»
ExsIha qñaM1978/ p. 23-24 fa Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anpþl;eTA[BYkcinnUv EPñknigRtecokrbs;elak

«
xaglic . GtßbTe)aHBum<dEdlenH ¬Exmkra qñaM1979¦ manB½t’manmYyEdlRbEhlCaeFVI

»
[PJak;ep¥Il y:agBitR)akd ³ shrdæGaemrik)anerobcMnigdak;[dMeNIrkarnUvsßanIysegátBinitü

(S.I.G.I.N.T.) CaeRcInenAtambeNþayRBMEdnsUevot-cin. erOgenHRtÚv)anGHGagbEnßmenA
qñaM1981.
24 Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI, Power and Principle, p. 212.
25 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak sIurus v:an;s_ enATIRkúgjÚvy:k naéf¶TI15 ExsIha qñaM
1980.
26 Vance, op. cit. p. 117.
27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGtItsmaCikmñak;énRkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati enAéf¶TI19 Exvicäika
qñaM1981 naTIRkúghugkug.
28 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYyelak Michel Oksenberg enAéf¶T3I ExmIna qña1M 983 enARkúghugkug.
29 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Michel Oksenberg enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI3 ExmIna qñaM
1983.
30 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Raphael Iungerich enAéf¶TI22 ExFñÚ qñaM1984 naTIRkúg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>.
31 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Raphael Iungerich enATIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI> naéf¶TI22 ExFñÚ
RbPBÉksarsMGag 493
qñaM1984.
32 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Andrew Peacock enAéf¶TI26 Exvicäika qñaM1982 naTIRkúg
kg;Eb‘r:a.
33 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk, enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1985 na
TIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI>.
34 Brzezinski, op. cit., p. 228.
35 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak b‘ÍkjÚ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI enAéf¶TI27 Exkkáda qñaM1981.

36 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enAéf¶TI4 Extula qñaM1984 naTIRkúg
37 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1985naTIRkúg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>. eyabl;Edlfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscinKWminRtÚveFVIRsb
KñaCamYykareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam )aneBIbRbTHnwgkarRbqaMgy:agxøaMg
køamYyBIsMNak;bNþam®nþIxøHénRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikenATIRkúgeb:kaMg nigv:asuInetan. kar
KitmémGMBIRbtikmµrbs;RbeTscin KWeRcInEtCaGMeBIrbs;GñkTaMgLay dUcCaelak GUesnbWk
nig elak r:UehS s‘UlIv:an; CaedIm EdlbM)at;nigBnøat;smþIsnÞnatictYcrbs;cinrhUtdl;eFVI[
Kat;GHGagfa karxitcUlCitKñaCamYyRbeTsevotNameFVI[rMxandl;karxitcUlCitKñaCamYy
RbeTscin.
38 J. Carter, op. cit., p. 195. R)aMBIrqñaMeRkaymk bnÞab;BITsSnkic©mYyenACMrMCnePosxøÜnExµr tam
RBMEdnkm<úCa-éf xaF½r )anRbkasR)ab;GñkkaEstfa ³ shrdæGaemrikRtÚvEtEfrkSaTMnak;

«
TMngepSg²CamYyRbeTsevotNam. enHCabBaðaRKwHmYy. eTaHCakarExVgKMnitKña sßitenAman

k¾eday k¾vamanRbeyaCn_Cag EdleyIgenArkSakarTak;TgKña / Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 mifuna
»
qñaM1985.
39 B½t’manpþl;edaym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg. karlak;erOgtUctacTaMgenHrbs;
estvimanenAEtCabBaðaresIbmYy. R)aMmYyqñaMeRkaymk m®nþIrUbenH)anTTUcfa kuM[erobrab;
eQµaHrbs;Kat;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgGVIEdlTak;TgeTAnwgesckþIbgÁab;bBa¢aTaMgenaHrbs;estviman.
40 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy paM b‘íj (Pham Binh) RbFannaykdæanRsavRCavGnþrCati én
RksYgkarbreTsevotNam enAéf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981 naTIRkúghaNUy.
41 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt\NÐamñak;enAéf¶TI17 Exkkáda qñaM1979. taMgBIedIm
qñaM1978 evotNam)aneRbIkan;EteRcIneLIgnUvExSehaHehIrmYyrbs;\NÐa edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTA
kan;RkúgmUsÁÚ. sMeNIsuMkarGnuBaØateFVIkarehaHehIr )anpþl;dl;BYk\NÐanUvP½sþútagd¾mantémø
mYykñúgkarvivtþn_énTMnak;TMngepSg²rvagsUevot-evotNam.
42 eRkABIehtukarN_Edlfa eKrkyl;mineXIjfa ehtudUcemþc)anCasn§isBaØaeTVPaKImYyCamYy
RbeTsttiyelakmYy KYrEtman\T§iBleTAelIkarseRmccitþTTYlsÁal;RbeTsevotNamrbs;
GaemrikaMgenaH eKRKan;Etkt;smÁal;fa sn§isBaØasUevot-evotNamRtÚv)ancuHhtßelxaenAéf¶
TI3 Exvicäika qñaM1978. karlukluyRbeTskm<úCaedayevotNamcab;epþImenAéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ
qñaM1978 KWvaRKb;RKan;ehIy.
43 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enATIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI> naéf¶TI11 Ex
kkáda qñaM1985.
44 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak r:UbWt GUklI enAéf¶TI19 ExFñÚ qñaM1984 naTIRkúgv:asuInetan
DI>suI>.
45 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad hUlRb‘Úk enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1985naTIRkúg
46 Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, A Case of Soviet Disinformation , W.P., éf¶TI13 Exvicäika
« « »»
qñaM1978.
vKÁ«neratþm sIhnu ³ rYcputBIeRKaHfñak;»

