BCLS

BACHELOR OF ARTS (JOURNALISM & MASS

COMMUNICATION) BAJMC

Subject code – BA(JMC)201

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Jasveni Kaur Saksham Jain
Assistant Professor 01927402420
BA(JMC) 205

Batch: 2020-23
KCC Institute of Legal and Higher
Education, Greater Noida Affiliated
to GGSIPU (Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University), Dwarka,
New Delhi – 110037

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 OBJECTIVES
 Describe video camera operations and functions
 Describe camera movements, mounts, shots, angles and
compositions
 Describe techniques of lighting for video production
 Describe the methods of recording and in-cam editing

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
S. NO TOPIC PAGE NO.
ASSIGNMENT-1
Q1. TYPES OF CAMERAS 4-7
Q2. PARTS OF VIDEO CAMERA 7-8
Q3. DEPTH OF FIELD 9
Q4. DEPTH OF FOCUS 9-10
ASSIGNMENT-2
Q1. TYPES OF CAMERA SHOT 12-13
Q2. TYPES OF CAMERA ANGLES 13-15
Q3. TYPES OF CAMERA 15-17
MOVEMENT
Q4. RULES OF COMPOSITION 18
ASSIGNMENT-3
Q1. LIGHTING TECHNIQUES 20
Q2. TYPES OF LIGHTS 21
Q3. DIFFUSERS 22
Q4. REFLECTORS 22
ASSIGNMENT-4
Q1. VOICE OVERS 24
Q2. SOUND EFFECT 24
Q3. IN-CAMERA EDITING 24-25
Q4. MICROPHONES 25-26

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 UNIT-1
Q1. Explain types of cameras with the help of pictures.
Ans. There are many types of cameras. Few of them are explained
below.
1. DSLR Camera- The term "Digital Single Lens Reflex" (DSLR)
refers to a camera that has a single lens. When you look through
a DSLR's viewfinder, you're looking through the lens, which is
aided by a mirror and prism. These are located within the camera
body and allow you to view images in the correct orientation.
The mirror flips up when you take a photo, allowing light to enter
through the shutter and reach the sensor.

2. Mirrorless Cameras- As the name implies, digital mirrorless

cameras do not have a mirror. When you look through the
viewfinder, you'll notice a small electronic screen. This shows
what you're looking at with your lens. However, they are both
competitive in terms of lens mount and image quality. A growing
number of lenses are available for mirrorless cameras. It's
common to be able to use lenses made by other camera
companies. Depending on the brand of camera and lens, some
third-party lenses will require an adaptor, while others will not.

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3. Bridge Camera- When it comes to getting serious about
photography, many people opt for a bridge camera. You might
have discovered that you enjoy taking photographs. BriTTTdge
cameras are far more capable than smaller cameras and do not
have the limitations that smaller cameras do. A bridge camera
with a viewfinder appears to be a DSLR camera at first glance.
Despite their resemblance, they have significant differences.
They're more manageable because they're smaller, lighter, and
easier to handle. Getting your first bridge camera is an excellent
way to start developing your passion for photography.

4. Compact Camera- Compact cameras are designed to be small and

simple to use. Because they are so quick and simple to use, this
type of camera is commonly referred to as a point-and-shoot
camera. Because everything is automated, you won't have to
worry about capturing an image. If you want to upgrade your
phone camera but don't want to carry around a larger camera, this
is the camera for you.

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5. Film Camera- Film is not extinct. Many new photographers use
film cameras to hone their skills and develop their style. Many
professional photographers prefer the look and feel of film
photos. The lack of a screen is the most significant difference for
digital photographers who choose a film camera. When working
with film, you must learn to be patient. You should also be more
certain of your settings because you won't know if you made a
mistake until your film is returned from the lab.

6. Action Camera- Action cameras are a no-brainer for thrill seekers

and adrenaline junkies. Action cameras are ideal for use in the
great outdoors. They're shockproof, lightweight, and extremely
durable, and they can withstand harsh weather conditions.
4K video, screens, and high FPS rates are all features of this type
of small action camera. The best action camera for you will be
determined by the purpose for which it will be used. However,
the majority of action cameras on the market have similar
features.

