SUBJECT - VIDEO PRODUCTION

CODE-253

Submitted to- Mr. Hardeep Bhakal

Assistant Professor
Submitted by- Pulkit Dagar
Enrollment no- 01919202421
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr.

Hardeep Singh Bhakal the video production teacher, who
supported me throughout the file with their utmost
guidance and support. I have made this project from my
heart with the complete sincerity and dedication to
complete it. His motivation and help contributed
tremendously to the successful completion of the project
without which it might get difficult to complete this
project.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that I Pulkit Dagar a student of Bachelor

of Journalism and Mass Communication Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University, enrolled for the batch
2020-2023, and with Enrolment no. 01919202421 has
completed the project of Video Editing under the
guidance of Mr. Hardeep Singh Bhakal

PULKIT DAGAR
BA(JMC) 2nd year
 INDEX

SERIAL NO. TOPIC

What is video camera

1.

Parts of video camera

2.

Three Point lightening

3.

Rule of composition
4.

Types of camera adjustments

5

Camera Movement in video production

6

Lights and its properties.

7

what is white Balance

8
 Video Camera And Its Parts:

A video camera is a camera which is used for an electronic motion picture

acquisition, which was initially developed for the television-based purpose but
have since become widely used for a variety of other purposes.
Video cameras are primarily used to feed in the real time images directly to a
screen for immediate observation. The images recorded to a storage device for
archiving or further processing; for many years, videotape was the primary format
used for this purpose, but was gradually supplanted by optical disc, hard disk, and
then flash memory. Recorded video is used in television production, and more
often surveillance and monitoring tasks in which unattended recording of a
situation is required for later analysis.

Video Camera function by capturing light from the visible spectrum as well
others parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is controlled by only allowing
light into the recording chamber through a hollow tube called the aperture.
Parts of Video camera

There are various different parts in a video camera which are responsible for the
functioning of a video camera, such as record button, microphone, LCD screen
etc.
The parts of a video camera are as follows -
 Lens
Lens is one of the most important parts in a video camera from where the
light enters in to the camera. It is available in the video camera in such a
way that it can be both fixed permanently to the body but can also be inter-
changed depending upon the type of video camera used.
A lens varies in with different types of focal length, aperture and various
formats. And when we talk about lens, a part of video camera which helps
in protecting lens of the camera is lens hood, used to protect lens from
getting damaged, so it is often mounted on the front of the lens to keep
stray light from hitting the lens surface and causing unwanted glare.

 Viewfinder: The viewfinder allows us to see what we are recording (most

display in black and white, however. The viewfinder also displays various
indicators to tell us whether we are recording, and whether the light is
adequate, the battery is charged or not, and various other information such
as the exposure, tape remaining, shutter speed, audio recording levels,
frame guide (to com-pose properly), etc.
It works as the main visual source for taking images, but nowadays, in
various digital cameras, Viewfinder is been replaced by an LCD Screen
with the same purpose to perform.
 LCD Screen : The next part of the camera which is been kept to use in a
replacement of the viewfinder with the purpose to perform same purpose
as in viewfinder. It is mostly used or seen in digital video cameras or in
some of the DSLR’s as well. It is a small screen that allows us to see what
we are recording, in colour which is particularly helpful in checking out
for composition and colour, brightness and contrast levels of our picture.

 Body : The main part in a video camera is the body a video camera which
varies in with various body sizes and shapes. In DSLR’s, it tends to be large
bodied but in other types of cameras, they are small, comforting and easy
to fit in the pockets.

 Shutter Release – It is the mechanism which “releases” the shutter,

enabling it in to capture an image. The length of the time, the shutter is left
open or called exposed is also determined by the “shutter speed”.
 Aperture – it is used to capture or affect the image exposure by changing
it is exposure or the diameter of the lens opening which control the amount
of the light reaching the image sensor.

