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中美钢结构规范对比研究
中美建筑钢结构设计方法比较———螺栓连接 ∗
石永久
( 清华大学土木工程系, 北京 100084)
摘 要:螺栓连接具有传力可靠、施工方便、可拆装 等 优 势,是 钢 结 构 连 接 的 主 要 形 式。 目 前 装 配 式 钢 结 构 和 装 配
式组合结构的现场施工安装主要采用螺栓连接。 美国钢结构协会颁布的 AISC 360- 16《 建筑钢结构设计规范》 和中
国标准 GB 50017—2017《 钢结构设计标准》 对钢结构螺栓连接形式、材料性能、承载力计算方法、构造要求都做出了
详 细规定。 分析和比较了 GB 50017—2017 和 AISC 360- 16 在螺栓连接设计规定方面的差异性和相近性,为钢结构
设 计人员准确理解及应用 GB 50017—2017 和 AISC 360- 16 提供了参考,同时对进一步改进和完善 GB 50017—2017
提出了建议。 主要内容包括:
1) AISC 360- 16 和 GB 50017—2017 根据螺栓材 料 不 同 分 成 普 通 螺 栓 和 高 强 度 螺 栓, 中 国 的 普 通 螺 栓 常 采 用
4. 6 级和 4. 8 级,也称为 C 级螺栓。 美国 ASTM A307 标准规定的螺栓相当于 4. 6 级 或 4. 8 级 普 通 螺 栓。 中 国 的 高
强度螺栓有 8. 8 级和 10. 9 级,分 为 大 六 角 头 螺 栓 和 扭 剪 型 螺 栓。 美 国 的 高 强 度 螺 栓 也 分 为 大 六 角 头 和 扭 剪 型,
ASTM A354 标准规定的 BC 级螺栓相当于 8. 8 级螺栓、BD 级螺 栓 相 当 于 10. 9 级 螺 栓。 ASTM F3125 / F3125M 标 准
规定的 A325 级和 A490 级螺栓也 相 当 于 8. 8 级 和 10. 9 级,ASTM F3111 和 ASTM F3043 标 准 还 规 定 了 抗 拉 强 度 等
级为 1 380 MPa 的高强度螺栓,其强度等级高于中国的 12. 9 级螺栓。
2) AISC 360- 16 和 GB 50017—2017 中 设 计 普 通 螺 栓 连 接 时 都 不 需 要 施 加 预 拉 力,安 装 时 手 动 拧 紧 即 可。 GB
50017—2017 规定采用高强度螺栓时必须施加设计规定的预拉力,AISC 360- 16 允许结构设计人员决定对高强度螺
栓是否施加预拉力。 AISC 360- 16 规定的螺栓预拉力值比 GB 50017—2017 的规定值约大 15% 。
3) AISC 360- 16 和 GB 50017—2017 中设计螺栓连接时分别考 虑 螺 栓 连 接 受 剪、螺 栓 连 接 受 拉、螺 栓 连 接 受 拉
剪联合作用的受力状况。 当螺栓连接受到剪力作用时,普 通 螺 栓 按 承 压 型 连 接 设 计,高 强 度 螺 栓 可 以 按 承 压 型 连
接设计或摩擦型连接设计,按照摩擦型 连 接 设 计 的 高 强 度 螺 栓 必 须 施 加 规 定 的 预 拉 力 值 并 确 定 接 触 面 抗 滑 移 系
数。 GB 50017—2017 规定的抗滑移系数与接触面表面处理方法和连接钢板的强度等级有关,而 AISC 360 - 16 规 定
抗滑移 系 数 只 与 接 触 面 表 面 处 理 方 法 有 关, AISC 360 - 16 和 GB 50017—2017 的 抗 滑 移 系 数 取 值 基 本 接 近, 都 在
0. 3 ~ 0. 5 范围内。
4) AISC 360- 16 和 GB 50017—2017 对螺栓连接的螺栓排布和构造要求都做出了明确规定,要求限制螺 栓 孔 的
最大和最小端距和边距,限制螺栓孔的最大和最小间距。 AISC 360- 16 和 GB 50017—2017 规定了 标 准 螺 栓 孔 径 比
螺栓直径大 2 ~ 3 mm 的匹配要求,并允许按摩擦型连接设计的高强度螺栓采用大圆孔或槽孔。
5) 在计算不同受力状况的螺栓连接承载力时,AISC 360- 16 和 GB 50017—2017 都要求分别计算螺栓的 承 载 力
和连接板的承载力。 对于承受剪力作用的长螺栓接头都要考虑螺栓内力分布不 均 匀 的 影 响,对 抗 剪 承 载 力 进 行 适
当折减。
关键词:普通螺栓; 高强度螺栓; 承压型连接; 摩擦型连接; 装配式结构
0 引 言
螺栓连接具有传力安全可靠、安装工艺简单、便 ∗国家重点研发计划资助项目( 2017YFC0703401) 。
于拆装、施工不受季节影响等优势,是工程结构连接 作 者:石永久,男,1962 年出生,教授, 博士生导师。
电子信箱: shiyj@ tsinghua. edu. cn
的主要形式,在装配 式 钢 结 构 和 组 合 结 构 现 场 安 装 收稿日期:2020- 05- 25
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石永久 / 钢结构( 中英文) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
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中美建筑钢结构设计方法比较———螺栓连接
分析计算单个螺栓受剪、受拉、拉剪联合作用时的力 用标准螺栓孔,螺栓孔 径 d o 要 比 螺 栓 的 公 称 直 径 d
学性能及其承载力。 高强度螺栓连接根据其承载能 大 1. 0 ~ 1. 5 mm;高 强 度 螺 栓 承 压 型 连 接 应 采 用 标
力极限状态受剪力作用时是否发生滑移分为承压型 准孔,孔径比螺栓直径大 1. 5 ~ 3. 0 mm;只 有 摩 擦 型
连接和摩擦型连接。 GB 50017—2017 采用 “ 极限状 连接可以采用大圆 孔 和 槽 孔,这 便 于 安 装 和 偏 差 调
态设计 法” 计 算 螺 栓,AISC 360 - 16 同 时 推 荐 了 “ 荷 整。 表 3 列出 了 GB 50017—2017 规 定 的 高 强 度 螺
载与 抗 力 系 数 法 ( LRFD ) ” 和 “ 容 许 强 度 设 计 法 栓摩擦型连接各类孔型的名义尺寸。
( ASD) ” 计算螺栓。
表 3 GB 50017—2017 高强度螺栓孔型尺寸 mm
2. 2 螺栓的安装工艺
直径 槽孔
根据 螺 栓 连 接 施 工 安 装 拧 紧 方 式 的 不 同,分 为 螺栓型号
标准孔 大圆孔 短向 长向
有预拉力螺栓连接和无预拉力螺栓连接。 采用普通 M12 13. 5 16 13. 5 22
M16 17. 5 20 17. 5 30
螺栓时一般不需 要 施 加 预 拉 力,手 工 拧 紧 即 可。 现
M20 22 24 22 37
行 国 家 标 准 GB 50017—2017 和 GB 50755—2012 M22 24 28 24 40
《 钢结构工程施工 规 范 》 [ 14] 要 求 采 用 高 强 度 螺 栓 连 M24 26 30 26 45
M27 30 35 30 50
接时都要施加预拉 力,规 定 的 螺 栓 预 拉 力 设 计 值 如 M30 33 38 33 55
表 1 所示。 AISC 360 - 16 允许结构 工 程 师 根 据 螺 栓
连接的受力状态决定是否需要施加预拉力:受动力、 AISC 360 - 16 也 允 许 采 用 标 准 孔、大 圆 孔 和 槽
据高强度螺栓材料强度等级的不同将高强度螺栓分 但螺栓的受剪力方向必须与槽孔的长度方向垂直,表
为 A 类 ( 830 MPa 级 ) 、 B 类 ( 1 040 MPa 级 ) 、 C 类 4 给出了 AISC 360 - 16 规定的各类孔型的名义尺寸。
( 1 380 MPa 级) ,A 类 螺 栓 相 当 于 中 国 的 8. 8 级,B
表 4 AISC 360-16 螺栓孔型尺寸 mm
类螺 栓 相 当 于 中 国 的 10. 9 级。 表 2 给 出 了 AISC
螺栓孔尺寸
360 - 16 规定的 高 强 度 螺 栓 最 小 预 拉 力 值。 比 较 表 螺栓型号
标准孔径 大圆孔径 短槽孔( 宽 ×长) 长槽孔( 宽 ×长)
1 和表 2 可以看出,AISC 360 - 16 规定的高强度螺栓 M16 18 20 18× 22 18× 40
M20 22 24 22× 26 22× 50
