ETHICS-REVIEWER

P H I L O S O P H Y - it is a science that deals with the investigation of all things in their

ultimate causes and principles through the use of human mind or in the light of reasoning.

ETHICS
 a practice philosophy that consists of fundamental issues of practical decision making,
and its major concerns on the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human
actions can judged as right or wrong.
 Study of moral conduct and moral judgement
 Knowing what is right and wrong

BRANCH OF PHILOSOPY
PART 1
1. THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY
 M E T A P H Y S I C S - deals with the intrinsic principles & the scope of physics.
 C O S M O L O G Y - study of the beginning of the world.
 E P I S T E M O L O G Y - also called PHILOSOPY OF KNOWLEDGE

2. PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
 E T H I C S - study of moral conduct and moral judgement.
 L O G I C - study of correct thinking, formation of arguments, & identification of fallacies.

PART 2 : MORALITY, MORAL & NON-MORAL STANDARDS

MORALITY
 refers to the extend which an action is right or wrong. “ it concerns the recognition of the
inherent value of people, both ourselves and others, a value that is not reducible on how
others benefits us.” (Martin, 2001). “ it is the application of the theories of ethics” (Babor,
2010)
 Doing what is right is morality.

MORAL STANDARDS
 Refers to norms we have about the types of actions which we believe to be morally
acceptable or morally unacceptable.
 It deals with matters that can seriously injure or benefit human beings. Example: theft,
rape, fraud, slander, murder, protect life, no cheating etc…
 Force others to act accordingly
 (eg. Killing the suspect of the crime, posting offensive words or fake news on social media)

NON-MORAL STANDARDS
 Refers to norms that are unrelated to moral or ethical consideration such as etiquettes,
fashion standards, rules in the game, house rules, and legal statues.
 These are not necessarily linked to morality, though they can be ethically relevant
depending on circumstances.
 (eg, Helping an elderly to cross the street, wearing face mask during covid 19 outbreak,
washing of hands before eating)

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 ETHICS-REVIEWER
PART 3 : RULES
Societies use rules - to regulate unwanted or harmful behavior and to encourage wanted or
beneficial behavior of individual society members. RULES are dictated by the values of the
culture regarding what is viewed as acceptable or unacceptable for individuals in a society.

RULES - are specific sets of norms of behaviour and a prescribed guide for conduct or action
useful in guiding and monitoring the interactions of humans in a society.

In any organizations, RULES - are established to prevent chaos and encourage uniformity.
RULES - also tend to make things more fair and it help humanity to avid chaos that may be
caused by lack of regulation. They provide a stable environment and human co-exist in a
society which leads to peace and environment.

RULES - are also valuable because w/o them people feel insecure. While chaos makes
people feel unsafe & unsure of their place and roles, RULES encourage order, which makes
goals and expectations more clear and allow both children & adults to feel confident,
competent and safe.

DAY 2
ETHICS is a theory or knowing what is right while,
MORALITY is an application or doing what is good.

MORAL EXPERIENCE - is an experience of moral value such that one’ moral

consciousness comes to work as on is called “to {make a} moral response”

MORAL EXPERIENCE - being addressed by something or someone in such a way that,

by inherent authority, we are summoned or obliged to commit ourselves, or continue in a
certaint way of acting or relating, or praxis, which is at the same time understood as being
part of real or good human life.

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 ETHICS-REVIEWER
FINALLY, moral experience is action-oriented. “ the demands of morality do not allow for
holidays or strategic retreat [and in it] no one can take [one’s] place in attaining the value
[that on is] called upon to achieve.”

DILEMMAS - are experiences where an agent is confused about the right decision to make
bc there are several competing values that are seemingly equally important and urgent.
“wherein one is torn between choosing one of two goods or choosing the lesser of two evils”

PERSONAL DILEMMA - is an extremely difficult situation for someone to handle. It can

be moral or non moral.
Examples:
A. If your parents are separated, you have to decide either you live with your or mother, or
live away from them. (non-moral standards)
B. Someone deciding whether to let his/her family starve or steal bread from someone else.
(moral standards)

CRUCIAL FEATURES OF A MORAL DILEMMA3

 The agent is required to do each of two (or more) actions
 The agent can do each of the actions; but the agent cannot do both (or fall) of the actions.
 The agent thus seems condemned to moral failure; no matter what he does, he will do
something wrong (or fail to do something that he ought to do)

DAY 3
MORAL AGENT
 is a person who has the ability to discern right from wrong and to be held accountable for
his or her own actions.
 Have a morality responsibility not to cause unjustified harm
 Traditionally, MORAL AGENCY is assigned only to those who can be held responsible for
their actions.

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 ETHICS-REVIEWER
TAOISM - also known as Daoism, is an indigenous chinese religion often associated with
the Daode jing ( Tao Te Ching), a philosophical and political context purportedly written by
laozi (Lao Tzu) sometime in the 3rd or 4th centuries B.C.E.

