WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME -BASED EDUCATION

Science, Technology and Engineering (STE) Program
GRADE

ELECTRONICS 10

LEARNING QUARTER 3

MODULE WEEK 1

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 MODULE IN ELECTRONICS
Science, Technology and Engineering
(STE) Program

QUARTER 3
WEEK 1

DEVELOPMENT OF
ELECTRONICS
&
RECEIVER BROADCAST
SERVICES
Development Team

Writer: Richard F. Aison

Editor: Ponciano S. Raspado

Reviewer: Hamilton C. Remigio

Management Team: Vilma D. Eda, CESO V

Joye D. Madalipay Arnel S. Bandiola

Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

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 What I Need to Know

This module in Electronics contains information and suggested learning activities

that provides you understanding on the knowledge, skills and desirable attitudes required in
quality and marketable products in AM/FM radio receiver analysis and assembly.

In order to benefit much from this module, you should learn the development of
Electronics and Receiver Broadcast Services.

Most Essential Learning Competencies

LESSON 1: Development of Electronics

LESSON 2: Receiver Broadcast Services

Learning Objectives:

1. Discuss development of electronics

2. Discuss receiver broadcast services

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 What I Know

Pre-Test
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper. Do not
write anything on this module.

1. He demonstrated electromagnetic induction in the year 1831.

A. Allesandro Volta B. George Simon Ohm
C. Joseph Henry D. Michael Faraday

2. He is an American scientist, and independently discovered electromagnetic induction in

the year 1831.
A. Allesandro Volta B. George Simon Ohm
C. Joseph Henry D. Michael Faraday

3. He is an Italian scientist who invented the battery in the year 1799.

A. Allesandro Volta B. George Simon Ohm
C. Joseph Henry D. Michael Faraday

4. He initiated the study of electromagnetism and discovered Aluminum in the year 1820.
A. Charles Coulomb B. Hans Christian Oersted
C. Heinrich F.E. Lenz D. Luigi Galvani
5. German physicist who experimented with the electrical circuits and made his own part
including the wire .
A. Allesandro Volta B. George Simon Ohm
C. Joseph Henry D. Michael Faraday

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 What’s In
Activity 1
Jumbled Words

Directions: Arrange the jumbled words in a correct form that leads to some of the inventors
who contributed to the development of Electronics.

1. SANALLEDRO OLTAV
2. GEROGE MISON MOH
3. ERTBAL INESTINE

4. MOSATH VALA ISONED

5. CHIMAEL RAFAYAD

What’s New

Introduction to Development of Electronics

In this 21st century, every day we are dealing with electronic circuits and devices in
some of the other forms because gadgets, home appliances, computers, transport systems,
cell phones, cameras, TV, etc. all have electronic components and devices. Today’s world of
electronics has made deep inroads in several areas, such as healthcare, medical diagnosis,
automobiles, industries, electronics projects, etc., and convinced everyone that without
electronics, it is really impossible to work. Therefore, looking forward to knowing the past
and about the brief history of electronics is necessary to revive our minds and to get inspired
by those individuals who sacrificed their lives by engaging themselves in such amazing
discoveries and inventions that costs everything for them, but nothing for us, and, in turn,
benefitted us immensely since then.

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 What is It

Lesson
DEVELOPMENT OF
1 ELECTRONICS

Electronics’ actual history began with the invention of vacuum diode by J.A. Fleming,
in 1897; and, after that, a vacuum triode was implemented by Lee De Forest to amplify
electrical signals. This led to the introduction of tetrode and pentode tubes that dominated
the world until World War II.

Subsequently, the transistor era began with the junction transistor invention in 1948.
Even though this particular invention got a Nobel Prize, yet it was later replaced with a bulky
vacuum tube that would consume high power for its operation. The use of germanium and
silicon semiconductor materials made these transistors gain popularity and wide-acceptance
usage in different electronic circuits.

Figure 1. Integrated Circuits

Source: https://www.elprocus.com/know-about-brief-history-of-electronics-and-their-generations/

The subsequent years witnessed the invention of the integrated circuits (ICs) that
drastically changed the electronic circuits’ nature as the entire electronic circuit got
integrated on a single chip, which resulted in low: cost, size, and weight electronic devices.
The years 1958 to 1975 marked the introduction of IC with enlarged capabilities of over
several thousand components on a single chip such as small-scale integration, medium-
large scale, and very-large-scale integration ICs.

And the trend further carried forward with the JFETS and MOSFETs that were
developed from 1951 to 1958 by improving the device designing process and by making
more reliable and powerful transistors.

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 Digital integrated circuits were yet another robust IC development that changed the
overall architecture of computers. These ICs were developed with Transistor-transistor logic
(TTL), integrated injection logic (I2L), and emitter-coupled logic (ECL) technologies. Later
these digital ICs employed PMOS, NMOS, and CMOS fabrication design technologies.