预拉力值比 GB 50017—2017 高 15% 左右。
M22 24 28 24× 30 24× 55
M24 27 30 27× 32 27× 60
表 1 GB 50017—2017 高强度螺栓预拉力设计值 kN
M27 30 35 30× 37 30× 67
螺栓等级
不同规格的螺栓预拉力设计值 M30 33 38 33× 40 33× 75
M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 ≥M36 d+ 3 d+ 8 ( d+ 3) ×( d+ 10) ( d+ 3) × 2. 5d
8. 8 80 125 150 175 230 280
10. 9 100 155 190 225 290 355 2. 3. 2 螺栓的排布
螺栓 的 间 距、边 距 和 端 距 是 影 响 螺 栓 连 接 承 载
表 2 AISC 360-16 高强度螺栓最小预拉力值 kN
A 类螺栓 B 类螺栓 C 类螺栓
性能和安 装 质 量 的 重 要 参 数。 GB 50017—2017 规
螺栓型号
( 830 MPa 级) ( 1 040 MPa 级) ( 1 380 MPa 级) 定了不同受力状态、加工条件的螺栓排布间距、边距
M16 91 114 —
和端距的最大限值和最小限值要求。 这些限值与螺
M20 142 179 —
M22 176 221 —
栓孔直径 d o 和连接板厚度 t 有关,如表 5 所示。 GB
M24 205 257 361 50017—2017 要 求 螺 栓 连 接 或 拼 接 节 点 中, 每 根 杆
M27 267 334 469
件一端永久性螺栓 数 不 宜 少 于 2 个,对 组 合 构 件 的
M30 326 408 574
M36 475 595 —
缀条,其端部连接可采用 1 个螺栓。
注:AISC 360- 16 未 直 接 按 SI 单 位 制 给 出 C 类 高 强 度 螺 栓 的 最 小 AISC 360 - 16 也 对 螺 栓 排 布 做 出 了 明 确 要 求,
预拉力值,表中的数值是按 AISC 360- 16 规定的最小预拉力取 但螺栓最小 间 距 和 边 距 限 值 主 要 与 螺 栓 直 径 d 相
70% 螺栓抗拉强度近似计算得到的。
2
关,要求螺栓孔的中心 距 不 小 于 2 d,螺 栓 孔 的 净
2. 3 螺栓连接的布置要求 3
2. 3. 1 螺栓孔径和孔型 距不小于 d,螺 栓 孔 的 最 大 边 距 和 中 心 距 限 值 与 较
GB 50017—2017 规定:C 级 普 通 螺 栓 连 接 要 采 薄连 接 板 厚 度 t 有 关, 最 大 边 距 不 超 过 12t 和
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中美建筑钢结构设计方法比较———螺栓连接
8 取。 义抗剪强度,MPa; f rv 为 按 荷 载 组 合 计 算 的 螺 栓 剪
分析式( 3) 和表 8 可以发现,AISC 360 - 16 计算 应力,MPa,要求 f rv ≤ϕF nv 或 F nv / Ω。
承载力时分别考虑 了 螺 栓 受 剪 截 面 在 有、无 螺 纹 处 3. 2 高强度螺栓计算
的两种情况( A307 螺 栓 除 外 ) ,螺 栓 面 积 A b 均 按 无 GB 50017—2017 按式( 7) 计算高强度螺栓摩擦
螺纹处截面计算,但 是 通 过 对 有 螺 纹 处 名 义 抗 剪 强 型连接( 图 4) 的抗剪承载力设计值。
度折减考虑螺纹处抗剪承载力削弱的影响。 进一步 N bv = 0. 9kn f μP ( 7)
比较式 ( 2) 与 式 ( 3 ) 可 以 发 现, GB 50017—2017 采 式中:k 为孔型系数,标准孔取 1. 0,大圆 孔 取 0. 85,
用有螺纹处的有效 截 面 计 算 螺 栓 抗 拉 承 载 力,AISC 内力与槽孔 长 向 垂 直 时 取 0. 7, 内 力 与 槽 孔 长 向 平
360 - 16 则采用 无 螺 纹 处 的 截 面 计 算 螺 栓 抗 拉 承 载 行时取 0. 6;n f 为传力摩擦面数目;μ 为摩擦面抗 滑
力,但通过折减后 的 名 义 抗 拉 强 度 F nt ( 约 为 螺 栓 材 移系数,按表 9 取值;P 为单个高强度螺栓的预拉力
料强度的 75% ) 考虑有螺纹截面的影响 [ 5]
。 设计值,按表 1 取值。
对同 时 承 受 剪 力 和 拉 力 作 用 的 普 通 螺 栓, GB 表 9 GB 50017—2017 钢材摩擦面的抗滑移系数 μ
( ) ( )
N b
t
+
N bv
≤ 1. 0 ( 4a) 抛丸( 喷砂)
钢丝刷清除浮锈或未经
0. 4
0. 3
0. 4
0. 35
0. 4
—
Nv ≤ N b
c ( 4b) 处理的干净轧制面
式中:N v ,N t 分 别 为 普 通 螺 栓 所 承 受 的 设 计 剪 力 和
在螺栓杆轴方 向 受 拉 的 连 接 中,高 强 度 螺 栓 摩
拉力,N;N bv ,N bt ,N bc 分 别 为 单 个 螺 栓 的 抗 剪、抗 拉 和
擦型连接的抗拉承载力按式( 8) 计算。
承压承载力设计值,N,按式( 1) 和式( 2) 计算。
N bt = 0. 8P ( 8)
AISC 360 - 16 按 承 压 型 连 接 计 算 同 时 受 拉、 受
对同时承受剪力和杆轴方向拉力的高强度摩擦
剪的螺栓承载力时,通过考虑螺栓剪应力影响后,按
型螺栓( 图 3) ,GB 50017—2017 计算的承载力应符
式( 5) 计算螺栓名义抗拉承载力。 合式( 9) 的要求。
R n = F′nt A b ( 5) Nt Nv
式中:F′nt 为 考 虑 剪 应 力 效 应 后 螺 栓 的 名 义 抗 拉 强 b
+ ≤ 1. 0 ( 9)
N t N bv
度,MPa,按 式 ( 6) 计 算, 承 载 力 系 数 取 ϕ = 0. 75 或
式中:N v ,N t 分 别 为 高 强 度 螺 栓 所 承 受 的 设 计 剪 力
Ω = 2. 0。
和拉力,N;N bv ,N bt 分别 为 单 个 高 强 度 螺 栓 的 抗 剪 和
F nt
F′nt = 1. 3F nt - f rv ≤ F nt 抗拉承载力设计值,N,按式( 7) 和式( 8) 计算。
ϕF nv
按照 GB 50017—2017 计 算 高 强 度 螺 栓 承 压 型
( 按 LRFD 方法计算) ( 6a)
连接的承载力时,也要求施加预拉力,但按普通螺栓
ΩF nt
F′nt = 1. 3F nt - f rv ≤ F nt 计算承载力,即 式 ( 1) 和 式 ( 2) 计 算 螺 栓 的 抗 剪、抗
F nv
拉和承压强度,式中的 f bv ,f bt ,f bc 应取高强度螺栓材料
( 按 ASD 方法计算) ( 6b)
的对应值。 抗剪截 面 在 有 螺 纹 处 时,应 按 有 螺 纹 处
式中:F nt 为螺 栓 名 义 抗 拉 强 度, MPa; F nv 为 螺 栓 名
有效截面计 算。 按 照 GB 50017—2017 计 算 受 拉 剪
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中美建筑钢结构设计方法比较———螺栓连接
处连接板的抗拉 承 载 力 ( 图 5) ,设 计 值 ϕR n 或 容 许
值 R n / Ω 中的 R n 取式( 20a) 和( 20b) 计算的较小值。
计算连接板的毛截面受拉屈服:
Rn = Fy Ag ( 20a)
计算连接板的净截面受拉断裂:
Rn = Fu Ae ( 20b)
式中:A g 为连接板受拉毛截面积,mm ;A e 为连接板 2
受拉净截面积,mm 2 。
图 6 连接板受剪计算
式( 20a) 中 承 载 力 系 数 取 ϕ = 0. 90 ( LRFD ) 或
Ω = 1. 67( ASD) ;式 ( 20b) 中 承 载 力 系 数 取 ϕ = 0. 75
AISC 360 - 16 要求计算受剪螺 栓 连 接 在 螺 栓 孔 ( LRFD) 或 Ω = 2. 00( ASD) 。
处连接板的承压 和 撕 裂 承 载 力 ( 图 7) ,并 考 虑 螺 栓 按照 GB 50017—2017 计 算 螺 栓 孔 沿 线 拉 剪 撕
孔型的影响,承载力系 数 取 ϕ = 0. 75 ( LRFD) 或 Ω = 裂强度时( 图 8) ,其承载力应符合式( 21) 的要求。
