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Managing cold supply chain

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 Managing cold supply chain
Anna Brzozowska Adam Brzeszczak
Politechnika Częstochowska, Wydział Zarządzania Politechnika Częstochowska, Wydział Zarządzania
Czestochowa, Polska Czestochowa, Polska
annabrzozowskapcz@gmail.com adam.brzeszczak@gmail.com

Justyna Imiołczyk Katarzyna Szymczyk

Politechnika Częstochowska, Wydział Zarządzania Politechnika Częstochowska, Wydział Zarządzania
Czestochowa, Polska Czestochowa, Polska
justynacelica@gmail.com katarzyna.szymczyk@opoczta.pl

Abstract—Managing the supply chain of specialized products goods in a particular controlled temperature, including the
concerns the logistics services of many groups of products in transport as well as the storage. [6]
monitored temperature range. Each group has its own specific
parameters of storing and transporting, which if not kept are Fig. 1. The cold chain
dangerous for the consumers and may result in the withdrawal
of batches of goods from the market. These logistics services are TEMPERATURE COLD
provided by the specialized entities customizing the chain supply
according to the restricted requirements. Such an indispensable
LOGISTICS + CONTROL
= CHAIN
LOGISTICS
link of the specialized supply chain is refrigerated transport and
its market share has been going up in recent years.
Fig. 2. The cold chain infrastructure
Keywords—managing supply chain, cold supply chain,
refrigerated transport, monitored temperature range, transport,
storing, package
Supply - Precooling System
I. INTRODUCTION Procurement - Farms (Rural Markets)
-Manufactures
The supply chain is the process for multiphase flow of
goods from the producer, through all intermediate forms, up to
the final recipient. It concerns the coordination of activities Transport - Refrigerated Trucks
within the two-way flow of goods, services, information and - Refrigerated Railway Wagons
resources from the manufacturer to the end user. In its range, it - Refrigerated Cargo Containers
includes the international market. [1] The logistics chain
supply includes factors such as sources and suppliers of
materials, way of purchasing, flow of materials inside the Storage - Cold Storage
company, storing of prepared products, distribution and - Warehouse
transport. [2] It concerns as well the marketing analysis of the
market and the logistics customer service. The appropriate
control of the supply chain depends on carefully selected - Refrigerated Trucks
Transport
distribution and supply channels. [3] In case of international - Refrigerated Railway Wagons
supply chains, there are variable transport conditions which
- Refrigerated Cargo Containers
enforce the adequate protection of cargo from damage. The
specificity of some transported and stored goods requires
temperature monitoring during the flow and storage. The term
End Customer - Retail, Terminal, Markets,
related to the management of the flow of goods requiring
temperature monitoring is the cold supply chain.[4] Factory, Ports, Airport

II. CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD SUPPLY CHAIN

The cold chain first of all concerns the transport of food,
pharmaceutical, or chemical products. These products require The cold chain infrastructure includes suppliers, transport
storing and transporting in strictly specified ranges of system, warehouses, and the end customers. The Figure 2
temperature.[5] The cold chain is the way of distribution of
illustrates the example of the cold chain scheme together with
its all counterparts.
The cold chain management concerns the creating of the
integrated model of distribution focused on three key factors:
i.e. product properties, performance characteristics,
distribution channels, and places of origin and destination of
the product. [4] The Figure 3 shows the schematic areas
included in the cold chain. Product properties concern their
physical characteristics and special requirements for
temperature and humidity during transport, handling and
storage. Places of origin and destination of the product
describe the place of the final production of consumption of
products sensitive to temperature fluctuations. The features of
distribution channels correspond to methods and
information[7] allowing the right choice of means of transport
of products in controlled temperature. Interaction of the given
three main elements enable the description of the cold chain in
details by separating its subsequent subdivisions. Most of
products sensitive to temperature fluctuations, in case of even
the smallest damage during the transport, reloading or storing
lose the quality and their market demand goes down. Even
tiny short in time changes of temperature may result in
product quality loss and at the same time the market value
declines. This leads to large losses gained by the supplier, as
well as to the reduction of the profitability of the entire supply
chain.[8]
Fig. 3. The areas of cold chain
The Conditional
integrity of demand
cargo
Product
Origin/
Distribution destination
The integrity of
transport
Manufacturers in order to know the characteristics of the
products and to maintain proper conditions during the
distribution process should: [17]
 temperature necessity inside the cargo
maintenance
 Defining, maintaining and ensuring temperature
specifications during transport
 Transportation study
 Acceptance criteria for storage and transport of
material between sites
 Validation of transport carrier
 Standard operating procedures, records and
documentation to ensure the conditions
 Time out of refrigeration
 transport conditions at various stages of distribution
including: manufacturer to third party between two
sites or to and from a filing contractor
 Assurance that temperature and humidity controls are
monitored during shipping
 Standard practice for performance testing of transport
containers
The integrity of cargo concerns the conditions of loading,
reloading and unloading of goods in a way that guarantees the
minimizing of risk of product quality loss during the transport.
It includes additionally the supplying of adequate packages
and packaging techniques. Whereas the integrity of transport
is characterized by the actions and treatments to provide
constant transport temperature for products sensitive to the
temperature fluctuations. [9]
III. GROUPS OF PRODUCTS IN COLD CHAIN
The goods requiring transportation and storing in precisely
specified temperature can be included in several different
groups. Among them, there are food products i.e. meat, dairy
products, fruit and vegetables, deep-frozen products, flowers
and plants, as well as products of dissimilar sectors, i.e.
chemicals, pharmaceuticals and other medical purposes goods.
[10]
Industries using cold supply chain:
 Fruits and vegetables
 Floriculture
 Meat and marine products
 Pharmaceutical Products
 Dairy products
 Ice cream sector and confectionery
According to temperature range the products should be
kept in, the five groups of cargo can be distinguished:
 Banana (12oC do 14oC), a group characterized by
temperature range enabling to monitor ripening of
fruit,
and
 Pharmaceutical (2oC do 8oC), for most specialty
pharmaceuticals including vaccines
  Chill (2oC do 4oC), products for which the average
storage temperature include fresh fruits and
vegetables, dairy products, meat products
 Frozen (-16oC do -20oC), category for frozen
products including meat
 Deep freeze (-28oC do -30oC), group with the lowest
achievable temperature, designed to transport
seafood. [4]
The variety of temperature range in relation to cargo
service is large and should be strictly complied at every step of
distribution. The above temperature ranges for groups of
products describe only the general division of temperatures for
the mentioned goods. In practice, there is even larger diversity
of requirements corresponding to the monitored temperature
transport. Specific requirements for storage conditions are set
in case of food products. For example, fresh meat is
transported in the temperature range from -1oC up to 7oC,
whereas frozen in -12oC, and in case of deep-frozen, the
temperature must be -18oC. In case of fruit, the temperature
depends on types of fruit. Bananas need to be transported in
temperature more or less 13oC, in other cases the banana skin
begins to turn brown and the product loses its quality. The
other types of fruit such as: plums, strawberries, kiwi, pears
require a bit lower temperatures, close to 0oC. Some goods are
transported in changeable temperatures with regard to season
of the year. In the case of flower bulbs, they are transported in
wintertime in 18oC, while in springtime they are kept in