 Image Sensor – An image sensor is being used to convert an optical image

onto an electronic signal, which is then sent in to the memory card in order
to store it for later.
There are two types of image sensors used in most of the digital cameras –
CMOS
– COD

Both are responsible for the image sensing work but with a different
method of performance.
 Memory Card – Memory card is used to store all the image information
and with the same purpose, they range in with various sizes as well speed
capacity,
The main types of memory card are
- CF card
- SD card

 Flash – The on-all board flashes are available on all cameras except some
professional grades DSLR’s. It can sometimes be useful to provide a bit of
extra light during Dim, Low light situations.
 Equipment For Video Production

There are various different accessories that are been put to use in a video camera
such as :-

 Tripod Stand – A tripod stand/ tripod is a piece of equipment that keeps

in a camera sturdy while filming. It is used when shooting static videos
and it also allows you to ‘Pan’ across the multiple angles with a smooth
transition.

 Camera Lighting – It helps in highlighting the focus on subject or fill the

dark spot. The lights are also useful accessory while filming interviews,
documentaries. A light reflector is used in improving the quality of the
videos, in single locations.

 Microphone – A microphone is used to ensure that you capture all the

necessary sounds while filming. .
Examples of some microphones are ;
1 Boom Pole
2 Wireless Microphone
3 Shotgun microphone
4 Handheld microphone
5 lapel microphones

 Audio Cables – Audio cables are used to convert a microphone to the

camera, as they help in giving a higher quality of sound, such as HDMI,
XLR, USB and MIDI.

 Headphones – A good pair of headphone helps in while editing sounds

and compiling the clips of your video. Comfort, type of operation, fit, and
isolating, such tips, rules should be taken care of during the choosing of
right headphone.
 Different Types 0f Shots

EWS (Extreme Wide Shot)

In the EWS, the view is so far from the subject that he isn't even visible. The
point of this shot is to show the subject's surroundings. The EWS is often
used as an establishing shot — the first shot of a new scene, designed to
show the audience where the action is taking place.

VWS (Very Wide Shot)

The VWS is much closer to the subject. He is (just) visible here, but the
emphasis is still on placing him in his environment. This also works as an
establishing shot.

WS (Wide Shot)

In the WS, the subject takes up the full frame. In this case, the boy's feet are
almost at the bottom of frame, and his head is almost at the top. Obviously
the subject doesn't take up the whole width of the frame, since this is as close
as we can get without losing any part of him. The small amount of room
above and below the subject can be thought of as safety room you don't want
to be cutting the top of the head off. It would also look uncomfortable if the
feet and head were exactly at the top and bottom of frame.
Mid Shot

The MS shows some part of the subject in more detail, whilst still showing
enough for the audience to feel as if they were looking at the whole subject.
In fact, this is an approximation of how you would see a person "in the flesh"
if you were having a casual conversation. You wouldn't be paying any
attention to their lower body, so that part of the picture is unnecessary. A
medium shot is a film technique that shows the actor from head to waist and
there is a more detailed view of what’s happening. This can be used for
dialogue scenes, flashbacks, or as an establishing shot

MCU (Medium Close Up)

Half way between a MS and a CU. This shot shows the face more clearly,
without getting uncomfortably close.

CU(Close Up)

In the CU, a certain feature or part of the subject takes up the whole frame.
A close up of a person usually means a close up of their face. his type of
shot is framed tightly. Close-ups of actors are typically used to frame
characters’ faces so that they dominate a scene by filling up the screen. A
close-up shot can showcase a character’s reactions and emotions.

ECU (Extreme Close Up)

The ECU gets right in and shows extreme detail. For people, the ECU is used to
convey emotion. A close-up shot can showcase a character’s reactions and
emotions. A close-up can also show details when it comes to objects.
You’ll give your audience an intimate, detailed look of your character when you
use a close-up. Close-ups draw viewers into the subject’s space and are one of the
best tools to demonstrate the emotional state of mind of a character.
 DIFFERNENT CAMERA ANGLE
Eye-Level
This is the most common view, being the real-world angle that we are
all used to. It shows subjects as we would expect to see them in real
life. It is a fairly neutral shot.

