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Abstract— Icing of power transmission lines during winter storms is The overall system is illustrated in Fig. 1 It could be de-
a persistent problem, causing outages and costing millions of dollars in ployed in two different ways. For lines with chronic icing
repair expenses. Excitation at approximately 33 kV 100 kHz can be used
melt ice off of power transmission lines through dielectric losses in the
problems, or where icing is likely and high reliability is de-
ice itself. Standing wave effects result in non-uniform heating if dielectric sired, the system could be permanently installed connected
losses are used alone, but the combined effect of dielectric loss and skin- to a section of line, with traps at either end of the section to
effect resistive loss can be tuned to provide uniform heating. A single
confine the excitation to a controlled region. Alternatively,
high-voltage source may be used to de-ice sections of line up to 100 km
long before attenuation impacts efficiency excessively. A prototype system it could be mounted in trucks that could be dispatched in an
capable of exciting a 1 m test line to 30 kV has been tested and show to be emergency to “rescue” a section of line from icing. A set of
capable of removing a 7 mm ice layer from the line. three trucks could carry a source and two traps.
I. I NTRODUCTION
II. P RINCIPLE OF I CE DIELECTRIC HEATING
Icing of power transmission lines during winter storms is
a persistent problem, causing outages and costing millions of With ice modeled as a lossy dielectric material, the equiva-
dollars in repair expenses. High-frequency excitation at ap- lent circuit for a short section of transmission line coated with
proximately 60 kHz to 100 kHz has been proposed as a method ice is as shown in Fig. 2. The component values for Rice and
to melt ice. The method works by a combination of two mech- Cice may be calculated from models of the electrical proper-
anisms: At these frequencies, ice is a lossy dielectric, causing ties of ice given in [1]. For frequencies as low as 8 kHz, the
heating directly in the ice. In addition, skin effect causes cur- dielectric properties become sufficiently lossy to generate sig-
rent to flow only in a thin layer on the surface of the line, nificant heating. As frequency increases, the voltage needed to
causing resistive losses and consequent heating. produce adequate loss drops. A preferred range of operation
We have developed a prototype system for applying 33 kV is around 100 kHz, as is detailed in the next section.
100 kHz power to a 1 m line (an aluminum bar). In this paper
we describe the design of this system, experimental tests of
de-icing using it, and also discuss higher-power systems that
would be deployed for deicing lines up to 100 km long. ice
Cable
750 m to 50 km 750 m to 50 km
trap
C-ice R-ice
trap
Fig. 1. Deicing of power lines by applying high-frequency high-voltage. Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit for ice-coated transmission line.
IAS 2001: MCCURDY, SULLIVAN AND PETRENKO: USING DIELECTRIC LOSSES TO DE-ICE POWER TRANSMISSION LINES . . . 2
Heating [W/m]
A possible solution to this problem is to terminate the line,
producing running waves rather than standing waves. How- 60
100
total heating
dielectric heating
90 skin-effect heating
80
70
Heating [W/m]
60
50
40
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of prototype inverter.
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Distance [m] 4
x 10
Fig. 8. One of five inductors used in series for the prototype system.
C. Corona
Adding high-frequency high-voltage to a line will increase
corona effects. To first order, this is not a problem, because
the corona would increase the heating effect and melt the ice
faster. However, the larger diameter where icing is most se-
vere would decrease the amount of corona. It is possible that
the corona in regions of little icing would attenuate the high-
frequency waves propagating on the transmission line and in-
hibit power from reaching and effectively deicing where there
is thicker ice.