2. 00( ASD) 。 当 采 用 标 准 孔、 大 圆 孔、 短 槽 孔 和 平 N
≤f ( 21)
∑η A
行于受力方向的长 槽 孔 时,螺 栓 孔 承 压 名 义 承 载 力
i i
按式( 16a) 和( 16b) 计算,连接板孔间撕裂名义承载
1
力按式( 17a) 和( 17b) 计算。 其中 ηi =
1 + 2cos 2 α i
A i = tl i
式中:A i 为第 i 段破坏面的 净 截 面 积,mm 2 ;t 为 板 件
厚度,mm;l i 为 第 i 破 坏 段 的 长 度;η i 为 第 i 段 的 拉
剪折 算 系 数; α i 为 第 i 段 破 坏 线 与 拉 力 轴 线 的
夹角。
图 7 孔壁承压和撕裂计算
螺栓孔变形影响正常使用时:
R n = 2. 4dtF u ( 16a)
螺栓孔变形不影响正常使用时:
R n = 3. 0dtF u ( 16b)
式中:F u 为连接 板 的 抗 拉 强 度,MPa;d 为 连 接 螺 栓
图 8 连接板拉剪计算
直径,mm;t 为连接板厚度,mm。
螺栓孔变形影响正常使用时: 按照 AISC 360 - 16 计算连接板螺栓孔沿线拉剪
R n = 1. 2l c tF u ( 17a) 撕裂承载力 时 ( 图 8) , 名 义 承 载 力 R n 按 式 ( 22) 计
螺栓孔变形不影响正常使用时: 算, 承 载 力 系 数 取 ϕ = 0. 75 ( LRFD ) 或 Ω = 2. 00
R n = 1. 5l c tF u ( 17b) ( ASD) 。
式中:l c 为沿螺 栓 受 剪 方 向 螺 栓 孔 间 净 距 或 螺 栓 孔 R n = 0. 6F u A nv + U bs F u A nt ≤0. 6F y A gv + U bs F u A nt
到板端的净距,mm。 ( 22)
采用垂直于受力方向的长槽孔时,AISC 360 - 16 式中:U bs 为连接板拉 应 力 分 布 系 数,均 匀 分 布 时 取
要求按 式 ( 18 ) 计 算 螺 栓 孔 承 压 名 义 承 载 力, 按 式 U bs = 1. 0,不均匀分布时取 U bs = 0. 5;A nv 为连接板受
( 19) 计算连接板孔间撕裂名义承载力。 剪 净 截 面 积, mm 2 ; A gv 为 连 接 板 受 剪 毛 截 面 积,
R n = 2. 0dtF u ( 18) mm 2 ;A nt 为连接板受拉净截面积,mm 2 。
R n = 1. 0l c tF u ( 19) 通过对 比 GB 50017—2017 和 AISC 360 - 16 计
AISC 360 - 16 要求计算受剪螺栓连 接 在 螺 栓 孔 算连接板 的 内 容 可 以 发 现,AISC 360 - 16 对 受 剪 螺
39
石永久 / 钢结构( 中英文) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
40
中美建筑钢结构设计方法比较———螺栓连接
41
Yongjiu Shi ∗
Abstract:
Bolt connections with the advantages of high reliability, fast fabrication and easy disassembly, have become the
primary connection method in steel and composite construction. AISC 360 - 16 Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings published by American Institute of Steel Construction, GB 50017—2017 Standard for Design of Steel
Structures released by Chinese government have specified the bolt types, material property, bolt resistance and
structural requirements of bolted connections. This paper analyzes and compares the differences and similarities
between GB 50017—2017 and AISC 360 - 16, and provides a reference for structural engineers to understand and
apply GB 50017—2017 and AISC 360 - 16 efficiently. Further improvements and revisions on GB 50017—2017
are also recommended. The main contents of this paper include:
1) There are two types of bolts recommended in AISC 360 - 16 and GB 50017—2017, ordinary bolts and high-
strength bolts. The ordinary bolts used in China are Grade 4. 6 and 4. 8, also known as Grade C bolts. The bolts
specified in ASTM A307 are equivalent to Grade 4. 6 or 4. 8 ordinary bolts. The high-strength bolts in China are
Grade 8. 8 and 10. 9, which could be heavy hex bolts or twist-off bolts. AISC 360 - 16 also recommended high-
strength bolts of heavy hex or twist-off type. Grade BC bolt specified in ASTM A354 is equivalent to Grade 8. 8
bolt and Grade BD bolt is equivalent to Grade 10. 9 bolt. ASTM F3125 / F3125M also specified high-strength
bolts of Grade A325 and Grade A490, which are equivalent to Grade 8. 8 and 10. 9. ASTM F3111 and ASTM
F3043 specified high-strength bolt with the tensile strength of 1 380 MPa, which is higher than that of Grade
12. 9 bolt in China.
2) When applying ordinary bolts, the pretension is not required and bolts can be snug-tightened during
installation. Whenever high-strength bolts are applied, the pretension should be specified as required by GB
500017—2017. AISC 360 - 16 allows structural designers to decide whether or not the pretension applied to the
high-strength bolts. The pretension of high strength bolts specified in AISC 360 - 16 is about 15% higher than that
specified in GB 50017—2017.
3) The bolted connections can be designed to resist shear force, tensile force, combined shear and tensile force.