High Angle
A high angle shows the subject from above, i.e. the camera is angled
down towards the subject. This has the effect of diminishing the
subject, making them appear less powerful, less significant or even
submissive.

Low Angle
This shows the subject from below, giving them the impression of
being more powerful or dominant.

Bird's Eye

The scene is shown from directly above. This is a completely different

and somewhat unnatural point of view which can be used for
dramatic effect or for showing a different spatial perspective.
In drama it can be used to show the positions and motions of different
characters and objects, enabling the viewer to see things the characters
can't.The bird's-eye view is also very useful in sports, documentaries,
etc.
 Rule Of Composition

There are various types of rules of compositions that are put to use, and with the
same purpose there are different types of composition that can be use, such as -
The Rule of Thirds
Firstly, the rule of thirds is one of the most common camera framing techniques
used in film or photography. It's about positioning a character to show their
relation to other elements in the scene.
Imagine a tic-tac-toe board — two lines running vertical, and two more running
horizontal.

Balance and Symmetry

Balance is an even use of elements throughout a work of video. Symmetry is a
very formal type of balance consisting of a mirroring of portions of an image.
Artists use this technique to direct the viewer’s eye to a specific place. And
leading the eye to the center of the screen might end up serving your story better,
and garner more emotion. Past films have done this well. Balance and symmetry
in a shot can be very effective.

Fill the frame

Too much 'negative' or unused space might not work for your photo. You could
get closer to your subject on these lines, or zoom in to fill the frame
Diagonal lines
Diagonal lines bring dynamism and energy to your composition, providing a
sense of depth when they converge, or crossover other lines.

High or low
Experiment with a bird's eye view (getting above the subject) or a worm's eye
view (getting below) to create a compelling perspective.

Leading Lines
Leading lines are actual lines (or sometimes imaginary ones) in a shot, that lead
the eye to key elements in the scene.
Artists use this technique to direct the viewer’s eye but they also use it to connect
the character to essential objects, situations, or secondary subjects. Whatever your
eye is being drawn to in a scene, leading lines probably have something to do
with it.
It is a very useful type of shot composition as it conveys essential context to the
audience.
 CAMERA MOVEMENTS

Camera movement can add a lot of meaning to your footage, changing and
shaping a viewer’s perspective of a scene. It’s essential to understand how your
viewers interpret different types before adding in pans, zooms, tilts, and the like.
Pan
First up is the pan. A pan is when you move your camera from one side to the
other. Panning generally is helpful to reveal a larger scene, like a crowd or to
reveal something off-screen.
Step your speed up a notch, and you get the whip pan, which is handy for
transitions showing the passing of time or travelling a distance dramatically or
comically.

Tilt
To tilt, imagine your camera is your head nodding up and down.
Tilts are helpful as a ‘reveal’ technique, either to unveil something from top to
bottom or the reverse.
Zoom
‘Zooming’ is probably the most commonly used camera movement; it lets you
quickly move closer to the subject without physically moving. But be careful with
these, as zooming lessens your image quality.
When you give zooming a go, keep the movement as smooth as possible.

Tracking shot
A ‘tracking shot’ is one in which the camera moves alongside what it’s recording.
Tracking shots are sometimes called dolly shots, but they can be differentiated by
the direction they take. Tracking shots will generally follow along the horizontal
axis as the subject moves. You’re probably familiar with walking and talking
scenes where a tracking shot stays on the subjects as they move.
Tracking shots are also helpful for showing a stretch of road or scenery.

Dolly shot
A ‘dolly shot’ is when the camera moves toward or away from the subject, you’re
shooting in which the camera in mounted on a dolly in order to reduce in any kind
of disturbance while recording the subject/scene, so instead of utilizing the zoom
to get closer, the camera is physically moving relative to the subject.
Using a dolly to push in slowly helps build drama or tension in a scene or simply
some significance to the subject it’s moving in on.