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 7. 360 degree Camera- 360-degree cameras are gaining in
popularity, and with good reason. They produce stunning, lifelike
panoramic images that are ideal for outdoor photographers. Many
of them are similar to action cameras in that they can withstand
harsh conditions and are weatherproof. A basic understanding of
image stitching will aid you in creating stunning photos with a
360-degree camera. The camera will capture an entire 360-degree
view with just one click. It's a great choice for travellers, hikers,
and adventurers because of this.

Q2. Explain different parts of video camera with the help of pictures.
Ans.
1. Viewfinder- The viewfinder is a device that is directly connected
to the lens and allows the user to see the image. This can be a
small pixel screen that folds into the camera when not in use, or it
can be a simple eye-sized window; many models have both.
Viewfinders can also be used as video screens to view the
recorded image.

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2. Microphone- The lens only picks up visual images for the
camera, so a silent picture would result from this alone. As a
result, video cameras include microphones that record the sound
in the area. So that the audio and video are in sync, the
microphone is usually mounted next to the lens and pointing in
the same direction.

3. Recorder- The recorder saves the images captured by the lens as

well as the sound captured by the microphone. The image would
be recorded onto a magnetic tape within a cassette on older
analogue cameras. Some cameras will accept full VCR tapes,
while others will require miniature versions or other formats such
as Hi8. Cassettes are no longer necessary with digital cameras.
Instead, the image is saved as a video file on a computer. JPEG is
the most common format for this file.

4. Battery- The use of a camera necessitates the use of a battery. A

rechargeable battery is included with each camera. The majority
of batteries are lithium-ion, and each is made and designed to
work with a specific camera model. It usually takes 12 hours to
fully charge a battery, so an overnight charge will suffice.

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Q3. Explain depth of field with the help of picture.
Ans. One of the most important concepts in photography is depth of
field. Understanding DoF and the factors that influence it is something
that every photographer should be able to do. Many photographers are
aware that aperture can be used to control depth of field. But did you
know that there are other factors that influence DoF? In this article, I'm
going to explain what depth of field is and how you can control it in
simple terms. The distance between the closest and farthest objects in a
photograph that appears sharp is known as depth of field. Your camera
can now only sharply focus on one point. However, the change from
sharp to unsharp is gradual, and the term "acceptably sharp" is a bit of a
misnomer! Without getting too technical, how you will view the image
and at what size you will view it are both factors that influence how
sharp an image is acceptable. It also depends on how sharp your eyes
are! It is based on a scientific concept known as the circle of confusion.
This involves a lot more physics than I can cover in this article! In his
article "Hyperfocal Distance Explained," Spencer discusses it. If you're
interested in learning more about the technical details, go there. In these
two sketches, I've attempted to demonstrate the difference between a
narrow and a large depth of field. Only a small portion of the image is in
focus in a photograph with a narrow DoF. With a large DoF, on the other
hand, much more of the scene is sharp.

Q4. Explain depth of focus with the help of picture.

Ans. The image-space complement of DOF is depth of focus, which is
concerned with how the quality of focus changes on the sensor side of
the lens as the sensor moves while the object remains in the same

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position. The amount of tip and tilt that can be tolerated between the lens
image plane and the sensor plane is defined by the depth of focus. As the
f/# decreases, the depth of focus decreases as well, amplifying the
influence of tilt on achieving the best focus across the sensor. There will
always be some degree of variation in the orthogonality between the
sensor and the lens used if active alignment is not used.

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LEARNING OUTCOME OF EACH
QUESTION
Q1. In this question, I’ve mentioned few different types of cameras and
explained them in detail. I’ve mentioned their use and qualities with the
help of their pictures.
Q2. In this the task was to explain the different parts of a video camera.
So, basically there are 4 main parts in a video camera. I’ve mentioned
their use and functions with the help of their images.
Q3. In third question, I’ve learned about the depth of field.
Q4. In fourth question, I’ve learned about depth of focus.