CMBUkTI10
1 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy ³
X Ék]tþmÉkGKÁrdæTUt xaMpan vILaCit (Khamphan Vilachit) enAéf¶TI9 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983
naTIRkúgevogc½nÞ.
X GñkkarTUtLavbMeBjmuxgarenARkúgPñMeBjmñak; enAéf¶TI7 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983 naTIRkúg
evogc½nÞ.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 495
X \sSrCnpøÚvkarrbs;yUehÁasøavImñak;enAéf¶TI22 Exmkra qñaM1979.
X vresnIy_Ék b‘Yy Tin (Bui Tin) enATIRkúghaNUynaéf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981.
X BYkkmµkrrbs;Rkúmh‘unsuraKarenAPñMeBjéf¶TI23 Exmkra qñaM1981.
X semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enAéf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1980naTIRkúgeb:kaMg. sUmGanesovePA
«karvilRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ Métailié, 1982/ pp. 183-186.
»
2 N.D., éf¶TI1 ExFñÚ qñaM1971.
3 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtm:aeLsuImñak;enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI12 Extula

qñaM1978.
4 «Vietnam-Economic Situation , Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1979, p. 3.
»
5 TsSnkic©enAshPaBsUevotrbs;KN³RbtiPUbkSnigrdæaPi)alénsaFarNrdæsgÁmniym
evotNam/ mUsÁÚ/ TIPñak;garB½t’manNUvUsÞI (Novosti), 1978, p. 17.
6 Ibid.
7 Gareth Porter, Vietnam’s Soviet Alliance: A Challenge to US Policy Indochina Issues, Nº6, ]sPa
« »
1980/ p. 4.
8 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkÉkeTsGaemrikaMgmñak; enAkñúgrdæFanIGasuImYy naéf¶TI13 Ex
kkáda qñaM1983. Don Oberdorfer, Reds vs. Reds In Indochina: A New, Confusing Kind of War ,
« »
W.P., éf¶TI1 emsa qñaM1979.
9 esckþIsegçbénkarsYrcemøIymYy mankalbriecäTéf¶TI30 Exemsa qñaM1982 RtÚv)anpþl;

mk[édayGñkÉkeTselakxaglicmñak; EdlsMNUmBrrkSaGnamikPaB. karykcitþTukdak;
rbs;éTAelItYnaTIrbs; Wei enARbeTsevotNamRtÚv)anTak;TajcitþedaynayTahancinmñak;
kñúgkarsnÞnamYyenAéf¶TI25 ExsIha qñaM1979.
10 TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI17 Exvicäika qñaM1978.
11 karsnÞnarbs; Michael Chinoy CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkarfñak;elImñak;enATIRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI11
Exvicäika qñaM1978. ´sUmGKuNelak Chinoy EdlbBa¢Únmk[ńUvkMNt;xøI²rbs;elak. etg
)anrMB£kCasaFarN³pgEdr BIyfaPaBmYyénkardYlrlMrbs;RkúgPñMeBj eTaHbICaKat;RbEhl
mincg;fadUecñHk¾eday. munTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;eTAkan;RbeTséf Kat;)anRbkasR)ab;Gñk
kaEst éfmYyRkúmfa ³ ebIsinCakar):an;sµanTukCamunrbs;´RtwmRtÚv RbeTskm<úCanwgRtÚv
«
bMpøaj[sabsUnüTaMgRsug. RbkarenHnwgbgðaj[BiPBelakeXIjBIsarCatiBitR)akdénrbb
rbs;evotNam. enAeBlenaH vanwgCa»kassRmab;Gas‘anEdlRtÚvsEmþgtYnaTId¾sMxan;mYy
kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaehIy . Nayan Chanda, Cambodia: Waiting for the Inevitable , TsSnavdþI
» « »
F.E.E.R., éf¶24 Exvicäika qñaM1978.
12 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTséf Edl)ancUlrYmy:agCitsñiT§
kñúgkarsnÞnarvageRKógsak;-etg. karsnÞnarbs;´KWmaneLIgenAéf¶TI21 ExFñÚ qñaM1981naTI
Rkúghugkug.
13 Chanda, Cambodia: Waiting for the Inevitable .
« »
14 tamÉksarsm¶at;mYyrbs;cinfa rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anbeBa©j[dwgsMeNIenH. sUmGan Keng «
Piao’ s Report on the situation of the Indochinese Peninsula», Issues and Studies, Tapei, January 1981,
p. 85
. karGHGagbEnßmBIerOgenHRtÚv)anbgðajkñgú esovePA q¶ayhYseCIgemX>>> TMBr½ 141
« »
rbs;GñkRsI LÚr:g; Bic.

15 Jurgen Domes, The Government and Politics of the P.R.C.: A time of Transition, Boulder, Colo. Westview
Press, p. 163 .
16 Parris Chang, Elite Conflict in the Post Mao China, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Occasional
Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, Nº2, 1983, pp. 10-11 .

17 King C. Chen, Politics and Process of Peiping’s Decision to Attack Vietnam, Taipei, Institute of
Internation Relations, 1983, p. 81. sUmGanesovePA «Keng-Piao’s Report on the Situation of the
Indochinese Peninsula», pp. 85-86 .

18 Keng Piao’s Report , op. cit., pp. 88-89.
« »
19 Chen, Politics and Process, pp. 86-87.

20 Oksenberg, A Decade of Sino-American Relation , p. 187.
« »
21 Ibid.
22 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelakÉkGKÁrdæTUt eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI8
Extula qñaM1980.
23 Carter, Keeping faith, pp. 198-199.
24 Ibid., p. 197.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 497
25 Vance, Hard Choices, p. 118-119.
26 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYyelakÉkGKÁrdæTtU eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enATIRkúghugkug éf¶T8I Extula
qñaM1980 nigenATIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI> éf¶TI4 Extula qñaM1984.
27 karminTukciteþ KÉg b¤karPan;RcLMénRkúmPñak;garesubI karN_sm¶at;rbs;evotNamhak; dUcCa)an
RbmaNhYsBIvtþmanrbs;CnCaticinenARbeTskm<úCa. PaKeRcInénGñkÉkeTsEdlTTYl)an
B½t’manRtwmRtÚvKitfa cMnYnBitR)akdmanminelIsBI5>000nak;eLIy. eRkaymk vresnIy_
Ékmñak;énkgT½Brbs;evotNam )anGHGagR)ab;´fa QrelImUldæanénGVIEdlKat;segáteXIj
enAPñMeBj TIRbwkSacinKWmancMnYn8>000nak;. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyvresnIy_Ék b‘Yy
Tin enAéf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981naTIRkúghaNUy.
28 Daniel Burstein, On Cambodia: But, Yet , N.Y.T., éf¶TI21 Exvicäika qñaM1978.
« »
29 B.P., éf¶TI9 ExFñÚ qñaM1978.

