UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ESPE

SEÑALES Y SISTEMAS
Fausto Granda G.
NCR: 3650, 3561

Sangolqui - Ecuador
Señales y sistemas
Objetivo
• Analizar y evaluar el procesamiento y modelamiento matemático de señales y
sistemas.
• Que el alumno aprenda las herramientas básicas de señales y sistemas para
aplicarlas posteriormente en el estudio y diseño de sistemas eléctricos y
electrónicos.
• Dominará las técnicas para aplicar las transformadas de Fourier y de Laplace
a señales, tanto periódicas como aperiódicas.

Fuentes de información
• Oppenheim, A. Willsky, and H. Nawab, Signals and Systems, 2ª edición, 1997, Prentice
Hall, ISBN # 0-13-814757-4.
• Hwei P. Hsu, SCHAUM'S OUTLINES OF Theory and Problems of Signals and Systems”,
1995, McGraw Hill
Signals and classification of signals

1. We can specify a rule for calculating the nth

value of the sequence.

2. Sum and product of two sequences:

Signals and classification of signals
• Exercise: Draw (Matlab) the representation of the sine wave of the electric
public network for continuos-time. Adapt it for discrete-time.

A= 120*sqrt(2); f=60; f_s=100*f; t=[0:1/f_s:(1/f)]; A= 120*sqrt(2); f=0.1; f_s=10*f; t=[0:1/f_s:(1/f)];

x=A*sin(2*pi*f*t+0); x=A*sin(2*pi*f*t+0);
plot(t,x,'r-’); stem(t,x,'r-’);
xlabel('t(s)'); ylabel('x(t)’); xlabel('[n]'); ylabel('x[n]'); legend('My home voltage');
legend('My home voltage'); grid on grid on
Signals and classification of signals
Signals and classification of signals
Real and Complex Signals: A general complex signal x( t ) is a function of:

Determinist and random signals: a deterministic signal can be modeled by

a known function of time t. Random signals can take random values at any
given time and must be characterized statistically.

Even and Odd Signals: a signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as:

Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals: A continuous-time signal x(t) or
discrete-time signal are said to be periodic if:

• Any continuous-time signal or sequence which are not periodic are called a
nonperiodic (or aperiodic ) signal or sequence.

• A sequence obtained by uniform sampling of a periodic continuous-time

signal may not be periodic.

• The sum of two continuous-time periodic signals may not be periodic but
that the sum of two periodic sequences is always periodic.
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
Signals and classification of signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

?
Signals and classification of signals
Even and Odd Signals:

• Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals: one of which is even
and one of which is odd.

• The product of: ( two even signals or of two odd signals) = is an even signal
( an even signal and an odd signal) = is an odd signal
Signals and classification of signals
Even and Odd Signals:
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals:
• The normalized energy content E and normalized average power P
are defined as:

Clases of signals
• Energy signal (or sequence): if and only if 0<E<ꝏ and so P=0.

• Power signal (or sequence): if and only if 0<P<ꝏ and so E= ꝏ.

• A periodic signal is a power signal if its energy content per period is finite,
and then P need only be calculated over a period
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals:
Signals and classification of signals
Energy and Power Signals:
Basic continuos-time signals
The unit step signal ( u(t) ): also known as the Heaviside unit function, is
defined as:

shifted
Basic continuos-time signals
The Unit Impulse Function (δ(t) ): also known as the Dirac delta function,
is defined as:
shifted

Propiedades
Basic continuos-time signals
Complex exponential signals.

General complex exponential signals.

Basic continuos-time signals
Sinusoidal Signals.

EULER
Basic continuos-time signals
The unit step sequence ( u[t] ): is defined as:

shifted
Basic discrete-time signals
The Unit Impulse sequence (δ[n] ): is defined as:

shifted
Basic discrete-time signals
Complex exponential sequence is defined as:

Using Euler’s formula

In order for ejΩon to be periodic with period (N>0), Ωo must satisfy the following
condition:
Basic discrete-time signals
General complex exponential sequence is often defined as:

Real Exponential Sequences: If C and α are both real, then x[n] is a real
exponential sequence. Four distinct cases can be identified:
Basic discrete-time signals
Sinusoidal sequences can be expressed as is often defined as:

No=12
Basic discrete-time signals
Sinusoidal sequences:

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SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
Bibliography
• Hwei P. Hsu, SCHAUM'S OUTLINES OF Theory and Problems of Signals
and Systems”, 1995, McGraw Hill.

• Hand notes from course of “Mathemathics in Engineering”, 2018