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 UNIT-2
Q1. Explain three types of shots with the help of pictures.
Ans. Three types of camera shots are-
1. Close-up shot- A close-up shot is a photograph taken at close
range of a person or object in order to capture the subject's
minute details. This shot is tightly framed and takes up the
majority of the screen, as it is typically used to frame a
character's face so that the audience can see what kind of emotion
is being conveyed. The close up shot is used to reveal details or
information about objects or the setting in which the film is set,
in addition to evoking a character's emotional state of mind.
Close-up shots, for example, are frequently used to signal to the
audience that they should pay attention to a particular motif or
symbol that runs throughout the film.

2. Medium shot- A medium shot, also known as a waist shot, was

taken at a medium distance from the subject. It's frequently used
for back-and-forth dialogue within a scene because it gives the
audience a clear view of each character in the movie. This shot is
known as the'sweet spot' shot because it allows you to see both
the details of your subject and the setting in which the scene is
taking place. As a result, using a medium shot can help the
viewer visualise the characters' body language and how they
interact with the environment around them.

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 3. Long shot- A long shot, also known as a wide shot, is frequently
used as an establishing shot in a film, as it usually establishes the
scene and the character's position within it. This type of camera
shot captures the entire length of the subject as well as a large
portion of the film's surrounding area. Long shot scenes in
movies are some of the most recognisable and iconic.
Additionally, filming a film solely from a distance with only long
shots can create a sense of separation between the film and the
audience.

Q2. Explain different types of camera angles with the help of pictures.
Ans. Few different types of camera angles are mentioned below-
1. High-angle shot- A high-angle shot is a cinematography
technique in which the camera looks down from above on the
subject. This shot is used to make the subject or object below
appear weak, powerless, or vulnerable. This camera angle is most
commonly used in horror films to convey the camera's sense of
superiority over the subject below. Danger, depression, and
shock are some of the other messages that a high angle can
convey. When a high angle shot is used, the audience is given a
subjective camera view by asserting that they are viewing the
scene from the perspective of the person in 'power.'

2. Low-angle shot- When the camera is positioned low on the

vertical axis, below the level of the eyeline, and looks up at an
object or subject above, it is called a low-angle shot. By making

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 the subject above, at which the camera is angled, appear strong
and powerful, this camera angle evokes a psychological effect.
Furthermore, using a low angle shot can make your film's 'hero'
appear vulnerable, giving the viewer a relatable feeling for a
character who is usually unstoppable. Another common
application of this angle is to increase the perceived height of an
object, as filming something from a low angle makes it appear
much larger than it is.

3. Over the Shoulder shot- When two or more characters are talking
to each other in a conversation, the over the shoulder shot is most
commonly used. This shot, which is usually framed as a medium
or close-up, is used to establish the eyeline of where each
character in the scene is looking. This type of shot can also be
used to show the viewer that one of the characters in the movie
sees something that the other characters don't.

4. Bird eye shot- When the camera is located up above, overhead,

capturing the action below, it is called a bird's eye view shot or
an aerial view shot. These types of shots are most commonly
captured with a drone in today's world in order to get a complete

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 view of what's going on below. Bird's eye shots are used as
establishing shots to give context of where the film's setting is, as
well as transition shots to show what exactly is going on in a
setting from an aerial view, in a variety of different types of
cinematic works. These kinds of shots are frequently used in
films where the setting of each scene is crucial to the plot.

5. The Dutch angle shot- The Dutch angle/tilt is more of a

cinematographic stylistic approach. To do so, you'll need to tilt
your camera to one side, which will result in an uneven frame.
This camera angle is typically used to create a dramatic effect in
a film and can elicit a variety of emotions. The Dutch perspective
can heighten psychological distress and tension, resulting in a
suspenseful and thrilling cinematic environment. Additionally,
filming a scene from this perspective can make your audience
feel disoriented, uneasy, and even drunk.

Q3. Explain different types of camera movement with the help of

pictures.
Ans.
1. Zoom- Zooming is without a doubt the most common (and thus
overused) camera movement. It's frequently used as a last resort
when a videographer is stumped for ideas on how to spice up a
shot. If you're going to use zoom, do so in a unique way. Zoom in
or out of an unexpected but crucial object or person in your shot.
To give a fast-paced piece more energy, use a quick zoom. Don't
make zooming your default move.

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2. PAN- Panning is defined as moving your camera horizontally
from left to right or right to left while keeping its base fixed on a
specific point. You're not changing the camera's position, just the
direction it faces. These shots are excellent for establishing a
sense of place in your storey.