30 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak qatéq Qunhav:an (Chatchai Choonhavan),éf¶TI14 ExFñÚ
qñaM1984 naTIRkúg)agkk.
31 S.W.B., éf¶TI2 Extula qñaM1978.
32 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyRBHGgÁm©as; neratþm rNb£T§i/ éf¶TI26 Extula qñaM1982
enATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a.
33 cemøIyCasakSIrbs; Dij kan sþIBIsm½yRbCuMEdlbegáItrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa
RtÚv)anTTYledaym®nþIGU®sþalImñak; naExvicäika qñaM1979 eRkayeBlEdl kan ePosxøÜneTA
RbeTsm:aeLsu.I ´sUmGKuNm®nþrI bU enH Edl)anbBa¢nÚ mk[ńUvkMNt;x²Iø rbs;Kat;. PaKeRcIn
énkarniyayR)ab;erOgGaf’kM)aMgrbs; kan )anRtÚvGHGagbEnßmR)ab;édaykmµaPi)alExµr
CaeRcInrUbEdl)ancUlrYmkñúgkarRbCuMenH.
34 rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa/ RkúmB½t’manénrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa/ qñaM1979/
31ff., TIkEnøge)aHBum<pSayBuMmanbBa¢ak;.
35 rNsirSÉkPaB\sSr³RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgbnÞab;BImhasnñi)atCatiTI1rbs;clnats‘UExµréf¶TI
17 Exemsa qñaM1950. enAqñaM1952 ÉksarExµrmYy)ansnµteCaKC½yrbs;clnats‘Ufa
mkBI\T§iBlnigkarKaMRTrbs;RbCaCnevotNam.
36 Timothy Carney, Heng Samrin’s Armed forces and a Military Balance in Cambodia . karbBa¢Ún
« »
B½t’maneTA[snñisITenA Princeton sþIBIkm<úCa/ éf¶TI12-14 Exvicäika qñaM1982, p. 4.
37 smaCikdb;bnY rUbénrNsirSsamKÁsI e®gÁaHCatikm<Cú aKW ehg sMrni ¬GtItExµrRkhm b¤ExµrRkhm¦/
Ca suIm ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ rs; sm½y ¬Exµr\sSr³¦/ m:at; lI ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ b‘un mI ¬ExµRkhm¦/ h‘un
Esn ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ elakRsI man sMGan ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ mas sMNag ¬ExµrRkhm¦/ enA sam:un
¬Exµr\sSr³¦/ m:ug LúgsuIm/ Ehm samin ¬Exµr\sSr³¦/ elakRsI C½y kBaØa/ can; Ev:n nig R)aCJ
s‘un.
38 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy\sSrCnpøÚvkarevotNammñak;/ éf¶TI29 Exmkra qñaM1981
enATIRkúghaNUy.
39 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyvresnIy_Ék b‘Yy Tin/ éf¶TI28 Exmkra qñaM1981 enATIRkúg
haNUy.
40 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enATIRkúgeb:kaMg naéf¶TI5 Exemsa
qñaM1980.
41 esovePA karRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ TMB½r180.
« »
42 B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Ben Kiernan, éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1982/ RkúgEm:lb‘n.

43 Van Tien Dung, Our Great Spring Victory, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1977, kare)aHpSay
CaPasa)araMgedayelak Camille Scalabrino nig Nguyen Ngoc Giao, Et nous primes Saigon. Le
Sycomore, 1979. Tran Van Tra, Vietnam: history of the Bulwark B-2 Theatre, Vol.5. Concluding the 30
Years War, Washington, D.C., Joint Publication Research Service, 1983

. GtßbTRsg;CaPasa
)araMgmYyEdlbkERbedayelak Georges Boudarel KWmanenAkñúgesovePA kariyaFibetyü «
enARbeTsevotNam ¬kariyal½yenAevotNam¦/ Asie-Débat 1, L’ Harmattan, 1983.

»
44 Dung, op. cit., p. 25.
45 karsnÞnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak Ca suT§ enARkúgPñMeBj naéf¶TI6 Exkkáda

qñaM1981 ¬esckþIcmøg¦.
46 karsnÞnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak Ehm samin/ éf¶TI8 Exkkáda qñaM1981
enATIRkúgPñMeBj¬esckþIcmøg¦.
47 Stephen Heder, GtßbTminTan;e)aHBum<pSay. tam Heder fa mhasnñi)at)aneRCIstaMgKN³
kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_mYymansmaCikR)aMBIrrUbdwknaMeday Eb:n suvNÑ. smaCikdéTeTotKW h‘un

RbPBÉksarsMGag 499
Esn/ b‘U fg/ can; KirI/ v:an; sun/ ehg sMrin/ nig Ca suT§. kñúgcMeNamenaH mansmaCikEtBIrrUb
b:ueNÑaH h‘un Esn nig ehg sMrin-EdlCaGtItExµrRkhm cMENksmaCikdéTeTotsuT§EtExµr
\sSr³.
48 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkÉkeTsmñak;xagbBaða]bTVIb\NÐÚcin enAsßanTUtGaemrikaMg
RbcaMRkúg)agkk naéf¶TI11 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983.
49 esckþIdkRsg;énkMNt;ehtuenH manenAkñúg Record of a conversation between Deng Xiaoping and
«
Ieng Sary, le 13 Janvier , C.V., octobre 1979. sgáat;GtßbTmþúM²EdlxVHRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSayenA

»
eBleRkaykñúg The Chinese Ruler’s Crimes Against Kampuchea, 1984. P½sþútagsm,ÚreBarBas

manenAkñúgGtßbTedIménkarsnÞnaKñaTaMgRsug. mü:ageTot lkçN³BiténkMNt;ehtuenH minEdl
RtÚvCMTas;edayRkúgeb:kaMgesaHeLIy.
50 The Chinese Ruler’s Crimes Against Kampuchea, p. 111.
51 GtßbTdkRsg;énsm½yRbCuMenHKWmanenAkñúgesovePA The Chinese Ruler’s Crimes Against

Kampuchea, p. 112.
52 Ibid.
53 Don Oberdorfer, Reds vs. Reds , W.P., éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM1979.