When the bolted connection is subject to shear force, the connections can be designed as bearing type or slip-
∗
Corresponding author
Email: shiyj@ tsinghua. edu. cn
Received May 25, 2020
Accepted June 20, 2020
42
Comparisons between Chinese and American standards on bolted connection design
critical type. The pretension should be applied when high-strength bolt is designed as slip-critical type, and the
slip factor of faying surface should be designated. The slip factors recommended in GB 50017—2017 is relevant
to the surface treatment and steel grade of connected steel plate, while the slip factors specified in AISC 360 - 16
is only relevant to the surface treatment. The values of slip factors given in AISC 360 - 16 and GB 50017—2017
are more or less similar, and in the range of 0. 3 ~ 0. 5.
4) AISC 360 - 16 and GB 50017—2017 have specified the bolt spacing limits and bolt hole sizes. The
maximum and minimum end distance and edge distance of bolt holes, and the maximum and minimum spacing of
bolt holes should be limited. AISC 360 - 16 and GB 50017—2017 require that the standard bolt hole size should
be larger than the bolt diameter about 2 ~ 3 mm, and oversize hole or slot hole is permitted for the high-strength
bolt in slip-critical connections.
5) AISC 360 - 16 and GB 50017—2017 require that the resistance of bolts and connecting plates should be
determined respectively when designing the bolted connections under different loading conditions. For the long
joints subject to shear force, the reduction factor is introduced to consider the uneven distributions of bolt shear
forces.
Key words: ordinary bolt; high-strength bolt; bearing type connection; slip-critical connection; prefabricated
structure
0 Introduction
Bolted connection is the fundamental form of steel structural connection with the advantages of safe and reliable
force transmission, simple installation process, easy disassembly and assembly. Furthermore, the fabrication and
erection is interrupted less by the weather conditions. Therefore, bolted connection is widely used in the installa-
tion of fabricated steel structures and composite structures. The form of bolted connection, material performance,
design resistance, and structural requirements are specified in details in the AISC 360 - 16 Specification for Struc-
tural Steel Buildings [ 1] issued by the American Institute of Steel Construction and GB 50017—2017 Chinese
Standard for Design of Steel Structures [ 2] . For the application of high-strength bolted connection, China has spe-
cially published the JGJ 82—2011 Technical Specification for High-Strength Bolt Connection of Steel Struc-
tures [ 3] , the Research Council on Structural Connections in the US has also separately released the Specification
for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts [ 4] , and the American Institute of Steel Construction has also pub-
lished guidelines on the application of high-strength bolts [ 5] . These technical standards and documents have pro-
vided important basis for structural engineers to accurately understand the mechanics of bolted connections and
their design and construction methods. Based on the experience of learning and applying GB 50017—2017 and
AISC 360 - 36 as well as other technical standards of bolted connection in China and USA, this paper analyzes
and compares the contents of bolted connection in the technical standards of the two countries, and will help the
structural engineers to understand the technical contents of the standards of the two countries accurately and to ef-
ficiently apply the standard provisions to guide the application of bolted connections.