All these radical changes in all these components led to the introduction
of microprocessors in 1969 by Intel. Soon after, the analog integrated circuits were
developed that introduced an operational amplifier for analog signal processing. These
analog circuits include analog multipliers, ADC and DAC converters, and analog filters.

This is all about the fundamental understanding of electronics history. This history of
electronics technology costs a greater investment of time, efforts, and talent from the real
heroes, some of them are described below.

Figure 2. Inventors in History of Electronics

Source: https://www.elprocus.com/know-about-brief-history-of-electronics-and-their-generations/

Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)

Luigi Galvani was a professor at the University of Bologna. He studied the effects of
electricity on animals, especially on frogs. With the help of experiments, he showed the
presence of electricity in frogs in the year 1791.

Charles Coulomb (1737-1806)

Charles coulomb was a great scientist of the 18th century. He experimented with
mechanical resistance and developed the coulomb’s law of electro-static charges in the year
1799.

Allesandro Volta (1745-1827)

Allesandro Volta was an Italian scientist. He invented the battery in the year 1799. He
was the first to develop a battery (Voltaic cell) that could produce electricity as a result of a
chemical reaction.

Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1852)

Hans Christian Oersted showed that whenever a current flows through a conductor, a
magnetic field is associated with it. He initiated the study of electromagnetism and
discovered Aluminum in the year 1820.

George Simon Ohm (1789-1854)

George Simon Ohm was a German physicist. He experimented with the electrical
circuits and made his own part including the wire. He found that some conductors worked

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when compared to others. He discovered Ohms law in the year 1827, which is a relationship
between current, voltage& resistance. The unit for resistance is named after him.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

Michael Faraday was a British scientist and great pioneer experimenter in electricity
and magnetism. After the discovery by Oersted, he demonstrated electromagnetic induction
in the year 1831. This is the basic principle of the working of generators.

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872)

Samuel Finley Breese Morse brought a telegraphy system to the forefront with
electromagnets & invented the code in 1844 and named after him.

In the year1837, the expansion of an electric telegraph system uses a deflecting

magnetic needle, developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone & Sir W. F. Cooke, who fixed the
primary railway telegraph in England. To make the telegraph a viable system for
communication, Morse overcame the design flaws of both electrical as well as information
flow limits to allow the telegraph to turn into a feasible system for communication.

Joseph Henry (1799-1878)

Joseph Henry was an American scientist, and independently discovered
electromagnetic induction in the year 1831 – a year before faraday’s discovery. The unit of
induction was named after him.

Heinrich F.E. Lenz (1804-1865)

Heinrich F.E. Lenz was born in Tartu, the old University City, Estonia. He worked as
a professor at St. Petersburg University. He followed several experiments on the lead of
Faraday.

He is honored by the law with his name and it states that the induced current’s
electrodynamics action equally resists the mechanical inducing action. Afterward, it was
identified as an expression for energy conservation.

Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a universal scientist as well as a
researcher. In the 19th century, he is one of the famous scientists. In the year 1870, once
examining all the common electrodynamics theories, he lends his support for Maxwell’s
theory which was slightly recognized on the European continent.

Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914)

In the year 1879, Joseph Wilson Swan was invented as an electric lamp in Britain.
The filament of the lamp is carbon & had a fractional vacuum & demonstration of preceded
Edison’s in six months.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

James Clerk Maxwell was a British physicist, and he wrote a treatise on magnetism
and electricity in the year 1873. He developed the electromagnetic field equations in the year
1864. The equations in it were explained and predicted by hertz’s work and faradays’ work.
James Clerk Maxwell formulated an important theory – that is, electromagnetic theory of
light.

Sir William Crookes (1832-1919)

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 Sir William Crookes was developed electrical discharges using “Crookes tubes”
which are highly evacuated in 1878. These studies laid the establishment for J. J.
Thomson’s investigation in 1890 about the discharge-tube phenomenon as well as the
electron. Sir William also invented the Thallium element to complete the radiometer.

Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925)

Oliver Heaviside worked with the equations of Maxwell to decrease the exhaustion
incurred in resolving them. In the procedure, he created a vector analysis form known as
“Operational Calculus” that changed the differential (d/dt) through the algebraic variable (p)
to change differential equations for algebraic equations. So this will increase the solution
speed greatly.

Oliver also invented the ionized air layer and named it after him, that inductance can
be included in transmission lines for increasing the distance of transmission & that charges
will enlarge in mass once accelerated.

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz was the first scientist to demonstrate the radio waves’
existence. His motivation came from Helmholtz & Maxwell.

