1

SYSTEMS AND SIGNALS

Ch. 1 Signals

Chapter Learning Objectives:

❑ Perform time and amplitude transformations on signals.
❑ Understand different signal classifications.
❑ Use step, and pulse waveforms to model simple signals.
❑ Calculate power and energy contents of signals
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction: what are signals and systems?

• Signal definition

• Classifications

• Basic Signal Operations

• Elementary Signals
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INTRODUCTION
• Examples of signals and systems (Biomedical Systems)
– Central nervous system (CNS)
• Input signal: a nerve at the finger tip senses the high
temperature, and sends a neural signal to the CNS
• Output signal: the CNS generates several output signals
to various muscles in the hand
• The system processes input neural signals, and generate
output neural signals based on the input
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INTRODUCTION
• Human body is a system of systems ( ‫)تبارك هللا أحسن الخالقين‬
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INTRODUCTION
• Examples of signals and systems (Electrical Systems)
– Voltage divider
• Input signal: vi
• Output signal: vo
𝑅2
• The system output is a fraction of the input (vo= 𝑅 𝑣𝑖)
1 +𝑅2
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INTRODUCTION
• Examples of signals and systems (Electrical Systems)
– Multimeter
• Input: the voltage across the battery
• Output: the voltage reading on the LCD display
• The system measures the voltage across two points

– Radio or cell phone

• Input: electromagnetic signals
• Output: audio signals
• The system receives electromagnetic signals and convert them to
audio signal
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INTRODUCTION
• Examples of signals and systems (Biomedical Instrument)
– EEG (Electroencephalography) Sensors
• Input: brain signals
• Output: electrical signals
• Converts brain signal into electrical signals
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INTRODUCTION
• Examples of signals and systems (Biomedical Instrument)
– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Input: when apply an oscillating magnetic field at a certain frequency,
the hydrogen atoms in the body will emit radio frequency signal,
which will be captured by the MRI machine
• Output: images of a certain part of the body
• Use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to form images of the
body.
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INTRODUCTION
• Signals and Systems
– Even though the various signals and systems
could be quite different, they share some
common properties.
– In this course, we will study:
• How to represent signal and system?
• What are the properties of signals?
• What are the properties of systems?
• How to process signals with system?
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DEFINITIONS
• What is signal?
– Physical quantities that carry information and changes with respect to time.
– E.g. voice, television picture, telegraph.
• Electrical signal
– Carry information with electrical parameters (e.g. voltage, current)
– All signals can be converted to electrical signals
• Speech → Microphone → Electrical Signal → Speaker → Speech

– Signals changes with respect to time

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MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF SIGNAL:

– Signals can be represented as a function of time t

s (t ), t1  t  t2

– Support of signal: t1  t  t2
– E.g. s1 (t ) = sin( 2t ) −   t  +
– E.g.
s2 (t ) = sin( 2t ) 0 t 
• s1 (t ) and s2 (t ) are two different signals!

– The mathematical representation of signal contains two components:

• The expression: s (t )
• The support: t1  t  t2
– The support can be skipped if −  t  +
– E.g. s1 (t ) = sin( 2t )
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CLASSIFICATIONS (TYPES) OF THE SIGNAL

• Classification of signals: signals can be classified as

– Continuous-time signal vs. discrete-time signal

– Analog signal vs. digital signal
– Causal signal vs. Noncausal signal
– Even signal vs. Odd signal
– Periodic signal vs. Aperiodic signal
– Power signal vs. Energy signal
– Deterministic signal vs. Random signal
Signal Classifications :Continuous-time V.S. Discrete-time 13

• CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNAL
– If the signal is defined over continuous-time, then the signal is a
continuous-time signal
• E.g. sinusoidal signal s(t ) = sin( 4t )
• E.g. voice signal
• E.g. Rectangular pulse function

 A, 0  t  1
p( t ) = 
 0, otherwise

p( t )

0 1 t
Signal Classifications :Continuous-time V.S. Discrete-time 14

• DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL
– If the time t can only take discrete values, such as,
t = kTs k = 0,1,2,
then the signal s(t ) = s(kTs ) is a discrete-time signal
– E.g. the monthly average precipitation.

Ts = 1 month
k = 1, 2, , 12

– What is the value of s(t) at (k − 1)Ts  t  kTs ?

