Signals & Systems

July 2020

Lecture : Puan Faridah Yahya

Computer Engineering, UniKL MIIT
Level 10
01132478560
faridahy@unikl.edu.my

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Today's lecture

• The course
• Course contents
• Recommended books
• Course structure
• Assessments breakdown
• Before we start…
• Introduction to signals and systems

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 The Course
• Core course
• A strong foundation for advanced courses
and research
• What the course is about
• Analysis and processing of information
• System design for required processing
• Mathematical & theoretical
• Calculus, Linear Algebra, Differential
• Expectations
• Extensive and tough

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 Labs Session
• Performance criteria:
• Performance within the lab
• Lab report
• Lab report submission according to LECTURER’S Instruction.
• Viva from each individual student from his/her lab report

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 Course contents
• Introduction to Signals and Systems
• Sinusoids
• Spectrum Representation
• Analysis of Periodic Waveforms
• Sampling and Aliasing
• Z-Transform
• Convolution
• Frequency response
• Fourier Series and Transforms
• Continuous-time & Discrete-time Systems

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Books
Signals & Systems (Second Edition)  Text Book
by
Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky,
S. Hamid Nawab
Signal Processing First  Reference Book
by
James H. McClellan, Ronald W. Schafer,
Mark A. Yoder

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Assessments

Quizzes 20%
Assignments/Labs 20%
Online Tests 20%
Final Exam 40%

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Signal
• What is a signal
• A description of how one parameter is related to another parameter.
• Examples
• The voltage varies with time

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Signal

• The Speech Signal

• The ECG Signal

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Signal

• The image

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Signal

• The image

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Signal
• It is the variation pattern that conveys the information, in
a signal

• Signal may exist in many forms like acoustic, image, video,

electrical, heat & light signal

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System
• An entity that responds to a signal

input system output

• Examples
• Circuit

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System

• The camera
Image

• The Speech Recognition System

Identified

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System
• The audio CD-player
• Block Diagram representation of a system
• Visual representation of a system

Input Signal
system Output Signal

• Shows inter-relations of many signals involved in the implementation of a

complex system

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Mathematical Representation
• A signal can be represented as a function of one or more
independent variables
• Examples

vt   sin t  0  t  2

st  16
Mathematical Representation

• The image is a function of two spatial variables

sx, y 

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 Continuous-Time Signals
• Most signals in the real world are continuous time, as the
scale is infinitesimally fine.
• E.g. voltage, velocity,
• Denote by x(t), where the time interval may be bounded
(finite) or infinite

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Continuous-time signals
• A value of signal exists at every instant of time

Independent variable

t
Independent variable

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Discrete-Time Signals

• Some real world and many digital signals are discrete time, as they
are sampled
• E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything that a digital computer
processes)
• Denote by x[n], where n is an integer value that varies discretely.

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Discrete-time signals
• The value of signal exists only at equally spaced discrete
points in time

Independent variable

Independent variable

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Discrete-time signals

• Why to discretize
• How to discretize
• How closely spaced are the samples
• Distinction between discrete & digital signals
• How to denote discrete signals
• Is the image a discrete or continuous signal
• The image is generally considered to be a continuous variable
• Sampling can however be used to obtain a discrete, two dimensional signal
(sampled image)

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Analog vs Digital signals

• the difference is with

respect to the value of the
function (y-axis).
• Analog corresponds to a
continuous y-axis, while
digital corresponds to a
discrete y-axis.

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 Notation
• A continuous-time signal is represented by enclosing the independent
xt 
variable (time) in parentheses ()

• A discrete-time signal is represented by enclosing the independent

variable (index) in square brackets []

xn

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Important Parameters

• Signal power
• Signal energy

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Continuous time Signal power

• Our usual notion of the energy of a signal is the area under

the curve f(t)2.

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•Some further classification of signals

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Periodic vs Aperiodic signals

• Periodic signals repeat with some period T, while

aperiodic, or nonperiodic, signals do not.
• We can define a periodic function through the following
mathematical expression, where t can be any number
and T is a positive constant:
• f (t) = f (T + t)
• The fundamental period of our function, f (t), is the
smallest value of T that the still allows equation to be
true.

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Periodic vs Aperiodic signals

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Causal vs. Anticausal vs. Noncausal

• Causal signals are signals that are zero for all negative time,
• Anticausal are signals that are zero for
all positive time.
• Noncausal signals are signals that have nonzero values in both
positive and negative time

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Causal vs. Anticausal vs. Noncausal

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Even vs. Odd
• An even signal is any signal f such that f (t) = f (-t)
• Even signals can be easily plotted as they are vertical about the vertical
axis.
• An odd signal is a signal such that f(t)=-f(t).

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Even vs. Odd

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Deterministic vs. Random
• Deterministic signal is a signal in which each value of the signal is fixed
and can be determined by a mathematical expression, rule, or table.
Because of this the future values of the signal can be calculated from
past values with complete confidence.
• Random signal has a lot of uncertainty about its behavior. The future
values of a random signal cannot be accurately predicted and can usually
only be guessed based on the averages of sets of signals

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Deterministic vs. Random

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Finite vs. Infinite Length

• f (t) is a finite-length signal if it is nonzero over a finite

interval
• t1 < f (t) < t2

• Infinite-length signal, f (t), is defined as nonzero over

all real numbers:

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 Signal Operations/Transformations
• Signal operations are operations on the time variable of the signal.
• Two signal operations are considered

• Time shifting/Time reversal

• Time scaling

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 Time Shifting
• Time shifting is, the shifting of a signal in time. This is done by adding or
subtracting the amount of the shift to the time variable in the function.
Subtracting a fixed amount from the time variable will shift the signal to
the right (delay) that amount, while adding to the time variable will shift
the signal to the left (advance).
• Delay x(t-2)
• Advance x(t+2)

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Time Shifting

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Time Shifting

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Time Scaling

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Sinusoidal signals

• x(t) = A cos(ωt + Φ)
• A is the maximum amplitude of the sinusoidal signal
• ω is the radian frequency
•  is the phase shift

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Unit impulse function

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Unit step

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Unit step

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Unit Step

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Continuous time unit step

Discontinuous at time t=0

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Continuous time unit impulse

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Relation b/w unit step and unit impulse

Running integral for t<0 and t>0

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Scaled unit impulse function

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Some properties of impulse function

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Some properties of impulse function

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Continuous time and discrete time
systems

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Interconnection of systems

Series

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Interconnection of systems

Parallel

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Interconnection of systems

Series-parallel

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Interconnection of systems

Feedback

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Examples of Feedback Systems

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Some basic systems properties

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Memory and memory less

• Memory less depends upon the input at the same time.

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Memory systems

• System must store or remember something

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THE END
Next : Lab 1

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