Bolts used in building structures are classified as ordinary bolts and high-strength bolts by the technical stand-
ards of China and the US according to the mechanical properties of bolt materials. The nominal diameter of the
bolts is denoted by M. In China, there are Grade 4. 6 and Grade 4. 8 ordinary bolts ( called Grade C bolts) and
43
Yongjiu Shi / Steel Construction( Chinese & English) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
Grade 5. 6 and Grade 8. 8 ordinary bolts ( called Grade A or Grade B bolts) for building structures. Ordinary
bolts used in steel structures are mainly Grade C bolts. The current national standard GB / T 3098. 1—2010 [ 6] has
provided detailed provisions on the mechanical properties and quality requirements for ordinary bolts.
The ASTM A307 - 14 [ 7] standard of American Society for Testing and Materials stipulates the material proper-
ties of ordinary bolts, in which the tensile strength of Grade A bolt is 60 ksi ( 415 MPa) , which is equivalent to
the Grade 4. 6 or Grade 4. 8 in China. The high-strength bolts recommended in China are Grade 8. 8 and Grade
10. 9 according to the material strength, can be heavy hexagonal bolts or twist - off type bolts according to the
form of bolt assemblies. The current national standards GB / T 1231—2006 [ 8] and GB / T 3632—2008 [ 9] have
specified detailed provisions on the mechanical properties of high-strength bolts and their assemblies. There are
also two types of high-strength bolts in USA, heavy hexagonal bolts and twist-off type bolts, but the material
strength of high-strength bolts for steel structure is different from that of China. The tensile strength of Grade BC
bolt specified in ASTM A354 - 17 [ 10] is 125 ksi ( 860 MPa) or 115 ksi ( 790 MPa) , which is equivalent to Grade
8. 8 bolts in China, and the tensile strength of Grade BD bolt specified in ASTM A354 - 17 is 150 ksi
(1 040 MPa) , which is equivalent to Grade 10. 9 bolts in China. ASTM F3125 / F3125M - 19 standard [ 11] addi-
tionally specifies the technical requirements for heavy hexagonal high-strength bolts and twist off high-strength
bolt with tensile strength of 120 ksi ( 830 MPa) and 150 ksi ( 1 040 MPa) . ASTM F3111 - 16 standard [ 12] speci-
fies the technical requirements for heavy hexagonal high-strength bolt with tensile strength of 200 ksi
( 1 380 MPa) , and ASTM F3043 - 15 standard [ 13] specifies the technical requirements for twist - off high-strength
bolt with tensile strength of 200 ksi ( 1 380 MPa) , where the high-strength bolts of 120 ksi ( 830 MPa ) and
150 ksi ( 1 040 MPa) are equivalent to Grade 8. 8 and Grade 10. 9 bolts in China, while the tensile strength of
high-strength bolts of 200 ksi ( 1 380 MPa ) is higher than that of Grade 12. 9 in Chinese standard GB / T
3098. 1—2010.
2. 2 Bolt installation
According to tightening methods used in installing bolted connections, the bolts can be installed with or without
pretension. It is not necessary to apply pretension when using ordinary bolts, and snug-tightened would be ade-
44
Comparisons between Chinese and American standards on bolted connection design
quate. Current national standards GB 50017—2017 and GB 50755—2012 [ 14] require that pretension should be ap-
plied for high - strength bolts and the specified design values of pretension of bolts are shown in Table 1. AISC
360 - 16 allows the structural engineers to determine whether pretension is required according to the loading condi-
tions of the bolted connection. Normally pretension is required for bolted connection under dynamic and fatigue
loads, as well as for high-strength bolts subjected to combined tension and shear [ 4] . High-strength bolts are clas-
sified into three groups ( Grade A ( 830 MPa) , Grade B ( 1 040 MPa) and Grade C ( 1 380 MPa) ) in AISC
360 - 16 according to the material strength. Group A bolts are equivalent to Grade 8. 8 in China, while Group B
bolts are equivalent to Grade 10. 9. Table 2 shows the minimum high-strength bolt pretension specified in AISC
360 - 16. The comparison between Table 1 and Table 2 shows that the pretension of high-strength bolts specified
in AISC 360 - 16 is about 15% higher than that of GB 50017—2017.
Bolt specifications
Bolt grades
M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30
Bolt type Group A bolt( 830 MPa) Group B bolt ( 1 040 MPa) Group C bolt( 1 380 MPa)
M16 91 114 —
M20 142 179 —
M22 176 221 —
M24 205 257 361
M27 267 334 469
M30 326 408 574
M36 475 595 —
Note: AISC 360- 16 did not directly provide the minimum pretension values for Group C high-strength bolts with the SI system of units. The values
in the table were approximately calculated by taking 0. 7 times the tensile strength of bolts according to the minimum pretension specified in
AISC 360- 16.
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Yongjiu Shi / Steel Construction( Chinese & English) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
AISC 360 - 16 allows to use the standard holes, oversize holes, and slot holes with short or long slots. Oversize
holes and slot holes can only be used for slip-critical connections, and short slot holes can be used for bearing
type connections, but the shear force direction should be perpendicular to the length of slot hole. Table 4 shows
the nominal dimensions of bole holes specified by AISC 360 - 16.
Hole dimensions
Bolt type
Standard hole Oversize hole Short slot hole ( width × length) Long slot hole ( width × length)
M16 18 20 18× 22 18× 40
M20 22 24 22× 26 22× 50
M22 24 28 24× 30 24× 55
M24 27 30 27× 32 27× 60
M27 30 35 30× 37 30× 67
M30 33 38 33× 40 33× 75
≥ M36 d+ 3 d+ 8 ( d+ 3) ×( d+ 10) ( d+ 3) × 2. 5d
2. 3. 2 Bolt arrangement
Bolt spacing, edge distance and end spacing are important parameters that affect the strength and installation
quality of bolted connection. GB 50017—2017 specifies requirements for maximum and minimum spacing and
end ( edge) distance for bolts under different loading and processing conditions. These limits are related to bolt
hole diameter d o and connecting plate thickness t of connected part as shown in Table 5. GB 50017—2017 re-
quires that at least 2 permanent bolts should be used at one end of each connected part of a splicing joint, and 1
bolt may be used at the end connection of the joint in latticed truss.