• Discrete-time signals are undefined at t  kTs !!!
• Usually represented as s(k)
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Signal Classifications : Continuous-time V.S. Discrete-time
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Signal Classifications : Continuous-time V.S. Discrete-time
Signal Classifications: Analog V.S. Digital 17
Signal Classifications: Causal Vs. Noncausal 18
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SIGNAL CLASSIFICATIONS: Even Symmetry Vs. Odd Symmetry

❑ Even Symmetry vs. Odd Symmetry

– x(t) is an Even Symmetry if:
• Example: 𝑥(𝑡) = cos( 2𝑡)
– x(t) is an Odd Symmetry if:
• Example 𝑥(𝑡) = sin( 2𝑡)
– Some signals are neither even, nor odd
• Example: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑥(𝑡) = cos( 2𝑡), 𝑡 > 0
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Signal Classifications: Even Symmetry VS. Odd Symmetry
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Signal Classifications: Even Symmetry VS. Odd Symmetry

❑ Even / Odd Synthesis

– Any signal can be decomposed as the sum of an even signal and odd signal.
– Any signal can be expressed as the sum of an even part and an odd part; that is

– Even and odd functions have the following properties:

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Signal Classifications: Even Symmetry VS. Odd Symmetry

❑ Even / Odd Synthesis

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Signal Classifications: Even Symmetry VS. Odd Symmetry

❑ Even / Odd Synthesis

Example:

Euler’s identity:
Signal Classifications: Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic) 24

• The fundamental period of a periodic signal is the smallest value of T0

such that Eq. (1.11) is satisfied for all integer values of n.

• The most important family of periodic signals are sinusoids. A sinusoidal

signal x(t) has the form:
Signal Classifications: Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic) 25

❑ Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic)

Signal Classifications: Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic) 26
Signal Classifications: Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic) 27

Example:
Signal Classifications: Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic) 28
Signal Classifications: Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic) 29
Signal Classifications: Periodic vs. Nonperiodic(aperiodic) 30

Example:
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal

• Energy of signal x(t) over t  [−,+]

– If 0  E  , then x(t) is called an energy signal.

• Average power of signal x(t)

– If 0  Pav  , then x(t) is called a power signal.

• A signal can be an energy signal, or a power signal, or neither, but not

both.
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal

• All periodic signals are power signal with average power:

• The concept of normalized average power is often used to describe the strength of
communication signals.
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal
• Example :

• Solution:
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal

Example :
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal
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Signal Classifications: Power Signal Vs. Energy Signal

Signal Classifications : Deterministic and Random Signals:

▪ Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely specified for any
given time. Thus, a deterministic signal can be modeled by a known function of time I .

▪ Random signals are also called non deterministic signals are those signals that take random
values at any given time and must be characterized statistically
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Signal Time Transformations

In this chapter, we consider functions of the independent variable time t, such as

x(t) the variable time can assume all values -<t< . We begin by considering three
transformations (operations) on a real function of the real variable, denoted as x(t) .
These transformations are especially useful in the applications of Fourier series and
in applications of the Fourier transforms, and the Laplace transform in later chapters.
These three operations (transformations) are:

❑ Time-Shifting

❑ Time-Reflection (Time-Reversal)

❑ Time-Scaling
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❑ Signal Time Transformations
❑ Time-Shifting Transformation
– Given a signal x(t), a time-shifted version of this signal is

Where t0 is a constant

t0  0
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❑ Signal Time Transformations
❑ Time-Shifting Transformation
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❑ Signal Time Transformations
❑ Time-Shifting Transformation
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❑ Signal Time Transformations
▪ Time-Reversal Transformation
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❑ Signal Time Transformations
• Example: Time-Reversal & Time Shifting
t + 1 − 1  t  0

x(t ) =  1 0  t  2
 0
 o.w.
– Find x(3-t)

• The operations are always performed with respect to the time variable t directly!
❑ Signal Time Transformations
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▪ Time-scaling Transformation
– x(at ) is obtained by scaling the signal x(t) in time.
• a  1 , signal shrinks in time domain
• a  1 , signal expands in time domain

• Example:

x(t ) a =3 a = 1/ 2
❑ Signal Time Transformations
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▪ Time-scaling Transformation

• Example:
❑ Signal Time Transformations
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▪ Time-scaling Transformation

• Example:
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❑ Signal Time Transformations: Combined Transformation
Combined Transformation 49
Combined Transformation 50
Combined Transformation 51
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT STEP FUNCTION

A. Unit step function

❑.

1, t  0
u (t ) = 
0, t  0
❑.

Example::
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT STEP FUNCTION
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT STEP FUNCTION

B. Pulse Waveform
• The rectangular function rect(t) is defined as:
ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT STEP FUNCTION 55
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: RAMP FUNCTION
C. The Ramp function r (t )

0 t

– The unit ramp function is related to the unit step function u(t) by:
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

D. Unit impulse function (Dirac delta function)

Impulse function is defined through the combination of two properties:

 (t ) = lim pΔ (t )
 →0

– Relationship between  (t ) and u(t)

du (t )
t
 (t ) =
−
 (t )dt = u(t ) dt
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

• sampling (or sifting) Property

▪ One of the most useful features of the impulse function is its sampling (or
sifting) property. For any function x(t) known to be continuous at t = T :

❑ Derivation of the sampling property

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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

• Time-scaling property
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

• Examples:
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL

E. Complex Exponitial Signal

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL 63
ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: REAL EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL 64
ELEMENTARY SIGNALS: REAL EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL 65
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS
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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS

E. Sinusoidal Signals:
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CHAPTER SUMMARY