In the year 1887, he demonstrated the velocity of radio waves and also known as Hertzian
waves which were equivalent to that of light. The frequency unit like Hertz is named after
him.

Henrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)

Henrich Rudolph Hertz was a German physicist born in 1857 in Hamburg. He
demonstrated the electromagnetic radiation predicted by Maxwell. By using experimental
procedures, he proved the theory by engineering instruments to transmit and receive radio
pulses. He was the first person to demonstrate the photoelectric effect. The unit of frequency
was named Hertz in his honorarium.

Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923)

Charles Proteus Steinmetz has discovered the mathematics for hysteresis loss,
therefore allowing engineers to decrease magnetic loss within transformers. Charles also
applied the mathematics for compound numbers to AC analysis & therefore situated
electrical systems engineering design on a scientific base in its place of a black art.

Along with Nikola Tesla, he is accountable for the power generation which is away
from Edison’s inefficient DC system toward the more stylish AC system.

Ben Franklin (1746-52)

Ben Franklin invented different electrostatic generators by rotary glass balls for the
experiment. By using this experiment, he invented the electricity theory for the single fluid.

In earlier theories, two electrical fluids as well as two magnetic fluids were used. So
he imagined simply one imponderable electrical in the universe. The disparity in electrical
charges was clarified through an excess (+) otherwise defect (–) of the only electrical liquid.
The positive & negative symbols appear in Electric Circuit.

Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836)

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 Andre Marie Ampere was a French mathematician and physicist. He studied the
effects of electric current and invented solenoid. The SI unit of electric current (the Ampere)
was named after him.

Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

Karl Friedrich Gauss was a physical scientist and the greatest German
mathematician. He contributed to many fields like algebra, analysis, statistics, electrostatics,
and astronomy. The CGS unit of magnetic field density was named after him.

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891)

Wilhelm Eduard Weber was a German physicist. He investigated terrestrial
magnetism with his friend Carl fried rich. He devised an electromagnetic telegraph in the
year 1833, and also established a system of absolute electrical units, and the MKS unit of
flux was named after Weber.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1932)

Thomas Alva Edison was a businessman and an American inventor. He developed
many devices like, practical electric bulbs, motion picture cameras, photograph,s, and other
such things. While inventing the electric lamp, he observed the Edison effect.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil; the Tesla induction motor; alternating current
(AC); electrical supply system that includes a transformer; 3-phase electricity and motor. In
1891, the Tesla coil was invented and used in electronic equipment, television, and radio
sets. The unit of magnetic field density was named after him.

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887)

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was a German physicist. He developed Kirchhoff’s law that
allows calculation of the voltages, currents, and resistances of electrical networks.

James Prescott Joule (1818-1889)

James Prescott Joule was a brewer and an English physicist. He discovered the law
of conservation of energy. The unit of energy – Joule was named in his honor. To develop
the scale of temperature, he worked with Lord Kelvin.

Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945)

The earliest diode tube was invented by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1905. This
device includes three leads where two leads are the heater and cathode & the remaining
one is the plate.

Lee De Forest (1873-1961)

Lee de forest was an American inventor, and he invented the first triode vacuum
tube: the Audion tube in 1906. He was honored as the father of radio.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

In the year 1905, Einstein was involved in Max Planck’s experimental results to
notice electromagnetic energy appeared to be produced from radiating objects within
quantities that were separate.

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 The power of these emitted quantities is known as light-quanta and it was directly
proportional to the radiation frequency. Here this frequency was different from standard
electromagnetic theory depending on Maxwell’s equations as well as thermodynamics laws.

Einstein employed the quantum hypothesis of Planck to explain observable

electromagnetic radiation, otherwise light. Based on the viewpoint of Einstein, the beam
could be visualized to include discrete packages of radiation.

Einstein used this analysis to clarify the effect of photoelectric, where certain metals
produce electrons once they are illuminated through the light in a specified frequency.
Einstein’s theory has formed the source for Quantum Mechanics.

Walter Schottky (1886-1997)

Walter Schottky was a German physicist. He defined shot noise-random electron
noise in thermionic tubes and invented the multiple grid vacuum tube.

Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954)

Edwin Howard Armstrong was an inventor and an American electrical engineer. He
invented electronic oscillator and regenerative feedback. In 1917, he invented the
superheterodyne radio and patented the FM radio in the year 1933.

Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923-2005)

Jack St. Clair Kilby was invented the IC (integrated circuit) at Texas instruments
while researching miniaturization, a phase-shift oscillator with independently connected
parts. He received a copyright in the year 1959.

Robert Norton Noyce (1927-1990)

Robert Norton Noyce was implemented the IC using a practical approach for scaling
the circuit size. He became an organizer for a company like Fairchild Semiconductor in the
year1957.