AISC 360 - 16 also makes clear requirements for bolt arrangement, but the minimum spacing and edge distance
limits are mainly related to bolt diameter d, requiring that the central spacing of bolt holes should not be less than
2
2 d, and the clear distance of bolt holes should not be less than d. The maximum edge distance and central
3
spacing limits of bolt holes are related to the thickness of the thinner connected part and the maximum edge dis-
tance shall not exceed 12t and 150 mm. The maximum central spacing between steel plate and shape is mainly re-
lated to corrosion conditions. For bolted connections not subject to corrosion, the central spacing of bolt hole
shall not exceed 24t and 300 mm, if unpainted weathering steel is subjected to atmospheric corrosion, the central
46
Comparisons between Chinese and American standards on bolted connection design
spacing of bolt hole shall not exceed 14t and 180 mm. In AISC 360 - 16, the minimum end ( edge) distance is
also specified when the standard holes are used, as shown in Table 6. When oversize hole or long slot hole is a-
dopted, the minimum end ( edge) distance should be appropriately increased based on the minimum value in Ta-
ble 6, and the edge distance increment is shown in Table 7.
Table 5 GB 50017—2017 maximum and minimum spacing and end ( edge) distance
Maximum allowable spacing Minimum allowable
Name Position and direction
( the lower value) spacing
Outer bolt rows Perpendicular to or along the internal force direction 8d o or 12t
Perpendicular to internal force direction 16d o or 24t
Center spacing Middle side Along the internal force Component under strength 12d o or 18t 3d o
direction Component in tension 16d o or 24t
Diagonally —
Along the internal force direction 2d o
Distance from Perpendicular to Shear or hand-cutting edges
4d o or 8t 1. 5d o
center to edge internal force di- Rolling edge, automatic gas High-strength bolt
rection cutting or saw cutting edge Other bolts 1. 2d o
Bolt diameter d Minimum end ( edge) Distance Bolt diameter d Minimum end ( edge) Distance
16 22 27 34
20 26 30 38
22 28 36 46
24 30 > 36 1. 25d
Slot hole
Bolt diameter d Oversize hole Slot length perpendicular to the edge of the plate Slot length parallel to the
Short slot hole Long slot hole edge of the plate
≤ 22 2 3
24 3 3 0. 75d 0
≥27 3 5
By comparing the bolted connection arrangement requirements between GB 50017—2017 and AISC 360 - 16, it
can be found that the minimum bolt spacing specified in AISC 360 - 16 is less and leading to more compact joints
and smaller connection size. In addition, it can also be found that GB 50017—2017 is lack of more detailed pro-
visions for oversize holes and slot holes, and needing to be further improved after examining Table 5 and
Table 7.
According to the loading conditions of the bolt, the strength of the bolt and the connected parts in shear, ten-
sion, and combined action of both shall be determined respectively. GB 50017—2017 uses different methods to
calculate the strength for ordinary bolted connections and high - strength bolted connections, while AISC 360 - 16
provides different methods to determining the strength according to whether the bolt is bearing type connection or
slip-critical connection. The snug-tightened bolts should be calculated as the bearing type connection, and the
bolts subjected to fatigue load should be designed as the slip-critical connection.
47
Yongjiu Shi / Steel Construction( Chinese & English) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
πd 2 b
N bv = n v fv ( 1a)
4
N bc = dΣtf bc ( 1b)
where n v is the number of shear planes; d is the bolt diameter,mm; Σt is the lower value of the total thickness of
connected parts in loading directions,mm; f bv and f bc are the design values of shear and bearing strength of bolts,
MPa.
When GB 50017—2017 calculates ordinary bolt in tension ( Fig. 2) , the bolt tensile capacity N bt is calculated
according to Eq. ( 2) .
πd 2e
N bt = f bt ( 2)
4
where d e is the effective diameter of bolt at thread, mm; f bt is the design value of bolt tensile strength,MPa.
When AISC 360 - 16 determines the bolt tensile or shear strength in bearing type connection, Eq. ( 3) is used to
determine the nominal strength R n of bolts without distinguishing ordinary bolts or high-strength bolts. According
to LRFD method, the bolt design strength is ϕR n while the allowable strength is R n / Ω as defined by the ASD
method, where the resistance factor ϕ = 0. 75 and safety factor Ω = 2. 0. In determining the tensile strength of
bolts, the influence of prying force caused by the deformation of the connected parts should also be considered.
AISC 360 - 16 separately determines the bearing and tearing strength of bolt holes, as shown in Eq. ( 16) and Eq.
( 20) .
Rn = Fn Ab ( 3)
where A b is the nominal area of bolt without thread,mm ; F n is the nominal tensile strength F nt or shear strength
2
Bolt type Nominal tensile F nt Nominal shear strength of bearing type connection F nv
ASTM A307 bolt 310 186
Group A bolt ( threads not excluded from shear planes) 620 372
Group A bolt ( threads excluded from shear planes) 620 469
Group B bolt ( threads not excluded from shear planes) 780 469
Group B bolt ( threads excluded from shear planes) 780 579
Group C bolt ( threads not excluded from shear planes) 1 040 620
Group C bolt ( threads not excluded from shear planes) 1 040 779
It can be found from examining Eq. ( 3) and Table 8 that AISC 360 - 16 takes into account whether the shear
plane is excluded or not excluded thread ( except for A307 bolts ) respectively in determine bearing strength.
However, the bolt area A b is obtained according to the non-threaded plane, and the effect of weak shear strength
at the plane with thread is considered by taking a reduced nominal shear strength at the place with thread.
Through further comparison between Eq.( 2) and Eq.( 3) , it can be found that GB 50017—2017 uses the effec-
tive area at the threaded section to calculate the tensile bearing capacity of bolts, while AISC 360 - 16 uses the
non-threaded section to determine the tensile strength of bolts, while the effect of the threaded section is consid-
ered by using the reduced nominal tensile strength F nt ( about 75% of the strength of the bolt material) [ 5] .
When GB 50017—2017 is used to calculate the loading capacity of ordinary bolts in combined shear and ten-
sion combined, the loading capacity shall satisfy the requirements of Eq. ( 4a) and Eq. ( 4b) respectively.
2 2
Nt Nv
( ) ( )
N bt
+
N bv
≤ 1. 0 ( 4a)
N v ≤ N bc ( 4b)
where N v and N t are the designed shear force resisted by ordinary bolts respectively,N; N ,N ,and N are the b
v
b
t
b
c
48
Comparisons between Chinese and American standards on bolted connection design
designed values of shear, tensile, and bearing capacity of a single bolt respectively,N, which are obtained from
Eq. ( 1) and Eq. ( 2) .
The nominal tensile strength of bearing type bolted connection subject to combined tension and shear combined
from Eq. ( 5) in AISC 360 after considering the influence of shear stress is considered:
R n = F′nt A b ( 5)
where F′nt is the nominal tensile strength ( MPa) after considering shear stress effects, MPa, which can be giv-
en by Eq. ( 6) with the resistance factor ϕ = 0. 75 or safety factor Ω = 2. 0.