TAO or DAO - is a chinese word signifying ‘way’, ‘pat’, ‘route’, ‘road’ or sometimes more
loosely ‘doctrine’, ‘principle’ or ‘holistic beliefs’.

TAO - is the natural order of the universe whose character one’s human intuition must
discern in order to realize the potential for individual wisdom. This intuitive knowing of “life”
cannot be grasped as a concept; it is known through actual living experience of one’s
everyday being.

THE YIN & YANG, two halves that together complete wholeness. YIN & YANG are also the
starting point for change. When something is whole, by definition, it’s unchanging or complete.
When you split something into two halves - yin/yang, it upsets the equilibrium of wholeness.
Both halves are chasing after each other as they seek a new balance with each other.

THE YIN - signifies softness, darkness, passivity, femininity, etc.

THE YANG - signifies hardness, brightness, activity, masculinity, etc.

BUDDHISM
 is based on the teachings of a Nepali prince named SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA who lived
around 500 BCE.
 According to buddhism tradition, “the sheltered young prince was shocked by the
suffering he saw outside his palace walls, so left his life of luxury to seek answer.”
 Eventually he succeeded, becoming the buddha - the “Enlightened One” .
 He spend the remaining 45 years of his life teaching the dharma (the path to liberation
from suffering) and establishing the sangha ( a community of monks)

The EIGHTFOLD PATH is composed of 8 primary teachings that buddhists follow and use in
their everyday lives;
1. RIGHT VIEW OR RIGHT UNDERSTANDING - Insight into the true nature of reality
2. RIGHT INTENTION - the unselfish desire to realize enlightenment
3. RIGHT SPEECH - Using speech compassionately
4. RIGHT ACTION - Using ethical conduct to manifest compassion
5. RIGHT LIVELIHOOD - Making a living through ethical and non-harmful means
6. RIGHT EFFORT - Cultivating wholesome qualities and releasing unwholesome
qualities
7. RIGHT MINDFULNESS - Whole body-and-mind awareness
8. RIGHT CONCETRATION - Mediation or some other dedicated, concentrated practice.

PATH OF WISDOM - right view or understanding and right intention.

PATH OF CONDUCT - right speech, action, and livelihood
PATH OF CONCENTRATION - right effort, mindfulness, and concentration

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 ETHICS-REVIEWER
 The word translated as “right” samyanc (Sanskrit) or samma (Pali), which means “wise”,
“wholesome”, “skillful”, and “ideal”.
 It also describes something that is complete and coherent.
 The word “right” should not be taken as a commandment, as in “do this, or you wrong”.
 Another way to think of “right” in case is in the sense of equilibrium, like a boat riding the
waves and remaining “right”.

DAY 5

ISLAM
 Derives its name from the word “SALAM” which means peace or surrender.
 Islam means the perfect peace out of total surrender to Allah (GOD).

MORALITY IN ISLAM
 Encompasses the concept of righteousness, good character and the body of moral
qualities and virtues prescribes in Islamic religious text.
 The principle & fundamental purpose of Islamic morality is love: love for God and love
for God’s creatures.

ETHICAL INJUCTIONS OF ISLAM:

1. ABSTENTION FROM ALCOHOL, PORK, AND GAMBLING
2. OBLIGATIONS (Five Pillars)
obligation to profess the faith
- obligation to pray
- obligation to give alms
- obligation to fast
- obligation to do pilgrimage to Mecca

HINDUISM
 It is the world’s oldest religion, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000
years.
 It is the 3rd largest religion behind Christianity and Islam.
 The broad term “HINDUISM” encompasses a wide variety of traditions, which are closely
related and share common themes but do not constitute a unified set of beliefs or
practices.
 HINDUISM is not a homogeneous, organized system. Many Hindus are devotes followers
of Shiva or Vishnu, but most recognize the existence of Brahman, the unifying principle
and Supreme Reality behind all that is.
 The Atman is in the state of suffering, because of its attachments to the senses or to the
pleasures of the flesh. This makes Atman a slave of Maya (Illusion).
 UPANISHADS is teaching to relinquish the Atman from Maya for its unification with the
Universal essence (Brahman).
 The Atman are ignorant of their enslavement to Maya.
 HINDUS believe in SAMSARA (reincarnation) for the purpose of purification.

The moral injunction of Hinduism lies right in the heart of the teachings in the
Upanishads. As a whole, Upanishads teach that the individual soul (Atman) on earth is in the
state of suffering because of its attachment to the senses or to the pleasure of the flesh.

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 ETHICS-REVIEWER
UPNISHADS
 means, “sitting down near” or “sitting close to”, and implies listening closely to the mystic
doctrines of a guru or a spiritual teacher, who has cognized the fundamental truths of the
universe.
 Upnishads means ‘Brahma-knowledge’ by which ignorance is annihilated.
 Upnishads are “placing side by side” (equivalence or correlation), “near approach”
(to the Absolute Being), “secret wisdom” or even “sitting near the enlightened.”