In the year 1959, Noyce and his colleague invented a semiconducting chip design; a
similar thought came to mind separately to “Jack Kilby” in Texas Instruments in the same
year. So, both Noyce as well as Kilby were granted patents.

In the year 1968, Norton & Gordon Moore formed Intel. In the year 1971, Intel
designer Ted Hoff has invented the primary microprocessor namely the 4004.

Seymour Cray (1925-1996)

In the year 1976, the father of supercomputers namely Seymour Cray & George
Amdahl was defined as the industry of supercomputers.

Ray Prasad (1946-Still Going 2019)

The Author of the Surface Mount Technology Principles & Practice Textbook is Ray
Prasad. He received many awards like IPC President, Intel Achievement, SMTA Member of
Distinction, & Fellowship Medal of Dieter W. Bergman IPC.

Since the lead engineer, he initiated SMT into airplanes as well as security systems
at Boeing. He handled the SMT global implementation like a program manager at Intel
Organization.

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From 2000 to 2019, the timeline of Electronics History is listed below.

In the year 2006, the former WII as well as PS3 Gaming Console were invented.

In the year 2007, the first Apple iPhone as well as iPod were invented.

In the year 2008, the first Android operating system for Smartphones was invented.

In the year 2008, the Large Hadron Collider was invented.

In the year 2010, the Gaming Console of Xbox 360 was invented.

In the year 2011, the revolutions of the solar panel like a renewable energy source or an
alternate energy source.

In the year 2011, the space vehicle was invented l by NASA landed on Mars.

In the year 2014, Microscale 3-D Printing was launched.

In the year 2018, NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe.

In the year 2019, Chandrayan-2 was launched by India to the Moon.

The history of electronics is a huge area & it is not potential to provide the complete
information of the systematic history in a restricted range. Anyhow electronics concept was
started first like philosophy, after that physics, after that electrical engineering and now this
concept got its recognition.

The birth of modern electronics is started from a vacuum diode. The 20th century is
changed because of electronics because all the systems used today are electronics based.
Through, the future of electronics seems to be extremely good because of the growth in
electronics. The upcoming fields like bioinformatics & quantum communication are leading
regions of electronics.

Lesson
RECEIVER BROADCAST
2 SERVICES

At its most basic level, radio is communication through the use of radio waves. This
includes radio used for person-to-person communication as well as radio used for mass
communication. Both of these functions are still practiced today. Although most people
associate the term radio with radio stations that broadcast to the general public, radio wave

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technology is used in everything from television to cell phones, making it a primary conduit
for person-to-person communication.

The Invention of Radio

Guglielmo Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio. As a young man living in
Italy, Marconi read a biography of Hienrich Hertz, who had written and experimented with
early forms of wireless transmission. Marconi then duplicated Hertz’s experiments in his own
home, successfully sending transmissions from one side of his attic to the other.“Guglielmo
Marconi,” American Experience: People &
Events, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rescue/peopleevents/pandeAMEX98.html. He saw
the potential for the technology and approached the Italian government for support. When
the government showed no interest in his ideas, Marconi moved to England and took out a
patent

on his device. Rather than inventing radio from scratch, however, Marconi essentially
combined the ideas and experiments of other people to make them into a useful
communications tool. Lewis Coe, Wireless Radio: A Brief History (Jefferson, NC:
MacFarland, 1996), 4–10.

Figure 3. Guglielmo Marconi

Source: https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_understanding-media-and-culture-an-introduction-to-mass-communication/s

Guglielmo Marconi developed an early version of the wireless radio.

In fact, long-distance electronic communication has existed since the middle of the
19th century. The telegraph communicated messages through a series of long and short
clicks. Cables across the Atlantic Ocean connected even the far-distant United States and
England using this technology. By the 1870s, telegraph technology had been used to
develop the telephone, which could transmit an individual’s voice over the same cables used
by its predecessor.

When Marconi popularized wireless technology, contemporaries initially viewed it as

a way to allow the telegraph to function in places that could not be connected by cables.
Early radios acted as devices for naval ships to communicate with other ships and with land
stations; the focus was on person-to-person communication. However, the potential for

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broadcasting—sending messages to a large group of potential listeners—wasn’t realized
until later in the development of the medium.

Broadcasting Arrives

The technology needed to build a radio transmitter and receiver was relatively
simple, and the knowledge to build such devices soon reached the public. Amateur radio
operators quickly crowded the airwaves, broadcasting messages to anyone within range
and, by 1912, incurred government regulatory measures that required licenses and limited
broadcast ranges for radio operation.Thomas White, “Pioneering Amateurs (1900–
1917),” United States Early Radio History, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec012.htm. This
regulation also gave the president the power to shut down all stations, a power notably
exercised in 1917 upon the United States’ entry into World War I to keep amateur radio
operators from interfering with military use of radio waves for the duration of the war.Thomas
White, “Pioneering Amateurs (1900–1917),” United States Early Radio
History, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec012.htm.

