Signals and Systems

208503
Class: EE20-B
Instructor: Aima Zahid

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Know your instructor
• Bachelors: SEECS, NUST
• Masters: ITU, Lahore
• Currently pursuing PhD from MCS, NUST.
• Contact information: aima.zahid@ist.edu.pk

• Research areas include nanomaterials, RF and Microwave, biosensors,

optics.

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About the Course
• One of the fundamental courses which has applications in all domains
particularly signal processing and communication systems.
• Textbook: Signals and Systems (2nd ed) by Allan V. Oppenheim.
• Reference book: Linear Systems and Signals (2nd ed) by B.P. Lathi

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About the Course
• Marks Distribution:
Quizzes: 20%
Assignments: 10%
OHT: 30%
Final exam: 40%

You’ll have to put in a bit of extra effort to get an A or an F!

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Class Rules
• Attendance:
Will be taken during first 10 minutes of the class.
• Quizzes:
10-min quizzes. Announced and unannounced. No retakes. No best of.
No borrowing of stationery/ calculators.
• Assignments:
No late submissions. You will have up to a week for submission. No
copying.
• Office hours: Tuesday 9-11 am
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Signals
Definition:
A signal is a set of information or data. It is a measure of
some physical phenomena.
It can be a function of one or more variables.
Examples:
Telephone or TV signals
Daily closing price of stock market
Electric Current
Temperature at an airport
Monthly sales of a business
Heart rate
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Signals we encounter in Electrical
Engineering
• Most popular signals in the field of EE and CS are of a single
variable which is usually time.

• Thus a signal is a mathematical representation of the

phenomena under consideration.

• This physical phenomena is usually time-dependent (changes

with time) so we represent is as:

Etc.
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 Some examples of Signals
• Signals as functions of a single variable:
Voltage across a capacitor, resistor, inductor:

A signal representing the voltage decay across a

capacitance that is discharging its energy into a
resistor
starting at time zero: v(t ) = exp(-t ), "t ³ 0.

Copyright © 2005-2009 – Hayder Radha, 2016 – Muhammad Usman Ilyas 8

 Some examples of Signals
• Signals as a function of two
variables:
Pixels in an image signal- 2
variables represent 2-D spatial
variables.

Copyright © 2005-2009 – Hayder Radha, 2016 – Muhammad Usman Ilyas 9

Some examples of Signals
• Signals as a function of three
variables:
Pixels and time in a video signal-
2 variables represent 2-D spatial
variables and third variable is
time.

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Systems
A system can be thought of a box which performs mathematical
operations to convert the input signal to an output signal.

For example:
TV set
Telephones
Transmitter
Receiver

etc
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Signal Classification
1. Continuous time and Discrete time Signals

By considering a typical signal x(t ) that is a function of a

single (time) variable (t ), one can classify a signal
depending on the nature of this single variable
(horizontal axis or domain) under consideration.

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 Signal Classification
Continuous time

If the
signal is a function of
continuous time, then we have
a
continuous-time signal. In this
case, the signal is defined
over a continuum of time
values. An example of a
continuous-time signal is:

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 Signal Classification
Discrete time
If a signal is defined (only) over discrete values
of time,
then we have a discrete-time signal. In this case,
the
signal is not defined over (continuum) segments
of time.
An example of a discrete-time signal is:
x(t ) = exp(-t ) t = nT = 0,0.1,0.2,0.3,...
Note that the signal is not defined over other
times (i.e.,
other than the discrete times: t = nT =
0,0.1,0.2,0.3,...).

Copyright © 2005-2009 – Hayder Radha, 2016 – Muhammad Usman Ilyas 14

Signal Classification

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Signal Classification

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Signal Classification

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Questions?

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