Sheba Mae P.

Granada December 7, 2021

BSIE 4A 1st Semester, A.Y. 2021-2022
IE – AC 415 Instructor: Geollina, GMA

1. What are magnets?

 Magnets are defined as objects which are capable of producing magnetic field and
attracting unlike poles and repelling like poles.

2. What are the classifications of magnets w/ description?

 Permanent Magnets – are those magnets that are commonly used. They are known as
permanent magnets because they do not lose their magnetic property once they are
magnetized.
There are four types of permanent magnets:
 Ceramic or ferrite
 Alnico
 Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)
 Neodymium Iron Boron (NIB)
 Temporary Magnet – can be magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. When the
magnetic field is removed, these materials lose their magnetic property. Iron nails and
paper-clips are examples of the temporary magnet.
 Electromagnets – consist of a coil of wire wrapped around the metal core made from
iron. When this material is exposed to an electric current, the magnetic field is
generated making the material behave like a magnet. The strength of the magnetic field
can be controlled by controlling the electric current.

3. What are the classes and shapes of magnets w/ description?

 Bar Magnets
A magnet’s power is focused at the poles and lessens at
the sides. Bar magnets are generally the weakest shape,
because the poles have the smallest area. They are,
however, the most common shape used in everyday life
such as refrigerator magnets and compasses.
 Horseshoe Magnets
Horseshoe magnets are just bar magnets bent in a
U shape. The U shape makes the magnet stronger by pointing the poles in the same
direction. Originally created as a replacement for the bar magnet, this shape has
become the universal symbol for magnets. It can be used to pick up metal objects of any
size depending on the strength of the horseshoe magnet. For example, small horseshoes
can collect paper clips while industrial-sized horseshoe magnets are used in construction
and engineering to pick up large pieces of heavy metal. Horseshoe magnets are also
used at the bottom of pendulums.

 Disc Magnets
Disc magnets have a large pole area making them
strong, effective magnets because of the wide, flat
surface. Depending on the size of the disc, this
shape has a variety of uses. Disc magnets are used
every day in clothing, fashion accessories, and
home decor. Sewing disc magnets into clothing is a
great way to hold fabric together. Industrial-sized
disc magnets are commonly used to pick up old
cars at junkyards. Breaking Bad fans may recognize
this magnet from the season 5 premiere when a
junkyard disc magnet is used to destroy the hard drive of a laptop from a distance.

 Sphere Magnets
Sphere magnets are often sold as toys and novelty
items. Sphere magnets make popular desk toys
such as Rattlesnake Eggs. This shape can also be
used to create bracelets and necklaces. Spherical
magnets are also effective tools when
demonstrating how some elements and molecules
are structured if you use the spheres to represent
atoms.

 Cylinder Magnets
Cylinder magnets are sometimes used in medicine.
According to BBC News, some doctors experiment
 with magnetic rods to treat scoliosis patients. Unlike metal rods, magnetic rods can be
lengthened noninvasively by remote control even after the rods have been placed in the
patient’s spine. This eliminates the need for multiple surgeries to lengthen the rod
during treatment.

 Ring Magnets
Ring magnets are usually used in science experiments such as a
demonstration of magnetic repulsion where the magnetic rings are threaded
through a wooden pole. When the same poles of the magnets face each other they
won’t touch.
Ring magnets are also occasionally used in medicine. For example, some
studies have shown that they neutralize Implantable cardioverter-
defibrillators (ICD) if they malfunction. ICDs correct the heart’s rhythm with an
electric shock if it becomes irregular. Sometimes the ICD malfunctions and can apply
more shocks than are needed, which can be fatal for the patient unless a ring magnet
is applied to the patient’s chest.

4. What are the methods of magnetization w/ description?

 Stroking Method
A bar of steel can be magnetized by stroking it with a bar magnet. The domains become
aligned, and a N pole and a S pole are induced.

 Hammering
If a steel bar is placed so that it lies in the direction of the magnetic field lines of a strong
magnet and then hammered gently, the domains will begin to line up in the direction of
the field. As they do, the steel bar itself becomes magnetised. The effect can be
increased by slightly heating the steel bar first.
  Electrical Method
A bar of steel or iron can be magnetized by placing it in a coil of wire (solenoid). Passing
a d.c. (direct current) through the wire will magnetize the bar.

5. Molecular Theory of Magnetism

The molecular theory of magnetism was given by Weber and modified by Ewing. According to
this theory:

 Each and every molecule of a magnetic substance is a complete magnet in itself, having
a north pole and a south pole of equal strength
 In an unmagnetized substance, the molecular magnets are randomly oriented such that
they form closed chains
 When the substance is magnetized, the molecular magnets are realigned so that north
poles of all molecular magnets point in one direction and south poles of all molecular
magnets point in the opposite direction
 When all the molecular magnets are fully aligned, the substance is said to be saturated
with magnetism
 During heating the magnetized specimen, molecular magnets acquire some kinetic
energy. Some of the molecules may get back to the closed chain arrangement. That is
why magnetism of the specimen would reduce on heating.