Wireless technology made radio as it is known today possible, but its modern,
practical function as a mass communication medium had been the domain of other
technologies for some time. As early as the 1880s, people relied on telephones to transmit
news, music, church sermons, and weather reports. In Budapest, Hungary, for example, a
subscription service allowed individuals to listen to news reports and fictional stories on their
telephones.White, “News and Entertainment by Telephone (1876–1925),” United States
Early Radio History, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec003.htm. Around this time, telephones
also transmitted opera performances from Paris to London. In 1909, this innovation emerged
in the United States as a pay-per-play phonograph service in Wilmington, Delaware.White,
“News and Entertainment by Telephone (1876–1925),” United States Early Radio
History, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec003.htm. This service allowed subscribers to listen to
specific music recordings on their telephones.White, “News and Entertainment by Telephone
(1876–1925),” United States Early Radio History, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec003.htm.

In 1906, Massachusetts resident Reginald Fessenden initiated the first radio

transmission of the human voice, but his efforts did not develop into a useful
application.John Grant, Experiments and Results in Wireless Telegraphy (reprinted
from The American Telephone Journal, 49–51, January 26,
1907), http://earlyradiohistory.us/1907fes.htm. Ten years later, Lee de Forest used radio in a
more modern sense when he set up an experimental radio station, 2XG, in New York City.
De Forest gave nightly broadcasts of music and news until World War I halted all
transmissions for private citizens.White, “Pre-War Vacuum Tube Transmitter Development
1914–1917),” United States Early Radio History, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec011.htm.

Radio’s Commercial Potential

After the World War I radio ban lifted with the close of the conflict in 1919, a number
of small stations began operating using technologies that had developed during the war.
Many of these stations developed regular programming that included religious sermons,
sports, and news.White, “Broadcasting After World War I (1919–1921),” United States Early
Radio History, http://earlyradiohistory.us/sec016.htm. As early as 1922, Schenectady, New
York’s WGY broadcast over 40 original dramas, showing radio’s potential as a medium for
drama. The WGY players created their own scripts and performed them live on air. This
same groundbreaking group also made the first known attempt at television drama in
1928.Elizabeth McLeod, “The WGY Players and the Birth of Radio Drama,”
1998, http://www.midcoast.com/~lizmcl/wgy.html.

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 Businesses such as department stores, which often had their own stations, first put
radio’s commercial applications to use. However, these stations did not advertise in a way
that the modern radio listener would recognize. Early radio advertisements consisted only of
a “genteel sales message broadcast during ‘business’ (daytime) hours, with no hard sell or
mention of price.”Christopher Sterling and John Kittross, Stay Tuned: A History of American
Broadcasting, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2002), 124. In fact, radio advertising was
originally considered an unprecedented invasion of privacy, because—unlike newspapers,
which were bought at a newsstand—radios were present in the home and spoke with a voice
in the presence of the whole family.Christopher Sterling and John Kittross, Stay Tuned: A
History of American Broadcasting, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2002), 124. However, the
social impact of radio was such that within a few years advertising was readily accepted on
radio programs. Advertising agencies even began producing their own radio programs
named after their products. At first, ads ran only during the day, but as economic pressure
mounted during the Great Depression in the 1930s, local stations began looking for new
sources of revenue, and advertising became a normal part of the radio
soundscape.Christopher Sterling and John Kittross, Stay Tuned: A History of American
Broadcasting, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2002), 124.

The Rise of Radio Networks

Not long after radio’s broadcast debut, large businesses saw its potential profitability
and formed networks. In 1926, RCA started the National Broadcasting Network (NBC).
Groups of stations that carried syndicated network programs along with a variety of local
shows soon formed its Red and Blue networks. Two years after the creation of NBC, the
United Independent Broadcasters became the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and
began competing with the existing Red and Blue networks.Christopher Sterling and John
Kittross, Stay Tuned: A History of American Broadcasting, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge,
2002), 117–119.

Although early network programming focused mainly on music, it soon developed to

include other programs. Among these early innovations was the variety show. This format
generally featured several different performers introduced by a host who segued between
acts. Variety shows included styles as diverse as jazz and early country music. At night,
dramas and comedies such as Amos ’n’ Andy, The Lone Ranger, and Fibber McGee and
Molly filled the airwaves. News, educational programs, and other types of talk programs also
rose to prominence during the 1930s.Christopher Sterling and John Kittross, Stay Tuned: A
History of American Broadcasting, 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2002), 128–138.