F nt
F′nt = 1. 3F nt - f rv ≤ F nt ( calculated according to LRFD method) ( 6a)
ϕF nv
ΩF nt
F′nt = 1. 3F nt - f rv ≤ F nt ( calculated according to ASD method) ( 6b)
F nv
where F′nt is the nominal tensile strength of bolts,MPa; F nv is the nominal shear strength of bolts,MPa; f rv is the
required shear stress using the LRFD or ASD load combination,MPa, and requiring f rv ≤ ϕF nv or F nv / Ω .
3. 2 High-strength bolts
GB 50017—2017 calculates the design shear capacity of slip-critical connection of high-strength bolt ( Fig. 4)
according to Eq. ( 7) .
N bv = 0. 9kn f μP ( 7)
where k is the bolt hole coefficient, and taking 1. 0 is chosen for standard hole, 0. 85 for oversize hole, 0. 7 for
loading perpendicular to slot hole, and 0. 6 for loading parallel to slot hole; n f is the number of slip planes; μ is
the anti-slip coefficient of the faying surface ( Table 9 ) ; P is the pretension designed value of a single high-
strength bolt,kN, as listed in Table 1.
Table 9 The slip coefficients μ of friction surface for steel material in GB 50017—2017
The tensile capacity of high-strength bolt for slip-critical connection subjected to the axial tension is given by
Eq. ( 8) in GB 50017—2017.
N bt = 0. 8P ( 8)
For the slip-critical connection of high-strength bolts subjected to combined shear and tension ( Fig. 3) , the
loading capacity of slip-critical connection shall satisfy the requirements of Eq. ( 9 ) as specified by GB
50017—2017.
49
Yongjiu Shi / Steel Construction( Chinese & English) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
Nt Nv
+ ≤ 1. 0 ( 9)
N bt N bv
where N v and N t are the designed shear force and tensile force resisted by the high-strength bolt respectively,N;
N bv and N bt are the designed values of shear and tensile capacity of a single high-strength bolt, respectively, N,
which are obtained from Eq. ( 7) and Eq. ( 8) .
It is also required to apply pretension when the bearing type connection of high-strength bolts are used in the
bearing type connection according to GB 50017—2017, but the loading capacity of the connection is calculated
as ordinary bolts. In other words, the shear, tensile, and bearing capacity of the bolts are calculated according to
Eq. ( 1) and Eq. ( 2 ) where the corresponding values of high-strength bolt material of f bv , f bt , and f bc for high-
strength bolt material should be taken. The effective area should be used when the shear plane is at the threaded
section. For the bearing type connection subjected to the combined tension and shear in accordance with GB
50017—2017, the bearing capacity shall satisfy the requirements of Eq. ( 4a) and Eq. ( 10) respectively.
N v ≤ N bc / 1. 2 ( 10)
where the parameter 1. 2 is added to consider the reduction in the design value of bearing strength of the con-
nected parts due to the effect of bolt tension.
As for slip-critical connection ( Fig. 4) , AISC 360 - 16 requires that the slip strength should be determined from
Eq. ( 11) and Eq. ( 12) , and the bearing strength should also be determined in accordance with Eq. ( 3) and Eq.
( 5) . The nominal shear strength of slip-critical connection is determined by Eq. ( 11) .
R n = μD u h f T b n s ( 11)
where μ is the slip coefficient and taken as μ = 0. 3 ( unpainted clean mill surfaces or surfaces with Class A coat-
ings on blast-cleaned or hot-dipped galvanized and roughened surfaces) or μ = 0. 5 ( unpainted blast - cleaned sur-
faces or blast - cleaned surfaces with Class B coatings) ) ; D u is the ratio of the actual pretension to the specified
minimum pretension, and D u is 1. 13; T b is the minimum pretension of bolts,kN, given in Table 2; h f is the fill-
er factor, and for one filler h f is 1. 0, fow two or more fillers h f is 0. 85; n s is the number of faying surfaces.
For slip-critical connections subjected to combined tension and shear ( Fig. 3 ) , considering the reduction of
pretension between the connected parts, the nominal shear strength of the bolt should be multiplied by the factor
determined from Eq. ( 12a) and Eq. ( 12b) .
Tu
k sc = 1 - ≥ 0 ( calculated according to LRFD method) ( 12a)
Du Tb nb
1. 5T a
k sc = 1 - ≥ 0 ( calculated according to ASD method) ( 12b)
Du Tb nb
where T u is the bolt tension force based on LRFD combination, kN; T a is the bolt tension force based on ASD
combination, kN; n b is the number of bolts in tension.
When the shear bearing capacity designed value ϕR n or allowable value R n / Ω of shear strength in slip-critical
connection is determined based on AISC 360 - 16, the influence of the holes dimensions should be taken into ac-
count. The value of ϕ or Ω are taken according to the following provisions:
1) As for standard hole or short slot hole with shear perpendicular to the direction of the load, factor ϕ is 1. 00
( LRFD) or Ω is 1. 50 ( ASD) ;
2) As for oversize hole or short slot hole with shear parallel to the direction of the load, factor ϕ is 0. 85 ( LR-
FD) or Ω is 1. 76 ( ASD) ;
3) As for long slot hole, factor ϕ is 0. 70 ( LRFD) or Ω is 2. 14 ( ASD) .
Through comparison between GB 50017—2017 and AISC 360 - 16, it is found that anti-slip coefficient in AISC
360 - 16 is only related to the surface treatment of the connecting plate and has nothing to do with the steel grade
of the connecting plate.
50
Comparisons between Chinese and American standards on bolted connection design
When the tensile strength at the bolt hole of high-strength bolt of slip-critical connection is calculated according
to GB 50017—2017, the gross section strength of the connected part is calculated according to Eq. ( 13a ) .
Meanwhile the influence of friction surface force on the net section force of the connected parts is considered, the
tensile strength is calculated according to Eq. ( 14) :
n1 N
(
σ = 1 - 0. 5
n ) An
≤ 0. 7f u ( 14)
where n 1 is the number of high-strength bolts on the calculation section; n is the total number of high-strength
bolts in the joint.
AISC 360 - 16 requires to determine the shear strength of the connected parts along the bolt hole along the shear
bearing capacity of the connection plate ( Fig. 6) . The design value ϕR n or allowable value R n / Ω are taken as the
lower values obtained from Eq. ( 15a) and Eq. ( 15b) .
The shear yield of the gross section of the connected part:
R n = 0. 6F y A gv ( 15a)
The shear rupture of net section of the connected part:
R n = 0. 6F u A nv ( 15b)
where A gv is the gross shear area of connected part,mm ; A nv is the net shear area of the connecting plate,mm 2 .
