SIGNALS AND

SYSTEM

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Topics
➢ Introduction

➢ Classification
of Signals
➢ Some Useful Signal Operations

➢ Some useful signal models

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 Introduction

● The concepts of signals and systems

arise in a wide variety of areas:
● communications,

● circuit design,

● biomedical engineering,

● power systems,

● speech processing,

● etc.
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 What is a Signal?

SIGNAL
● A set of information or data.
● Function of one or more
independent variables.
● Contains information about the
behavior or nature of some
phenomenon.
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Examples of Signals
● BRAIN WAVE

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 Examples of Signals
● Stock Market data as signal (time series)

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What is a System?
SYSTEM
● Signalsmay be processed further
by systems, which may modify
them or extract additional from
them.
●A system is an entity that
processes a set of signals (inputs)
to yield another set of signals
(outputs). 7
What is a System? (2)
●A system may be made up of
physical components, as in electrical
or mechanical systems (hardware
realization).
● A system may be an algorithm that

computes an outputs from

an inputs signal (software
realization). 8
Examples of signals and systems
● Voltage (x1) and current (x2) as functions of
time in an electrical circuit are examples of
signals.
● A circuit is itself an example of a system (T),
which responds to applied voltages and
currents.

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Some Useful Signal
Models

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Signal Models: Unit Step Function
● Continuous-Time unit step function, u(t):

● u(t) is used to start a f(t) at t=0

signal,
 f(t) has a value of ZERO for t <0
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 Signal Models: Unit Impulse Function
●A possible approximation
to a unit impulse: An
overall area that has been
maintained at unity.

Graphically, it is
● Multiplication of
represented by an arrow
"pointing to infinity" at
function
a by an Impulse?
t=0 with its length equal ● b(t) = 0; for all t0
to its area.
is an impulse function 12

which the area is b.

Signal Models: Unit Impulse Function
(3)
● May use functions other than a rectangular
pulse. Here are three example functions:
● Note that the area under the pulse function
must be unity.

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Signal Models: Unit Ramp Function
● Unit ramp function is defined by:
● r(t) = tu(t)
● Where can it be used?

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Signals Classification

● Signals may be classified into:

● 1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
● 2. Deterministic and Stochastic Signal
● 3. Periodic and Aperiodic signals
● 4. Even and Odd signals
● 5. Energy and Power signals

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Continuous v/S Discrete Signals

● Continuous-time
A signal that is
specified for every
value of time t.

● Discrete-time
A signal that is
specified only at
discrete
values of time 16

t.
Deterministic v/s Stochastic
Signal
● Signals that can be written in any
mathematical expression are called
deterministic signal.
● (sine,cosine..etc)

● Signals that cann’t be written in mathematical

expression are called stochastic signals.
● (impulse,noise..etc)

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Periodic v/s Aperiodic Signals
● Signals that repeat itself at a proper interval of
time are called periodic signals.
● Continuous-time signals are said to be
periodic.
● Signals that will never repeat themselves,and get
over in limited time are called aperiodic or non-
periodic signals.

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Even v/s Odd Signals

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Even v/s Odd Signals
●A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even
signal if
● CT:
● DT:

●A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd

signal if
● CT:
● DT:
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Even and Odd Functions: Properties
● Property:

● Area:
● Even signal:

● Odd signal:
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Energy v/s Power Signals
● Signal with finite energy (zero power)

● Signal with finite power (infinite energy)

● Signals that satisfy neither property are referred as

neither energy nor power signals
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