« »
54 Newsweek, éf¶TI5 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
55 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 409.
56 U.S. State Department Bulletin, kumÖ³ qñaM1979/ pp. 7-11.
57 Brzezinski, op. cit., p. 409.
58 Zbigniew Brzezinski, «East Asia and Global Security: Implications for Japan» The Journal of International
.
Affairs, Vol. 37, Nº1, été 1983, p. 8
59 elak xaF½r niyayfa TsSnkic©rbs; etg )anrYmbgáCa »kasEdlnaM[rIkraybMputmYy

«
kñúgcMeNam»kasEdlnaM[rIkraybMputénGaNtþiCaRbFanaFibtIrbs;´. ´rIkrayxøaMgNas;
ehIyemdwknaMcink¾dUecñHEdr Keeping faith, p. 202.
»
61 Vance, Hard Choices, p. 122.
62 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 408.enAéf¶TI2 ExkumÖ³ v:an;s_ )andak;[ xaF½r BinitüesckþIEføg
karN_mYyEdlRtÚvpSayenAkñúgry³eBlénTsSnkic©rbs; etg. tamesckþIEføgkarN_enaHfa
TMnak;TMngrvagcin-GaemrikaMgKWCalkçxNÐd¾sMxan;énsnþiPaByUrGEgVgmYy dUckareFVI[kan;Et
RbesIrCagmunnUvTMnak;TMngepSg²CamYyshPaBsUevotEdr. munnwgGanesckþIEføgkarN_
xaF½r )anrG‘UrTaMfa mankarsuMeTasEfmeTotpgb¤? . Rb‘IhSInsÁI )anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlKat;fa
« »
RbePTénesckþIEføgkarN_enH )anpþl;[shrdæGaemriknUvrUbPaBmindac;eRsc nigminR)akd

mYy. seRmcsRmÜceTA KWBuMmanesckþIEføgkarN_NamYyeLIy.
63 Carter, op. cit., p. 209.
64 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 412. muneBlmankarvaylukrbs;cin ÉkGKÁrdæTUtGaemrikaMg
enARkúgmUsÁÚ Malcolm Toon )an[elak ®háÚmIkU dwgBIesckþIsgÇwmrbs;Kat;GMBIkarminRbRBwtþGVI[

hYsehturbs;seU vot enAeBlEdlkarvaylukenHekItman. Christian Science Monitor, éf¶T2I 6
ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
65 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk/ éf¶T8I Extula qña1M 980enARkúghugkug.
66 P.I., éf¶TI9 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979/ pp. 13-14.
67 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énRksYgkarbreTsCb:un/ éf¶TI31 Ex]sPa

enATIRkúgtUküÚ.
68 kñgú »kasénkarRbCueM dayELkmYyCamYyelak hYg hY elak s‘N U aGU sUNdU a rdæm®nþkI arbreTs
Cb:un )anRbkasR)ab;Kat;fa ³ RbeTscinminRtÚvBwgelIkareRbIkmøaMgkñúgCemøaHRBMEdnrbs;xøÜn
«
CamYyRbeTsevotNameLIy>>>. kñúgnaménRbeTseyIg RbeTscinRtÚvEteFVIGVImYy eday

Rby½tñRbEyg . kaEst Mainichi Daily News, éf¶TI8 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
»
69 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak;enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶T7I ExmIna qña1M 979.

70 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 140. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþICan;x<s;mñak;énRksYg
karbreTsCb:unenATIRkúgtUküÚ naéf¶TI31 Ex]sPa qñaM1983.

71 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUt)araMgmñak;enATIRkúg):arIs/ éf¶TI3ExkumÖ³qñaM1985.
72 enAeBldwgBIkarvayRbharrbs;cin v:a):ayI ¬naykrdæm®nþI\NÐa¦)anbMRBÜjdMeNIrTsSnkic©
rbs;Kat;ehIyRtLb;mkRbeTs\NÐavij. paM v:an;dug )anbnþdMeNIrTsSnkic©rbs;Kat;.
73 N.Y.T., éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1979.
74 Time, éf¶TI12 ExmIna qñaM1979.

RbPBÉksarsMGag 501
75 Daniel Tretiak, «China’s Vietnam War and Its Consequences»,karbBa©ÚnB½t’maneTAkan;sikçasala
mYysþIBIRbeTscin/ saklviTüal½yrbs;cinenAhugkug/ éf¶TI5-7 ExFñÚ qñaM1979/ p.7.
76 Garrett, The China Card and Its Origins , p. 156.
« « » « »»
78 kñúgB½t’manmYymancMNgeCIgfa Major Power Interest in the Asia Pacific Region enAkñúgkar

« »
RbCuMsnÞnarvagGñkneya)ay\NÐÚcin-GU®sþalI EdlRbRBwtþeTAenAekaH)alI naéf¶TI5-8 ExFñÚ

qñaM1982-karpSayCasaFarN³EtmYyKt;EdlniyayBICMnYysm¶at;enH-T.B. Miller )an
elIkykmkniyayBI CMnYybec©keTsEdlRbEhlCapþl;[edayshrdæGaemrikeRkamTRmg;
«
CarUbftepSg²Edlft)anedaypáayrNb . sa®sþacarü Miller naykmCÄmNÐlénkar

»
RsavRCavEpñkyuT§sa®sþnigkarBarrbs;GU®sþalI )anseRmcyk)anB½t’mansm¶at;CaeRcIn.
Kat;)anEføgR)ab;´ ¬enATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a naéf¶TI17 ExFñÚ qñaM1982¦fa tam RbPBB½t’man
«
epSg² EdlminGacbdiesF)an fa shrdæGaemrik)anpþl;eTA[BYkcinnUvB½t’manCaeRcInTak;Tg

»
eTAnwgkareFVIclnarbs;kgT½BsUevot.
79 Li Man Kin, Sino Vietnamese War, Hong Kong, Kingsway International Publications, 1981, p. 61.
80 Ibid, 60.
81 karvaytémørbs;cin. KµantYelxNamYyRtÚv)anpþl;[edayevotNameLIy. F.B.I.S.-A.P.A.,