6. Fundamental Magnetic Terms w/ description

AIR GAP: The distance between the north and south poles of a magnetic circuit. In
conducting pull tests this is the distance between the working surface of the magnet
and the testing apparatus.
ANISOTROPIC: (oriented) A material that has a preferred direction of magnetic
orientation which produces superior magnetic characteristics through a particular axis.

COERCIVE FORCE, Hc: The intensity of a magnetic field required to reduce to zero the
residual magnetism of a substance.

CURIE TEMPERATURE: The temperature that a magnetic substance loses its magnetic

properties.

DEMAGNETIZING FORCE: A magnetized force applied in a direction that reduces the

field in a magnetized material.

FLUX: Another term for the magnetic field.

GAUSS: The unit of magnetic induction or magnetic flux density used to measure

magnetic field strength. (lines of magnetic flux per square centimeter).

GAUSSMETER: An instrument used to measure the intensity of a magnetic field.

GRADIENT: Indicates the change in magnetic strength between points measured at

different distances perpendicular to the magnetic field.

INTRINSIC COERCIVE FORCE, Hci: Measurement of magnetic materials inherent ability

to resist self-demagnetization.

ISOTROPIC: (non-oriented) A material with no preferred direction of orientation

resulting in the same magnetic characteristics through any axis.

MAGNET: A material that has the property, either natural or induced, of attracting iron
or steel.

MAGNETIC FIELD: The space around a magnet in which the magnetic force can be
detected.

MAGNETIC FLUX: The total magnetic induction across or through a specified area.

MAGNETIC INDUCTION, B: The production of magnetic properties in a magnetizable

substance when placed in a magnetic field.

MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE: A series of invisible lines passing from one pole to another
of a magnet, which taken together form the magnetic field.

MAGNETIC ORIENTATION: Determines the magnetic polarity and position of one

magnet pole to the other.
 MAGNETIC SATURATION: The maximum amount of magnetic energy that can be
absorbed by a magnetic substance.

MAXIMUM ENERGY PRODUCT, BH max: The point on the BH curve where the product
of B and H is a maximum and the required volume of magnet material required to
project a given energy into its surroundings is a minimum. (MGOe)

MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE: The maximum temperature a magnet can

withstand without significant long range instability or structural changes.

MGO: Mega Gauss Oersted.

NORTH POLE: The pole of a magnet that when freely suspended would point to the
north magnetic pole of the earth.

OERSTED: The unit of magnetic intensity in the cgs (centimeter-gram-second ) system

that describes magnetic force.

POLE PIECES: Steel plates attached to the north and south poles of a magnet which
direct the lines of flux and can control the gradient of the magnetic field.

PULL TEST: A test of holding value or breakaway force and reachout, usually conducted
with a flat ferrous plate or ferrous sphere and a spring scale.

REACH OUT: The distance in which a magnetic field will extend from the magnet source.

RESIDUAL MAGNETISM: Small amounts of magnetism that remain in a material after

being exposed to magnetic force.

7. Properties of Magnet

Magnets exhibit the following properties:

 All magnets have two poles: the North Pole and the South Pole
 Magnets attract ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt.
 The magnetic force of a magnet is stronger at its poles than in the middle.
 A freely suspended magnet always points in North-South direction.
 There are two types of magnet: Permanent and Temporary magnets. Permanent
magnets remain magnetized even without the influence of the external magnetic field.
While, temporary magnets lose their magnetism when removed from the external
magnetic field, such as an iron pin.
8. Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force

Magnetic lines of force have a number of important properties, which include:

 They seek the path of least resistance between opposite magnetic poles. In a single bar
magnet as shown to the right, they attempt to form closed loops from pole to pole.
 They never cross one another.
 They all have the same strength.
 Their density decreases (they spread out) when they move from an area of higher
permeability to an area of lower permeability.
 Their density decreases with increasing distance from the poles.
 They are considered to have direction as if flowing, though no actual movement occurs.
 They flow from the south pole to the north pole within a material and north pole to
south pole in air.

9. Properties of Magnetic Field

 A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving
electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a
magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic
field. A permanent magnet's magnetic field pulls on ferromagnetic materials such as
iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. In addition, a magnetic field that varies with
location will exert a force on a range of non-magnetic materials by affecting the motion
of their outer atomic electrons. Magnetic fields surround magnetized materials, and are
created by electric currents such as those used in electromagnets, and by electric fields
varying in time. Since both strength and direction of a magnetic field may vary with
location, it is described mathematically by a function assigning a vector to each point of
space, called a vector field.

10. What is electromagnetism?

 Electromagnetism is a branch of Physics, that deals with the electromagnetic force that
occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force is one of the
four fundamental forces and exhibits electromagnetic fields such as magnetic fields,
electric fields, and light. It is the basic reason electrons bound to the nucleus and
responsible for the complete structure of the nucleus.
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