The Radio Act of 1927

In the mid-1920s, profit-seeking companies such as department stores and

newspapers owned a majority of the nation’s broadcast radio stations, which promoted their
owners’ businesses.“Radio’s Emergence,” Oracle ThinkQuest: The
1920s, http://library.thinkquest.org/27629/themes/media/md20s.html. Nonprofit groups such
as churches and schools operated another third of the stations. As the number of radio
stations outgrew the available frequencies, interference became problematic, and the
government stepped into the fray.

The Radio Act of 1927 established the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to oversee
regulation of the airwaves. A year after its creation, the FRC reallocated station bandwidths
to correct interference problems. The organization reserved 40 high-powered channels,
setting aside 37 of these for network affiliates. The remaining 600 lower-powered
bandwidths went to stations that had to share the frequencies; this meant that as one station
went off the air at a designated time, another one began broadcasting in its place. The Radio

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Act of 1927 allowed major networks such as CBS and NBC to gain a 70 percent share of
U.S. broadcasting by the early 1930s, earning them $72 million in profits by 1934.Robert W.
McChesney, “Media and Democracy: The Emergence of Commercial Broadcasting in the
United States, 1927–1935,” in “Communication in History: The Key to Understanding,” OAH
Magazine of History 6, no. 4 (1992). At the same time, nonprofit broadcasting fell to only 2
percent of the market.Robert W. McChesney, “Media and Democracy: The Emergence of
Commercial Broadcasting in the United States, 1927–1935,” in “Communication in History:
The Key to Understanding,” OAH Magazine of History 6, no. 4 (1992).

In protest of the favor that the 1927 Radio Act showed toward commercial
broadcasting, struggling nonprofit radio broadcasters created the National Committee on
Education by Radio to lobby for more outlets. Basing their argument on the notion that the
airwaves—unlike newspapers—were a public resource, they asserted that groups working
for the public good should take precedence over commercial interests. Nevertheless, the
Communications Act of 1934 passed without addressing these issues, and radio continued
as a mainly commercial enterprise.Robert W. McChesney, “Media and Democracy: The
Emergence of Commercial Broadcasting in the United States, 1927–1935,” in
“Communication in History: The Key to Understanding,” OAH Magazine of History 6, no. 4
(1992).

The Golden Age of Radio

The so-called Golden Age of Radio occurred between 1930 and the mid-1950s.
Because many associate the 1930s with the struggles of the Great Depression, it may seem
contradictory that such a fruitful cultural occurrence arose during this decade. However,
radio lent itself to the era. After the initial purchase of a receiver, radio was free and so
provided an inexpensive source of entertainment that replaced other, more costly pastimes,
such as going to the movies.

Radio also presented an easily accessible form of media that existed on its own
schedule. Unlike reading newspapers or books, tuning in to a favorite program at a certain
time became a part of listeners’ daily routine because it effectively forced them to plan their
lives around the dial.

Instant News

By the late 1930s, the popularity of radio news broadcasts had surpassed that of
newspapers. Radio’s ability to emotionally draw its audiences in close to events made for
news that evoked stronger responses and, thus, greater interest than print news could. For
example, the infant son of famed aviator Charles Lindbergh was kidnapped and murdered in
1932. Radio networks set up mobile stations that covered events as they unfolded,
broadcasting nonstop for several days and keeping listeners updated on every detail while
tying them emotionally to the outcome.Robert Brown, Manipulating the Ether: The Power of
Broadcast Radio in Thirties America (Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 1998), 134–137.

As recording technology advanced, reporters gained the ability to record events in

the field and bring them back to the studio to broadcast over the airwaves. One early
example of this was Herb Morrison’s recording of the Hindenburg disaster. In 1937,
the Hindenburg blimp exploded into flames while attempting to land, killing 37 of its
passengers. Morrison was already on the scene to record the descent, capturing the fateful
crash. The entire event was later broadcast, including the sound of the exploding blimp,
providing listeners with an unprecedented emotional connection to a national disaster.
Morrison’s exclamation “Oh, the humanity!” became a common phrase of despair after the

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event.Robert Brown, Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties
America (Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 1998), 141–142.

Radio news became even more important during World War II, when programs such
as Norman Corwin’s This Is War! sought to bring more sober news stories to a radio dial
dominated by entertainment. The program dealt with the realities of war in a somber manner;
at the beginning of the program, the host declared, “No one is invited to sit down and take it
easy. Later, later, there’s a war on.”Gerd Horten, Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of
Propaganda During World War II (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), 48–
52. In 1940, Edward R. Murrow, a journalist working in England at the time, broadcast
firsthand accounts of the German bombing of London, giving Americans a sense of the
trauma and terror that the English were experiencing at the outset of the war.Gerd
Horten, Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda During World War II (Los
Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), 36. Radio news outlets were the first to
broadcast the attack on Pearl Harbor that propelled the United States into World War II in
1941. By 1945, radio news had become so efficient and pervasive that when Roosevelt died,
only his wife, his children, and Vice President Harry S. Truman were aware of it before the
news was broadcast over the public airwaves.Robert Brown, Manipulating the Ether: The
Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America (Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 1998), 123.