éf¶TI22 mIna qñaM1979/ L1.
82 cMeBaHkarviPaKGMBItémøEdlRbeTscinRtÚvbg;eTAelIEpnkarkñúgRbeTssUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Daniel Tretiak, op. cit.. Gñkrt;cUlxagsRtÚvmñak;Edlmanzan³x<s;énkgT½BRbCaCnrMedaH
)anRbkaseRkaymkcMeBaHGñkTTYlxusRtÚvmñak;énRkúmesuIbkarN_sm¶at;bs©imRbeTsfa ³
«kareFVIRbtibtþikarRbqaMgevotNam)anbNþal[manmhnþrayy:agFM . kñúgcMeNamkgT½B
»
300nak;énkgvresnatUcrbs;Kat;man45nak;RtÚvsøab;nigrbYs95nak; KWkar)at;bg;man
RbEhlCit50PaKry.
CMBUkTI11
1 kaEst Le Matin, éf¶TI19 Exmkra qñaM1979.
2 Elizabeth Becker, Sihanouk Center Stage , W.P., éf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1979.
« »
3 kaEst N.Y.T., éf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1979.
4 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy r:UehS s‘UlIv:an; , éf¶TI17 Exkkáda qñaM1985enARkúgv:asuInetan
DI>suI>.
5 kñúgesovePA GñkeTasExµrRkhm / TMB½r365 semþc sIhnu )anGHGagfa ³ enAcMeBaHmux
« » «
PaBes¶óms¶at; [rbs; v:an;s_] enH mehsI´ )anpþl;eyabl;[éFVIkarTak;TgCamYyRbeTs

)araMgkuMbg¥g; edIm,IsuM[RbeTs)araMgyl;RBmpþl;nUvsiT§iRCkekanxagneya)aydl;eyIg
eRBaHfa shrdæGaemrikhak;dUcCabdiesFsMeNIrbs;eyIgeTAehIy . »
6 karbriyayBIkarCYbKñatamkarNat;rbs;semþc sIhnu CamYy etg s‘avBIg KWsMGagelIkar

CYbsnÞnaBIrelIkCamYysemþcenAéf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1979 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg nigExsIha
qñaM1979 ¬karsnÞnatamTUrs½BÞBITIRkúgBüúgy:ag¦.
7 Nayan Chanda, The Ballot-box Response , F.E.E.R., éf¶TI8 Ex]sPa qñaM1981.
« »
8 80PaKryénKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCasuT§EtCaGtItyuT§Cn kñúgkar
RbyuT§RbqaMg-)araMg ¬Exµr\sSr³¦ nigFøab;eFVIsm<n§miRtCamYyevotNam ehIy20PaKry
CaGtItExµrRkhm. Stephen Heder, B½t’manEdlmancMNgeCIgfa The Elite of the People Republic
«
of Kampuchea eTA Cornell University, éf¶TI12 Exvicäika qñaM1981. Heder )ansgát;bBa¢ak;fa

»
80PaKryénsmaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimmanedImkMeNItBIextþnanaEdlmanRBMEdnCab;nwg
evotNam ehIyfa 60PaKryFøab;rs;enA20qñaMb¤elIsBIenH enARbeTsevotNam.
9 Timothy Cerney, Kampuchea in 1982: Political and Military Escalation , Asian Survey, mkra
« »
qñaM1983, p. 82.
10 Ibid., p. 79.
11 karsnÞnarbs;Gkñ niBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTssgÁmniymmYy/ éf¶T2I ExmIna qña1M 980
enATIRkúgPñMeBj. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak John McBeth, Bureaucrats from B68 cuHpSay
« »
kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. éf¶TI15 Extula qñaM1982pg.

12 Ibid., p. 82.
13 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., éf¶TI4 Exmkra qñaM1985/ K-6.
14 Paul Quinn-Judge, View From the Front , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R, éf¶9 Exemsa qñaM1982.
« »
15 Nayan Chanda, Making of a Bloc , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI30 Ex]sPa qñaM1980.

« »
RbPBÉksarsMGag 503
16 v: v:an;eKot/ enAsnñisITelIkTImYyénkarerobcMeFVIEpnkarsRmab;\NÐÚcin enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1984
Edlerobrab;bBa©ÚlGtßbTmYyKµancuHhtßelxa ³ The Vietnamisation of Kampuchea: A New Model
«
of Colonialism , Indochina Report, Extula qñaM1984/ RbeTssigðburI.

»
17 épÞdIksikmµEdleRbIR)as;enARbeTsevotNamGaceLIgBI 0/09hikta enAqñaM1985 dl;

0/13hiktasRmab;RbCaCnmñak;²enAqñaM2000 luHNaEtRtÚvbegáInépÞdIksikmµEdleRbI
R)as;enH85PaKry nigdMeLIgva[dl;10lanhikta. enAeBlenH RbCaCnevotNam
RbEhlCaeLIgdl;75lannak;y:agTabbMput. Stewart E. Fraser, Vietnam Struggles with
«
Exploding Population , Indochina Issues, Nº57, Ex]sPa qñaM1985/ p. 5.

»
18 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1983, p. I.6.

19 kaEføgrbs;GñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;evotNammñak;cMeBaHelak W.S.Turley kñúg»kasénkar
snÞnamYyenATIRkúghaNUy naéf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM1983. B½t’manpÞal;xøÜnrbs;elak Turley.
20 Policy of the People’s Republic of the Kampuchea with Regard to Vietnamese Residents, PñMeBj ExkBaØa
qñaM1983/ p. 12. enAExmifuna qñaM1983 egVón kUfac; rdæm®nþIkarbreTsevotNam )an
RbkasR)ab;smPaKIGU®sþalI b‘Íl éhedn fa niKmCnevotNamenARbeTskm<úCamanminelIs
BI500>000nak;eT edaybBa¢ak;fa bnÞab;BIkarsøab;rbs;evotNamEdlmanedImkMeNItenATI
enaH sBVéf¶enHmanmitþPkþib¤bgb¥Únsac;jatixøHrbs;BYkeK)ancUleTAtaMgenACMnYs. karsnÞna
rbs;Gñk niBn§CamYyelak b‘Íl éhedn (Bill Hayden) enAéf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM1983 naTIRkúg
hugkug.
21 Fraser, op. cit., 6.
22 Marie-Alexandrine Martin, nItiRkmevotNamUbnIykmµenAkm<úCa / neya)ayGnþCati/ niTaXrdUv
« »
qñaM1984/ p. 184.
23 enAqñaM1981 saracrmYyrbs;RksYgkarbreTs )anhammin[GñkTTYlxusRtÚv GaemrikaMg
cab;édnwgExµrRkhmeLIy. kñúg»kasénBiFIbdisNæarkic©mYyenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati naEx
mifuna qñaM1981 rdæm®nþIkarbreTsGaemrikaMg GaLichSg;d½r ehk (Alexander Haig) )ancab;
édGñkkarTUtEdlrevosrévmñak;y:agENn edaymindwgfa GñkenaHCa eGog sarI eLIy.
24 GñkTTYlxusRtÚvmñak;énRksYgkarbreTsrbs;Cb:unenATIRkúgtUküÚ )anbBa¢Únmk[ńUvesckþI
cmøgkarsnÞnarvag GUhuIr:a-etg enH ¬tUküÚ éf¶TI10 ExFñÚ qñaM1979¦. sUmGanGtßbTrbs;
elak Nayan Chanda, Japan’s Kampuchea Diplomacy kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSay
« »
éf¶TI10 Exemsa qñaM1980.