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 ETHICS-REVIEWER
DAY 6

EARLY PREGNANCY
 Is defined as females between the ages of 13-15 who engage in sexual activity and
become pregant either intentionally or unintentionally.
 TEENS are regarded as selfish, apathetic, and immoral by the general population
regadless of the teens’ intention of getting pregnant.

TEEN PREGNANCIES : SOCIAL & MORAL DIMENSIONS

In most cases their pregnancy did not occur as an isolated event, but was preceded by
problems, such as parental neglect or domestic violence, parents’ problematic substance
use or psychiatric probles, sexual abuse, migration or loss of family.

CHOICES : To continue or terminate their pregnancy.

 The first is moral, viewing pregnancy and having children as a gift.

 Terminanting the pregnancy was not an option, as they considered abortion immoral.

SOME MAJOR CAUSES:

A. Low Socio-economic Status

 Teens who become pregnant often come from families of low socio-economic status.
Growing up these children often come from who are suffering from poverty and do not
have all the necessary resources to raise their child.
 Teens who become pregnant often come from families of low socio-economic status.
Growing up these children often come from who are suffering from poverty and do not
have all the necessary resources to raise their child.
 It is these groups of teens who begin to experiment with drugs and alcohol and do not do
very well in school Low socio-economic status is further linked to low levels of family
connectedness.
 Low socio-economic status is further linked to low levels of family connectedness.
 This means that children/youth growing up in these homes do not have strong role
models or individuals to look up to or learn from.
 Within these low socio-economic status families, abuse is often prevalent and
predisposes youth to unsafe and troubling conditions.
 Whether the child is being abused or witnessing domestic abuse, adolescents are being
separated and disconnected from their families which might lead to poor decision making.
 This lack of family connectedness pushes youth away from confiding in the adults the
homes but towards other troubled youth suffering in the same ways

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 ETHICS-REVIEWER
B. Low Pressure and Sexual Abuse
 Peer Pressure is another major cause of sexual abuse, often females may be pressured
or forced by an older male partner to engage in sexual activity.
 Peer Pressure may also be prevalent in a different form while in relationships
adolescents may be pressured by their partner to have unsafe and unprotected sex in
order to express their “love” and “true feelings” for their partner.
 Sexual abuse is also another reason why teens may become pregnant
 Early sexual abuse has been linked to later teen pregnancies Some children have
unfortunately been sexually abused my predators or even family even prior to entering
puberty. These young kids often are unable to inform a trusted adult about the situation
due to fear of being harmed by their predator.
 These situations, further effect the child as they enter adolescence and increases
chances of teen pregnancy

C. Media Influence
 The media has a large effect on teen pregnancy, especially shows such as "Teen Mom"
and "16 and Pregnant".
 These shows often glamorize pregnancy and hide the true hardships associated with
pregnancy which encourages these teens to become pregnant.
 Some teenage females become pregnant just so they are able to drop out of high school
or to force their partners into a deeper commitment.
 Rebellion is also another reason why some teens will become pregnant.
 In order to show their independence and deem themselves as having more control over
their lives ,a teen may decide to have a child.
 These television glorify the idea of having a child through the promotion of these
teenagers having a more adult lifestyle, with more responsibility and decision making
power.

10 TIPS FOR PARENTS TO HELP THEIR CHILDREN AVOID TEEN PREGNACY

1. Be clear about your own sexual values and attitudes
2. Talk w/ your children early and often about sex and. Be specific
3. Supervise and monitor your children’s activities
4. Know your children’s friends and their families.
5. Discourage early, frequently and steady dating.
6. Take a strong stand against teens dating people who are significantly order or younger
than they are.
7. Help your teens have options for the future that are much more attractive than early
pregnancy and parenthood.
8. Emphasize how much you value education
9. Know what your kid’s are watching, reading and listening to.
10. Strive for a relationship that is warm and affectionate - firm in discipline & rich in
communication.

A PREGNANT TEEN HAS A VARIETY OF OPTIONS TO CONSIDER:

 keep the baby. Many pregnant teens keep their babies. Some choose to marry their partners and
raise the baby together. Others rely on family support to raise the baby. Although completing school
and geeting a good-job can be challenging, it can be accomplished with hard work and help.
 Give the baby up for abortion. Some pregnant teens give their babies up for abortion. If your
teen is considering abortion, explore the different types availability. Also, discuss the emotional
impact on everyone involved.
 End the pregnancy. Some pregnant teens choose to end their pregnancies. If your teen is
considering an elective abortion, discuss the risks and emotional impact. Be aware that some
states require parental notification for an elective abortion.

QUIRIMIT, DARWIN N - FUTURE RN