3. Tilt- Tilting is when you move the camera vertically, from top to
bottom or bottom to top, while keeping its base fixed at a specific
point. This move, like panning, usually necessitates the use of a
tripod, with the camera remaining stationary while the angle it
points to is changed. When introducing a character in a film,
especially one of grandeur, these shots are popular.

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4. Dolly- A dolly is when the entire camera is moved forward and
backwards, usually on a track or in a motorised vehicle. When
done correctly, this type of movement can produce lovely,
flowing effects. If you're going to do a dolly, make sure your
track is stable and allows for fluid movement.

5. Truck- Trucking is similar to dollying, except the camera is

moved from left to right instead of in and out. Again, it's best to
do this with a fluid motion track to avoid any jerking or friction.

6. Pedestal- When you move the camera vertically up or down

while it's fixed in one place, you're using a pedestal. This term
comes from the use of studio cameras, where the operators had to
adjust the camera's pedestal to compensate for the subject's
height. When the camera is fixed to an adjustable tripod, a
pedestal move is simple.

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Q4. Explain minimum two rules of compositions with the help of
pictures.
Ans. Three rules of composition are-
1. Fill the Frame- A photo with too much 'negative' or unused space
may not work. On these lines, you could get closer to your
subject or zoom in to fill the frame.

2. Diagonal lines- When diagonal lines converge or cross other

lines, they add dynamism and energy to your composition, as
well as a sense of depth.

3. High or Low- To create a compelling perspective, try a bird's eye

view (getting above the subject) or a worm's eye view (getting
below the subject).

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LEARNING OUTCOMES OF EACH
QUESTION
Q1. In the first question, I’ve written 3 types of camera shots i.e. close-
up shot, medium shot and long shot.
Q2. In this question, I’ve written 5 different types of camera angles i.e.
high angle shot, low angle shot, over the shoulder shot, bird eye shot and
the dutch shot.
Q3. In this question, I’ve mentioned different types of camera
movements i.e. zoom, pan, tilt, dolly, truck, pedestal.
Q4. In this questions, I’ve mentioned 3 different types of compositions
i.e. fill the frame, diagonal lines and high or low.

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 UNIT-3
Q1. Explain basic lighting techniques with the help of pictures.
Ans.
1. Natural lighting- Let's start with lights that don't need to be
moved. They move at all times of the day. Natural film lighting
techniques are defined by making use of the light that is already
present in the chosen location. Most of the time, you go on a
location scout before shooting to get that information. You
should also consider the time of day you're visiting those
locations.

2. 3 point lighting- The three-point lighting setup consists of the key

light, backlight, and fill light. In visual media, three-point
lighting is a common technique. The cinematographer can light
the subject in any way they want while also controlling shadows
created by direct lighting by using three different positions.

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Q2. Explain basic lights with the help of picture.
Ans.
1. Key light- A scene's or subject's key light is also known as the
main film light. This means that it is usually the most powerful
type of light in a scene or photograph. The key light is usually the
first to be set up, even if your lighting crew is going for a
complicated multi-light setup.

2. Fill light- This technique is used to "fill in" and remove the dark,
shadowy areas created by your key light, as the name implies. It's
noticeably less intense and positioned in the opposite direction of
the key light to give your scene more depth.

3. Backlight- Backlighting is used to create a three-dimensional

scene, so it's the last step in a three-point lighting setup. This also
faces your subject, but from behind, so that your subject is
separated from the background.

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Q3. Explain diffusers with the help of pictures.
Ans. Diffusers in the studio allow you to achieve softer lighting effects
in your photo shoots. You can reduce glare and shadows from your light
source, allowing you to capture fine details and colour. Although
diffusers come in a variety of shapes and sizes, they all scatter light and
send it in different directions.

Q4. Explain reflectors with the help of picture.

Ans. A photography reflector is nothing more than a tool for reflecting
light. A reflector does not create light in the same way that a flash does;
instead, it simply redirects existing light, or in some cases, light from a
flash or studio strobe.