2
The bearing coefficient ϕ is 1. 00( LRFD) or Ω is 1. 50( ASD) for Eq. ( 15a) , the bearing coefficient ϕ is 0. 75
( LRFD) or Ω is 2. 00( ASD) for Eq. ( 15b) .
AISC 360 - 16 requires to determine the bearing strength and tearing strength of the connected part at the bolt
hole connected by shear bolts ( Fig. 7) and consider the influence of passes, with the bearing capacity coefficient
51
Yongjiu Shi / Steel Construction( Chinese & English) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
ϕ = 0. 75 ( LRFD) or Ω = 2. 00 ( ASD) . For standard holes, oversize holes, short and long slot holes parallel to
the loading direction are adopted, the nominal bearing strength is determined from Eq. ( 16a) and Eq. ( 16b) ,
and the nominal tearing strength is determined from Eq. ( 17a) and Eq. ( 17b) .
When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a design consideration
R n = 2. 4dtF u ( 16a)
When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is not a design consideration
R n = 3. 0dtF u ( 16b)
where F u is the tensile strength of the connected part, MPa; d is the connecting bolt diameter,mm; t is the thick-
ness of connected part, mm.
When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a design consideration
R n = 1. 2l c tF u ( 17a)
When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is not a design consideration
R n = 1. 5l c tF u ( 17b)
where l c is the clear distance between bolt holes in the direction of bolt shear or clear distance from the bolt hole
edge to the edge of connected part, mm.
For the long slot holes perpendicular to the loading direction, AISC 360 - 16 requires to determine the nominal
bearing strength of the bolt holes according to Eq. ( 18) and the nominal tearing strength between the holes on the
connected part according to Eq. ( 19) .
R n = 2. 0dtF u ( 18)
R n = 1. 0l c tF u ( 19)
AISC 360 - 16 requires to determine tensile strength of the connected part at the bolt hole for shear bolted con-
nection ( Fig. 5) , and the design value ϕR n or the allowable value R n / Ω is taken as the lower value obtained
from Eq. ( 20a) and Eq. ( 20b) .
The tensile yield of the gross section of the connected part
Rn = Fy Ag ( 20a)
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Comparisons between Chinese and American standards on bolted connection design
The net sectional tensile rupture of net section of the connected part
Rn = Fu Ae ( 20b)
where A g is the gross area of the connected part subject to shear, mm ; A e is the net area of the connected part
2
subject to shear, mm 2 . The bearing capacity coefficient ϕ is 0. 90( LRFD) or Ω is 1. 67( ASD) for Eq. ( 20a) ,
the bearing capacity coefficient ϕ is 0. 75( LRFD) or Ω is 2. 00( ASD) for Eq. 20( b) .
For calculating the block shear rupture along a shear failure path according to GB 50017—2017 ( Fig. 8) , the
loading capacity of bolts should satisfy the requirements of Eq. ( 21) :
N
≤f ( 21)
Ση i A i
where A i is the net sectional area of the failed section i,mm 2 , and A i = tl i ; t is the panel thickness of connected
part, mm; l i is the length of the failed section i,mm; η i is the equivalent shear failure coefficient of section i,
and η i = 1 / 1 + 2cos 2 α i ; α i is the angle between the failure path in section i and the tension direction.
When the block shear strength at the bolt hole of the connected part is determined in accordance with AISC 360 -
16 ( Fig. 8) , the nominal strength R n is determined from Eq. ( 22) , and the bearing capacity coefficient is ϕ =
0. 75 ( LRFD) or Ω = 2. 00 ( ASD) .
R n = 0. 6F u A nv + U bs F u A nt ≤0. 6F y A gv + U bs F u A nt ( 22)
where U bs is 1. 0 when the tension stress is uniform, and U bs is 0. 5 when the tension stress is nonuniform; A nv
is the net area subjected to shear, mm 2 ; A gv is the gross area subjected to shear,mm 2 ; A nt is the net area subjec-
ted to tension, mm 2 .
By comparing the methods for calculating the strength of the connected part, it can be found that AISC 360 - 16
has carried out more calculations on the failure modes of the connected part subjected to shear, and has taken the
influence of bolt hole dimension into consideration.
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Yongjiu Shi / Steel Construction( Chinese & English) ,35( 8) ,33- 56,2020
strength bolts for bearing type connections ( bolt spacing is 80 mm) . In determining the shear strength based on
AISC 360 - 16 ( LRFD) , the shear plane with threads and without threads are considered respectively. It can be
seen from Fig. 10 that the design value of the shear strength given by GB 50017—2017 is relatively conservative.
The shear strength given by GB 50017—2017 is more or less close to that of AISC 360 - 16 for shear plane in
thread, but with more safety margin, especially for the long joints.
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Comparisons between Chinese and American standards on bolted connection design
5 Conclusions
This paper summarizes the basic provisions and design methods of bolted connection of steel structures in GB
50017—2017 Chinese Standard for Design of Steel Structures and AISC 360 - 16 American Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings and discusses and compares the types of bolted connection, construction requirements,
calculation methods and other technical requirements specified in GB 50017—2017 and AISC 360 - 16, providing
important reference for further improvement and revision of GB 50017—2017. The main conclusions of this pa-
per are as follows:
1) The bolted connections recommended by GB 50017—2017 and AISC 360 - 16 are similar in structural re-
quirements, including ordinary bolts and high-strength bolts, which can be designed as bearing type or slip-criti-
cal connections. GB 50017—2017 and AISC 360 - 16 also share similar strength calculation methods and detailed
requirements for bolted connections.
2) AISC 360 - 16 had recommended to use high-strength bolts with strength higher than Grade 12. 9 while GB
50017—2017 needs to consider using high-strength bolts of Grade 12. 9 based on the study and application of
high-strength bolts of Grade 8. 8 and Grade 10. 9.
3 ) The requirements for calculation and arrangement of bolts for oversize holes and slot holes need to be further
improved in GB 50017—2017. To determine the pretension of high-strength bolts, more optimization research is
needed to calculate the shear capacity of bolts. In addition, the influence of oversize hole, slot hole, and other
non-standard holes needs to be considered when the strength of the connected part is calculated.
4) In the calculation of the shear strength of slip-critical connection according to AISC 360 - 16, the slip coeffi-
cient of faying surface is only relevant to the surface treatment process, without considering the influence of steel
grades. Therefore, corresponding research and investigation should also be initiated in the revision of GB
50017—2017.
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