25 «vasnacugeRkaysRmab;ExµrRkhm , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., ecjéf¶TI18 Exemsa qñaM1980.
»
26 Gñkrt;ecalCYrLavmñak; )anbBa¢ak;R)ab;´BIGtßiPaBénCMrMhVwkhat;mYyrbs;clnats‘URbqaMg
evotNamenARbeTsLavfa KWsßitenARbeTscinPaKxagt,Úg. karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYy
sa®sþacarü xaMesgEkv esgsaFIt(Khamsengkeo Sengsathit)enATIRkúgeb:kaMgnaExkumÖ³ qñaM
1982. sa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½yGaemrikaMgmYyRkúm)anCYbCnCatiéfCaeRcInnak; Edl
kMBugbgðat;beRgónGñkts‘ULav enAkñúgtMbn;mYyénextþyunNan (Yunnan). edIm,I[rwtEtCak;
c,as;sþIBIkarKaMRTrbs;Rkúgeb:kaMgcMeBaHs®gÁamqµk;RbqaMgkumµúynIsþsUmGanGtßbT Fancy «
meeting you here rbs;elak Nay:an; can;da kñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSayéf¶TI24

»
Exkkáda qñaM1981/ TMB½r14-15.

27 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg enAéf¶TI20 ExsIha qñaM
1980 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>sIu>.
28 ]tþmesnIy_ Saiyud Kerdphol embBa¢akarCan;x<s;énkgT½BPUminÞéf/ dkRsg;mkniyayCa
sMGagkñúg The Nation Review, éf¶TI19 Exkkáda qñaM1982.
29 ´Føab;B¤niyayBI siT§i enHBImat;rbs;GñkCUndMeNIrCaExµrRkhm k¾dUcBImat;BYkem²énclna
« »
ts‘UExµrminEmnkumµúynIsþEdr.
30 Stephen Heder, «Democratic Kampuchea: The Regime’s postmortem», Indochina Issues, Nº13, Janvier
.
1981, p. 5
31 RbeTsGU®sþalI)anQb;TTYlsÁal;km<Cú aRbCaFibetyüCapøvÚ karenAéf¶T1I 4 Extula qña1M 980.

sUmGanGtßbTrbs;elak Frank Frost, The Conflict over Cambodia: Implications of the Khmer
«
Coalition Agreement , Canberra, Department of the Parliamentary Library, 1982, Basic Paper Nº14.
»
32 lI xVan; yU/ Rsg;mkniyayCasMGagkñúgTsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., éf¶TI26 ExkBaØa qñaM1980.

33 eqøIytbnwglixitmYyrbs; exov sMpn cuHéf¶TI21 ExsIha qñaM1979 EdlesñI[RBHGgÁTTYl
tMENgCaRbFanrNsirS semþc sIhnu )anbeBa©jRBHraCeyabl;fa ³ rNsirSfµIk¾dUckmµviFI
«
neya)ayfµI EdlbgðajedayExµrRkhm Cak;Esþg KWCakarlak;ButfµImYyEdlnwgTak;Tajcitþ

)anEtBYkmnusSPøIePøInigeqatl¶g;b:ueNÑaH . »
RbPBÉksarsMGag 505
34 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtCan;x<s;rbs;éfmñak; enAéf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1986
naTIRkúgv:asuInetan DI>suI>.
35 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtCan;x<s;mñak;rbs;shrdæGaemrik EdlGmdMeNIrelak
Mondale eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg/ éf¶TI23 Exkkáda qñaM1985 enATIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
36 karerobrab;BIdMeNIrrbs;elak eRBm eTARbeTscin KWsMGagelIbNþakarsnÞnarbs;ĆamYy

GñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak; enAéf¶TI15 Exvicäika qñaM1980 nigCamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvmñak;én
RksYgkarbreTséf enAéf¶TI29 Exvicäika qñaM1980 naTIRkúg)agkk.
37 karerobrab;BIdMeNIrrbs;elak lI xVan;yU enATIRkúgeb:kaMg KWEp¥kelIkarsnÞnamYyCamYy
GñkTTYlxusRtÚvcinmñak; enAéf¶TI3 ExFñÚ qñaM1980 naTIRkúghugkug nig CamYym®nþImñak;énRksYg
karbreTssigðburIenAéf¶TI5 ExFñÚ qñaM1980. kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnamYyenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1983
naTIRkúg)agkk elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTssigðburI s‘UBIy:as; daNa)aLan; )anGHGagR)ab;´fa
)anTTYlkarFanaBIBYkcinfa BYkeKnwgRbtibtþitamkarvinicä½ymYyrbs;RbCara®sþ edaye)aHbg;
BYkExµrRkhmecal.
38 kñúg»kasénkarsnÞnamYy enAéf¶TI5 Exemsa qñaM1980 naTIRkúgeb:kaMg semþc sIhnu )an
manRBHraCbnÞÚlR)ab;´fa ³ ĆaCnCatiExµrnigCaGñkesñhaCatimñak;. ´mincg;eFVIxøÜnCa sIhnu
«
Edlsøab;enAelITwkdIbreTsmYyeLIy. ćg;cUlTivgÁtenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;dUntanigRbCaCn´.
´RsLaj;RbeTscinnigkUer:xageCIg b:uEnþRbeTsTaMgenaHBuMEmnCamatuPUmi¬RsukkMeNIt¦rbs;´
eT. matuPUmirbs;´ KWRbeTskm<úCa ehIymanEtmYyKt;>>>. ebIniyay[esµaHRtg;eTAmunnwg
cUlTivgÁt ´R)afñacg;mancMENkkñúgRbvtþisa®sþkñúgzan³CaGñkksagRbeTskm<úCa CaBiess
kñúgvis½ysgÁmkic©nigvb,Fm’. RbCara®sþtUctacCaGñkRkIRk/ RbCaCnsamBaØEtgEtCamnusS
sRmab;Ćanic©. munnwgcUlTivgÁt ´RtÚvEteFVIGVIEdlmanplRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTaMgenaH. evot
Nam nigelak ehg sMrin RbEhldwgfa BYkeKnwgeqøótTajKuNRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInBIkar
yagRtLb;eTAvijrbs;´. GVI²nwgRtÚvcb; ³ s®gÁamRbqaMgExµrRkhmnwgRtÚvQñH . »
39 lkçxNÐTaMgR)aMbYnKWmandUcxageRkam ³
k> karseRmccUlrYbrYmnwgExµrRkhmkñúgrNsirSrYbrYmmYynigkñúgrdæaPi)albRgÜbbRgÜmCati
mYy KWRtÚvmanlkçxNÐ. ebIsinCalkçxNÐNamYykñúgcMeNamlkçxNÐTaMgenHRtÚvRcanecal
edayExµrRkhmb¤RbeTscin semþc sIhnu nwgminGacshkar)aneLIy.
x> km<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚvEtERbkøayCaRbeTskm<úCadUcBImun. Tg;CatinigbTePøgCatimunqñaM
1970 nwgRtÚverobcM[dUcedImvij.
K> kgT½BsIhnuniymnwgRtÚvbMBak;GavuFedayRbeTscin[esµIKñanwgkgT½BExµrRkhmEdr ehIy
nwgenAEtsßitenAeRkamGMNacbBa¢akarÉkraCüdEdl.
X> edayTTYlbnÞúkmuxtMENgCaRbFanrNsirS semþc sIhnu nwgminTTYlxusRtÚvelIrdæaPi)al
rbs;RBHGgÁeLIy.
g> RBHGgÁnwgRtÚvGnuBaØat[eFVIkargarnigyageFVIdMeNIrCamYynwgGñktMNagsMxan;²rbs;rdæa-
Pi)al.
c> RBHGgÁnwgmansiT§ibeBa©jmtidUcGñkkaEstnigGñkniBn§Edr.
q> karbBa¢ak;[dwgnwgRtÚvpþl;[sþIBIeCaKvasnarbs;RBHjativgSnigshkarIrbs;RBHGgÁEdl
)at;xøÜneRkamrbbExµrRkhm.
C> bnÞab;BIkardkfyrbs;evotNam RbeTskm<úCaRtÚvEtRbkasxøÜnCaRbeTsGBüaRkwt ehIy
kgT½BTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜnRtÚvdkhUtGavuF. munkardkfyenH kgT½BGnþrCatirkSasnþiPaB
mYynwgRtÚvdak;BRgay.
Q> kare)aHeqñatsklnwgRtÚverobcMeLIg. kgT½BrkSasnþiPaBnwgRtÚvCMnYsedayKN³kmµkar
RtÜtBinitüGnþrCatimYy.
40 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTsmYyCasmaCiksmaKmGas‘an Edl
manmuxenAsm½yRbCuMnaTIRkúgjÚvy:k/ éf¶TI15 Exkkáda qñaM1981.
41 han nanLúg )anrMB£kR)ab;´BIkarkt;smÁal;enHedaypÞal;kñúgGMLúgénkarsnÞnamYyEdlKat;
)anyl;RBm[ĆYbBIrbIExeRkaymk ³ Han Fire a Warning Volley , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R. elx
« »
ecjpSayéf¶TI12 ExmIna qñaM1982.

42 Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and foreign Policy, New York, Mcmillan, 1984, p. 194.
43 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;mñak;énsmaKmGas‘an enAéf¶TI20
Ex]sPa qñaM1985 naTIRkúgv:asuInetan.
44 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak m:ukta KUs‘Um:aGatm:adüa enATIRkúgjÚvy:k naéf¶TI17
Exkkáda qñaM1981.
45 Ibid.
RbPBÉksarsMGag 507
46 edayerobrab;BIehtukarN_bnÞab;bnSMenH GñkkarTUtmñak;énRbeTsmYyCasmaCiksmaKm
Gas‘an )anniyayR)ab;´fa ³ y:agehac snñisITenH)aneFVI[eyIgdwgerOgr:avmYycMnYn
«
tUcEdr. enAeBlRbkan;ykesckþIseRmccitþ RbeTstUc²ElgmanmitþeTotehIy . »
PaKeRcInénbNþaRbeTselakxaglic)anbdiesFmincUlrYmCamYysmaKmGas‘ankñúgkar
RbQmmuxCamYynwgRbeTscineLIy.
47 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkkarTUtCan;x<s;mñak;rbs;éf enAéf¶TI11 Exvicäika qñaM1985
naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
48 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak tan;RsIuháahSalI enATIRkúghugkug naéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ
qñaM1981.
49 Sabam Siagian, Potentials of Conflict and Potentials of Peace in Southeast Asia , B½t’manTak;Tgnwg
« »
karRbCuMelITI3rvag\NÐÚensuI-saFarNrdæshBn§GaløWm:g;/ Hambourg, 15-17 Avril 1985.

50 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enATIRkúgjÚvy:knaéf¶TI14 Extula
qñaM1984.
51 Nayan Chanda, Sihanouk Stonewalled , TsSnavdþI F.E.E.R., elxecjpSayéf¶TI1 Exvicäika
« »
qñaM1984.
52 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak Garun panuBgS enATIRkúg):arIsnaéf¶TI31 Exmkra
qñaM1985.
53 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyGñkÉkeTsxagB½t’manrbs;GaemrikaMg enAéf¶TI17 Exmkra
qñaM1986 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>. The U.S.S.R. in Indochina, Report Nº334, Bureau of
Intelligence and Research, Department of State, Washington, D.C., mars 1982.
54 W.P., 10 mars 1979.

55 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYyelak rIqad GarmIefc Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgkarBarCati TTYl
bnÞúkEpñksnþisuxGnþrCatienAéf¶TI28 ExFñÚ qñaM1985 naTIRkúgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
56 cMeBaHkarBinitüemIld¾RbesIrmYyGMBIshRbtibtþikarrvagcin-GaemrikaMgxagvis½ysnþisux
enAqñaM1979-80 sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Jonathan D. Pollack, The Lesson of Coalition
Politics: Sino-American Security Relations, Santa Monica, Rand Corporation, 1984, pp. 39-72.
57 Banning N. Garrett and Bonnie S. Glaser, War and Peace: The view from Moscow and Beijing, Policy
Papers in International Affairs Nº20, Institute of International Studies, Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1984, pp. 48-49 .