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LEARNING OUTCOME OF EACH
QUESTION
Q1. In this question, I’ve mentioned basic lighting techniques i.e. natural
lighting and 3 point lighting.
Q2. In this question, I’ve mentioned 3 basic lights i.e. key light, fill light
and backlight.
Q3. In this, I came to know about the diffusers used in photography and
cinematography.
Q4. In this, I came to know about the reflectors used in photography and
cinematography.

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 UNIT-4
Q1. Why do you think voice overs are important?
Ans. For a successful video marketing strategy, voice-over has become
an indispensable tool. This transforms your video into more concrete
content with a touch of emotion, influencing how people perceive the
information. A voice-over can guide the communication of your message
by creating the atmosphere you want to convey. It draws in viewers and
guides them through the content for a better understanding. By providing
auditory stimulation to your video, this tool allows you to have a one-of-
a-kind experience. The voiceover will begin by conveying the emotional
content of your video. The voice's intonation and rhythm will give your
video character and personality. A calm voice, for example, makes it
easier for your audience to learn and follow instructions in an
instructional video.
Q2. Elaborate upon the importance of ambience and sound effect.
Ans. A sound effect (or audio effect) is a sound that has been artificially
created or enhanced, or a sound process that has been used to highlight
artistic or other content in films, television shows, live performances,
animation, video games, music, or other media. They were traditionally
made with foley in the twentieth century. A sound effect is a sound that
is recorded and presented in a film or television production to make a
specific storytelling or creative point without the use of dialogue or
music. The term is frequently used to describe a process that is applied to
a recording, rather than the recording itself. Dialogue, music, and sound
effects recordings are all treated separately in professional film and
television production. Even though processes like reverberation and
flanging effects are frequently referred to as "sound effects," dialogue
and music recordings are never referred to as such.
Q3. What do you understand by in-camera editing?
Ans. This is a very unique filmmaking style. Here, you shoot each shot
in order (as it appears in the script) one by one. Instead of downloading
the footage to a computer and editing it, each shot is filmed in order, and
you have your finished production at the end of filming.
This is an excellent beginner's exercise. It allows students to become
familiar with the equipment and the filmmaking process, as well as to
teach them the importance of being organised before filming – if they
haven't properly thought through their shot list, they will quickly realise
when they realise they can't go back and film it. It's also a great way to
film if you don't have access to post-production facilities or if you think

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editing and post-production are a little beyond your students' current
abilities.
Because you don't have the luxury of fine-tuning the edit and can't add
music or titles in camera, the final product may be a little rough, but a
clever storey and engaging performances will make up for it.
Q4. Explain different types of microphones with the help of pictures.
Ans.
1. Dynamic microphone- Consider these your go-to studio
microphones. They're not particularly sensitive, so they're
suitable for use with loud sources. They're also among the most
affordable mics designed for studio use.
Dynamic microphones have a wide, unidirectional pickup
pattern, similar to that of a spotlight: point them in the direction
you want to capture sound, as well as to either side, but not
directly behind the mic (which can also work well on interior or
action sets).

2. Condenser microphone- Condenser mics are a good choice if

you're looking for high-quality studio mics for podcasting or
voiceover work. They're similar to dynamic mics in every way
except that they're more expensive and produce clearer single-
source audio recordings.
They also offer a number of different "directional" pickup
patterns. You can still use a unidirectional mic, but most
condenser mics also have omnidirectional (no sound
cancellation) and bidirectional (interview and conversation)
recording options.

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3. Lavalier microphones- These are the best friends of a filmmaker.
Lavalier (or simply "lav") mics are small condenser microphones
that can be worn by on-screen actors during a shoot. And because
they're wireless, you shouldn't have to be concerned about
proximity when using a lav mic.
Because the sound quality won't be perfect, you'll have to rely on
the person wearing the mic for good audio. That's a significant
tradeoff, especially if you can only afford one mic and aren't sure
how you'll use it.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES OF EACH
QUESTION
Q1. In this question, I’ve learned about the importance of voice over in
films, videos and documentaries.
Q2. In this, we came to know about the sound effects used in video
games, videos, movies etc.
Q3. In this we came to know in-camera editing. It is one of the best
beginner editing and shooting exercise.
Q4. In this, I’ve mentioned 3 different types of mics used in industry.

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