Pedestal
Also known as a Boom up/down, our final shot is the pedestal. This involves
moving the camera up or down relative to a subject. It’s different from the tilt that
we looked at earlier, as the entire camera ascends or descends, rather than just the
camera’s angle. A pedestal shot can be used to frame a tall or high subject (such
as a building) while keeping the framing at eye level.
 Light And Its Properties

Light is electromagnetic radiation which shows both the properties of waves and
particles. It is the form of energy and also keeps the Earth warm. It exists in the
form of tiny energy packets known as photons. Each wave consists of the
wavelength or the frequency.
Properties of Light are as follows: -
Reflection of Light
Reflection is the phenomenon in which light travelling in one medium, incident
on the surface of other returns to the first medium, obeying the laws of reflection.
According to the laws of reflection.
 The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the point
of incidence all lie in the same plane.
 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Refraction of Light
Refraction is a phenomenon in which there is a change in the speed of light as it
travels from one medium to another and there is a bending of the ray of light. The
refracted ray obeys the following laws.
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
For the given pair of media and for the light of the given wavelength, the ratio of
the sin of the angle of incidence to the sin of the angle of refraction is always a
constant.

Dispersion of Light
The splitting of a ray of white light into its constituent color is called dispersion.
The measures of dispersion are important as it helps in understanding how much
data is spread around a central value.
Diffraction of Light
The phenomenon of bending of light around corners of small obstacles and hence
it’s encroachment into the region of the geometrical shadow is called diffraction.

Polarization of Light
Normal light vibrates in all directions perpendicular to the propagation of light.
If the light is constrained to vibrate in only one particular plane, then the light is
called polarized light. The phenomenon is called polarization.

Interference of Light
Interference is the phenomenon of modification in the intensity of light due to
redistribution of light energy in the region of superposition of two or more light
waves.
 White Balance

White balance refers to the color temperature at which white objects on film
actually look white. But it’s not just about the appearance of white; all the colors
in your shot are determined by how you set your white balance. This is why
photographers and filmmakers plan every scene in consideration of white
balance, from lighting to post-production.

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 Exposure

Camera exposure is the overall brightness or darkness of a photograph. More

specifically, it's the amount of light that reaches the film or camera sensor when
a picture is being taken. The more you expose the film or camera sensor to light,
the lighter your photo will be.
Exposure is how light or dark an image appears. If an image is too dark, it's
underexposed. If it's too light, it's overexposed.

Overexposure occurs when a camera's light sensor records too much light.
The resulting image suffers lost details and a picture that is 'blown out.
The correct exposure is the one in which you don't lose information in the
shadows or the highlights. In other words, it's the exposure that takes full
advantage of the camera's sensor capacity to capture as much information
as possible from the scene, capturing detail in both the shadows and the
highlights.

Underexposure is the result not enough light hitting the film strip or camera
sensor. Underexposed footages are too dark, have very little detail in their
shadows, and appear murky.
 Video Filter
Filters in a video can help in modifying the way in which a film records colors
as monochrome tone value. They are disks of colored glass or gelatin with
controlled transmission characteristics. It is placed in front of the camera lens,
which is preferentially used to transmit light of their own color and hold back
light of other colors.

Black and white filters let you control how colors are converted to shades of
grey. Use them to get the right contrast and mood in your photos. A common
problem in black and white photography is that certain colors look very
similar when converted into grey scale.

A blue filter is not often associated with black & white photography however,
it can really add “mood” to a photograph by increasing the effect of haze or
fog. It also lightens blues and darkens yellows, oranges and reds which helps
separation in scenes containing a mix of colors.
 Indoor Shooting

Shooting your project indoors can greatly increase control over both the image and sound. With
a proper studio lighting setup, you can light your shots however you want. Full studio setups
are made for preparation and precision, but adjusting the lights can take time.

Outdoor Shooting
Outdoor cinematography is a challenge because the camera does not adjust for contrast as
smoothly as the human eye. Consider the subtle adjustment your eye makes while watching a
waterfall and noticing the fish in the swirling shadows.