The Rise of Public Radio

After the Golden Age of Radio came to an end, most listeners tuned in to radio
stations to hear music. The variety shows and talk-based programs that had sustained radio
in early years could no longer draw enough listeners to make them a successful business
proposition. One divergent path from this general trend, however, was the growth of public
radio.

What’s More

Broadcast receiver is an Android component which allows you to send or receive

Android system or application events. All the registered application is notified by the Android
runtime once event happens.

It works similar to the publish-subscribe design pattern and used for asynchronous

inter-process communication.

For example, applications can register for various system events like boot complete or
battery low, and Android system sends broadcast when specific event occur. Any application
can also create its own custom broadcasts.

Basics of Broadcast

Let’s discuss some basic concepts of broadcast receiver.

Register Broadcast

There are two ways to register broadcast receiver-

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Manifest-declared (Statically): By this receiver can be registered via
the AndroidManifest.xml file.

Context-registered (Dynamically): By this register a receiver dynamically via

the Context.registerReceiver() method.

Receive Broadcasts

To be able to receive a broadcast, application have to extends

the BroadcastReceiver abstract class and override its onReceive() method.

If the event for which the broadcast receiver has registered happens,
the onReceive() method of the receiver is called by the Android system.

Problem with global broadcast

It is good practice to use broadcast receivers when you want to send or receive data
between different applications. But if the communication is limited to your application then it is
not good to use the global broadcast.

In this case Android provides local broadcasts with the Local Broadcast

Manager  class. Using global broadcast, any other application can also send and receives
broadcast messages to and from our application. This can be a serious security thread for our
application. Also global broadcast is sent system-wide, so it is not performance efficient.

What is Local Broadcast Manager?

For obvious reasons, global broadcasts must never contain sensitive information. You
can, however, broadcast such information locally using the Local Broadcast Manager class,
which is a part of the Android Support Library.

The Local Broadcast Manager is much more efficient as it doesn’t need inter-process

communication.

Below are some of its benefits:

 Broadcast data won’t leave your app, so don’t need to worry about leaking private data.
 It is not possible for other applications to send these broadcasts to your app, so you don’t
need to worry about having security holes they can exploit.
 It is more efficient than sending a global broadcast through the system.
 No overhead of system-wide broadcast.

Implementation
There is no additional support library dependency required in the latest version of
Android Studio. However, if you want to implement local broadcasts in an old project,
following dependency needs to be add in the app module’s build.gradle file:

compile ‘com.android.support:support-v4:23.4.0’

Create a new instance of the LocalBroadcastManager

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LocalBroadcastManager localBroadcastManager =
LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(context);

You can now send local broadcasts using the sendBroadcast() method like

// Create intent with actionIntent localIntent = new

Intent(“CUSTOM_ACTION”);// Send local
broadcastlocalBroadcastManager.sendBroadcast(localIntent);

Now create a broadcast receiver that can respond to the local-broadcast action:

private BroadcastReceiver listener = new BroadcastReceiver()

{@Override public void onReceive( Context context, Intent
intent ) { String data = intent.getStringExtra(“DATA”);
Log.d( “Received data : “, data); }};

Dynamically registered receivers must be unregistered when they are no longer necessary
like:

localBroadcastManager.unregisterReceiver(myBroadcastReceiver);

You can find the reference code to implement Local Broadcast receiver from GitHub.
In the sample code I have created an IntentService, which broadcasts current date and it is
received by an Activity of the same application.

How to secure broadcasts

Restrict your app to receive broadcast

 Specify a permission parameter when registering a broadcast receiver then only

broadcasters who have requested the permission can send an Intent to the receiver.
For example, receiving app has a declared SEND_SMS permission in the receiver as shown
below:

<receiver android:name=”.MyBroadcastReceiver”
android:permission=”android.permission.SEND_SMS”> <intent-
filter> <action
android:name=”android.intent.action.AIRPLANE_MODE”/>
</intent-filter></receiver>

 Set the android: exported attribute to “false” in the manifest. This restrict to receive
broadcasts from sources outside of the app.

 Limit yourself to only local broadcasts with LocalBroadcastManager.

Control receiver of your broadcast
 You can specify a permission when sending a broadcast then only receivers who have
requested that permission can receive the broadcast. For example, the following code
sends a broadcast:

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sendBroadcast(new Intent(“com.example.NOTIFY”),
Manifest.permission.SEND_SMS);

 In Android 4.0 and higher, you can specify a package with setPackage(String) when
sending a broadcast. The system restricts the broadcast to the set of apps that match
the package.