58 Richard Nations, Great Leap Sideways , F.E.E.R., 30 mai 1985.
« »
59 karsnÞnarbs;GñkniBn§CamYysa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½yd¾eqñImmñak;rbs;sUevotCaGñk
ÉkeTsxagbBaðaGasuIPaKGaeKñy_enA Bellagio naéf¶TI7 ExFñÚ qñaM1985.
509
esckþIEføgGMNrKuNBIGñkERbsRmÜl
Cabzm ´sUmEføgGMNrKuNCaBnøwkcMeBaHelak Nay:an; can;da Edl)anpþl;siT§i[ÉRbsRmÜl
esovePArbs;elakeRkamcMNgeCIgfa sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg tamry³elak qaMg yu naykmCÄmNÐl
« »
Éksarkm<úCa. esovePAenH ´Føab;)anERbsRmÜlcuHpSaykñúgkarEstrsµIkm<úCamþgrYc mkehIykal

BIcugqñaM1997. b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCaTTYl)ansiT§iERbsRmÜlBIGñkniBn§ nig
seRmc[e)aHBum<sñaédenH ´k¾cab;epþImBinitü nigEksRmÜleXøagXøaeLIgvijedayl¥itl¥n; edIm,IeFVI[
xøwmsaresovePAenHmanlkçN³kan;EtsuRkwteLIg. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday karERbsRmÜlBIPasa
breTsmkCaPasaExµrBitCamankarlM)aknigkarxVHxatxøH²minxan. GaRs½yehtuenH ´)aTsUm
GFüaRs½ycMeBaHkarxVHcenøaHmYycMnYnEdlBitCamanenAkñúgesovePAenH.
´)aTsUmEføgGMNrKuNCaGenkb,karcMeBaHelak qaMg yu naykmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
Edl)anxitxMxñHExñgRKb;Ebby:agrhUtdl;esovePAenHseRmcecjCarUbrageLIg. ´)aTk¾sUmEføg
GMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaHelak s‘um man GtItTIRbwkSanaykrdæm®nþIh‘unEsn elak pøúg qMu naykRKb;RKg
nigelak Eb:n smiT§i niBn§naykkaEstrsµIkm<úCaEdl)anCYyeRCamERCg nigKaMBar´rhUtdl;´man
éf¶enH. elIsBIenH ´)aTsUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHmitþrYmkargarTaMgGs;enAmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
EdlxitxMbMeBjkargarCaFøúgmYyeFVI[seRmc)aneCaKC½yFM²CabnþbnÞab;.
´sUmEføgGMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaHmitþGñkGanEdlFøab;)anpþl;kmøaMgcitþ nigelIksresIréday
pÞal;kþIb¤minpÞal;kþI RBmTaMgGñkniymkarGanesovePARKb;rUb sUmTTYl)anesckþIsux nigeCaKC½yRKb;
RbkarkñúgkarbMeBjParkic©edIm,IsuPmgÁrbs;xøÜnerogeTA.
CIEh/ éf¶TI9 Exmkra qñaM2006
eTB em:gXan ehA TIXayu
510
RbvtþiGñkbkERb
eTB em:gXan ekItenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1947 enAPUmiCIEh XuMBamRbeFñaH RsukekaHsUTin
extþkMBg;cam. elak)anCab;sBaØab½RtmFümsikSaTutiyPUmi enAqñaM1967 enATIRkúgPñMeBj. enAqñaM
1968 elak)anTTYlsBaØab½RtKruekaslüBImhaviTüal½yKruekaslüRkúgPñMeBj. BIqñaM1997
dl;qñaM2002 elakeFVIkarCabuKÁlikbkERbPasa)araMgenAkaEstrsµIkm<úCa bc©úb,nñelakKWCaGñk
bkERbPasa)araMgenAmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
esckþI]TÞis
´sUm]TÞissñaédenHCUncMeBaHelak«Buk eTB xVg nigGñkmþay Cam TI nigb¥ÚnRbús-RsIrbs;´
bYnnak; RBmTaMgRbCaCnkm<úCasøÚtRtg;RbmaN2lannak;Edl)ansøab;)at;bg;CIvitTaMgminGs;citþ
eRkamkarkab;smøab;y:agsahavéRBépSkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüBIqñaM1975 dl; qñaM1979.

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ERbsRmÜleday eTB em:gXan

Translation Series No.5 X Documentation Center of Cambodia

[RbvtþiviTUdwg-ÉksarepSg² silacarwk.l. KWdUcCaRtIenAelItuGñklk;RtIG‘Ícwg. RbvtþiviTUeRCIs

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bBaðaKWmanlkçN³xusKñatictYc b:uEnþ enAmanlkçN³CasarvnþdEdl. lkçN³Bi)aksMxan;bMputBuMEmn

kalebIman»kasGaceFVIkarsnÞnaCaÉkCn edIm,IsEmþgBIkarminTukcitþxøH²sþIBImUlkPaB ¬PaBsm

taMgBIqñaM1984 elak Nay:an; can;da )andwknaMkariyal½ycat;karrbs;TsSnavdþI esdækic©

esckþIepþIm ³ vaMgngFøak;cuH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1

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rYcCaeRsccMeBaHkarKMramkMEhgNamYy ehIycaMvaybkeTAvijCadrab. GVI²)andl;TIbMputenAcugqñaM

5ExEdlmanCabnþbnÞab; karRCÜlRcbl;)anraldaleTAdl;PaKxageCIgeTot. karcakecjTaMghVgÚ ²

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t,Úg. taMgBIrdUvekþAqñaM1978 RbeTscin)aneRKagerobcMdak;TNÐkmµevotNamrYcCaeRsc cMeBaH

xøÜnrYcCaeRsc. munnwgelatcUleTAkñúgkarpSgeRBgenH RbeTscin)anbegáInkic©RbwgERbgrbs;xøÜnrwt

niymcin shrdæGaemrik)anRtLb;mksßti kñgú sßanPaBCa GñkecjedImTun kñgú s®gÁammYyEdldwknaM

edayRkúgeb:kaMgRbqaMgnwgevotNamdEdl ³ enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1979 emdwknaMcin etg s‘avBIg EdleTIb

karcUlkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCaedayRbeTsevotNam nig kic©Rbtibtþikardak;TNÐkmµ rbs;cin

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