 Send local broadcasts with LocalBroadcastManager.

What I Have Learned

The development of electronics unleashed human creativity in engineering design.

Much more importantly, the proliferation of ever more effective electrical and electronic
devices expanded human capabilities in all realms. Every technological advance removes a
constraint on human action. Some advances permit entirely new actions. A very few make
so many new actions possible that one might speak of the opening up of a new dimension of
human activity. This happened thousands of years ago with the development of written
language. It happened in the eighteenth century with the harnessing of steam power. And it
happened in the first half of the twentieth century with the birth of electronics.

What I Can Do

General Instruction:

This test has one part: Error Correction Test Item (Part I). Part I is a free-response test. Try
your best to accomplish all tasks.

ERROR CORRECTION TEST ITEM:

LEARNING COMPETENCY: (U)

Students are expected to be able to:

Most Essential Learning Competency Learning Objectives

- Development of Electronics - Discuss the development of Electronics
- Receiver Broadcast Services - Discuss about Receiver Broadcast
Services

DIRECTIONS:

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The following test has been answered for you. Your job is to check the answers for
errors. If there are errors do the following in the table below the test sample:

1. Copy the letters of the error.

2. Write a correction of the identified error.
3. Explain why your correction is right.

ANSWERED TEST WITH ERRORS:

Directions: Read the following questions and their answers. Identify the error in the given
answers.

Sample: In the year 2012, the space vehicle was invented l by NASA landed on Mars.

Answer: True
1. In the year 1879, Joseph Wilson Swan was invented as an electric lamp in Britain.
Answer: False

2. In the year 2013, Microscale 3-D Printing was launched. Answer: True

3. In the year 2005, the first Apple iPhone as well as iPod were invented. Answer: True

4. In the year 2019, Chandrayan-2 was launched by India to the Moon. Answer: False

5. In the year 2016, NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe. Answer: True

6. In 1906, Massachusetts resident Reginald Fessenden initiated the first radio

transmission of the human voice, but his efforts did not develop into a useful application.
Answer: False

7. Luigi Galvani showed the presence of electricity in frogs in the year 1795. Answer: True

8. In the year 1969, Norton & Gordon Moore formed Intel. Answer: True

9. Guglielmo Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio. Answer: False

10. The so-called Golden Age of Radio occurred between 1930 and the mid-1950s.
Answer: False

IDENTIFIED ERROR CORRECTION OF EXPLANATION OF CORRECTION

ERROR
True False In the year 2011, the space vehicle
was invented l by NASA landed on
Mars.

1.

2.

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 3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Assessment

POST TEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper. Do not
write anything on this module.

1. He invented different electrostatic generators by rotary glass balls for the experiment
A. Ben Franklin B. Hans Christian Oersted
C. Heinrich F.E. Lenz D. Luigi Galvani
2. British Physicist who wrote a treatise on magnetism and electricity in the year 1873
A. Jack St. Clair Kilby B. James Clerk Maxwell
C. Ray Prasad D. Robert Norton Noyce
3. He invented the IC (integrated circuit) at Texas instruments while researching miniaturization.
A. Jack St. Clair Kilby B. James Clerk Maxwell
C. Ray Prasad D. Robert Norton Noyce

4. He implemented the IC using a practical approach for scaling the circuit size
A. Jack St. Clair Kilby B. James Clerk Maxwell
C. Ray Prasad D. Robert Norton Noyce
5. In the year 1905, He was involved in Max Planck’s experimental results to notice
electromagnetic energy appeared to be produced from radiating objects within quantities
that were separate
A. Albert Einstein B. James Clerk Maxwell
C. Luigi Galvani D. Ray Prasad

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 Answer Key

PRE-ASSESSMENT POST-ASSESSMENT
1. D 1. A
2. C 2. B
3. A 3. A
4. B 4. D
5. B 5. A

JUMBLED WORDS
1. ALLESANDRO VOLTA
2. GEORGE SIMON OHM
3. ALBERT EINSTEIN
4. THOMAS ALVA EDISON
5. MICHAEL FARADAY

References
https://www.elprocus.com/know-about-brief-history-of-electronics-and-their-generations/

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/waveforms/555_timer.html

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/waveforms/555_oscillator.html

Wikipedia encyclopedia

https://medium.com/android-news/local-broadcast-less-overhead-and-secure-in-android-
cfa343bb05be

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_understanding-media-and-culture-an-introduction-to-mass-
communication/s10-01-evolution-of-radio-broadcastin.html

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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 Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City
Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: laoag.city@deped.gov.ph

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