temperature of 7oC. The strict requirements are set among the
frozen products which must be kept in constant temperature
not higher than -18oC according to the Regulation of the
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development dated 19
September 2013 on the detailed requirements for the storage
and transport of quick-frozen food and agriculture goods. [11]
It allows exceeding the value of 3°C during loading and
unloading, except for ice-cream, where the temperature limits
are given by the manufacturer. Also pharmaceuticals are under
strict requirements for temperature and humidity. In this case,
the quality of products distribution decides about the safety of
patients' health and life. Therefore, the rules of distribution of
such products are specified in two legal acts: Act of 06-Sep-
2011 Pharmaceutical Law and the Decree of the Minister of
Health of 26-Jul-2002 on the procedures of Good Distribution
Practice. The temperature of storage of medicines is adapted
to the information of product characteristics and usually takes
three compartments [9]:
 Room temperature ( 15oC – 25oC)
 Cool range (8oC-15oC)
 Cold chain (2oC-8oC)
Each of these groups is characterized by different methods of
transport, protection and storage. The methods and techniques
used to provide the product a suitable temperature are different
as well.
IV. MODERN MODELS OF DISTRIBUTION IN COLD CHAIN
The distribution in cold chain has not just one solution model
and every time it is necessary to take into consideration the
risk and limitations appearing in transport of products in
controlled temperature. All depends on type of distribution,
loading settlement, unloading possibilities, costs and
temperature range to be kept. The study of these factors
allows the choice of the safest and the most cost-effective
model. [12] [13]
Fig.4. Cold chain supply compliance
Personnel Training
Regulatory Gap Analysis
Monitoring Solutions for Storage
Conditions of Cold Chain Products
COLD CHAIN COMPLIANCE
Qualification of Storage Equipment
HOW TO REACH
Temperature Profile Studies in
Transport
Test, Design and Qualification of
Cold Chain Packaging Systems
Maintenance of Cold Chain
Management and Compliance.
Temperature Mapping of
Warehouse and Storage areas
The oldest model of distribution in the cold chain is the
transport by vehicles equipped with refrigeration units which
can control the temperature inside the vehicle compartment.
The solution is the most frequently used in door to door
delivery and in mass transportation. The biggest danger of not
maintaining the required conditions appears in the moment of
loading and unloading, thus, it is essential to adapt the
reception point to the cold chain standards. It should has its
own refrigerator compartment, protected gates, and should
allow loading and unloading straight from the inside of the
building. From the economical point of view, the model of
direct distribution is not beneficial because the process to have
fully loaded vehicle has its limitations. The solution to this
problem is indirect supply, where the costs of transport are
distributed among some recipients, the transport itself is more
effective because of fully loaded vehicle, however, there is the
risk of loss of the specific transport conditions due to more
frequent unloading processes. Inappropriate unloading
conditions at one recipient's place may cause the damage of
his or her products and also the damage of all transported
cargo. In order to minimize the risk of loss, vehicles should
be adequately protected and the unloading should be done as
quick as possible with refrigeration units switched on. The risk
not to maintain the permanence of cold chain exists also in
case of the distribution based on reloading. Especially
equipped vehicles take the cargo from the producer and then
the cargo is reloaded on other smaller trucks or vans which
directly go to the recipients, and the process takes place in
special reloading compartments which should meet all
necessary temperature requirements. The transported cargo
often requires different storage conditions therefore, the
companies more often look for the ways to organize the cargo
transport form variable temperature ranges. It is possible with
the use of vehicles with shared cargo space, providing a
variety of temperature ranges. The use of this type of transport
increases the effectiveness of stocking the vehicles. The other
solution used in transport of products requiring different
temperature maintenance is the distribution based on thermal
packs. The advantage of this model is the transport by
standard cargo vehicles used for goods requiring the
temperature-controlled transportation. Application of proper
construction of packaging and cooling cartridges ensures the
safety of the products contained therein. The disadvantage of
the model is the size of the good packed in such a way that
may become bigger up to 100% which will effect on the
economy of transport. The use of thermal packages requires as
well providing the adequate place for storing and packaging
both at the supplier's and recipient's place. For each types of
products and their temperature ranges an appropriate size of
container should be provided and the right amount of cooling
cartridges and also the change of temperature in the period of
time inside the container should be controlled. Within the cold
chain, refrigerated containers are used, too. In contrast to the
isothermal packaging, there is much possibility of setting and
controlling the constant temperature. The refrigerated
containers can be used as bulk packaging in joint cargo
transport, as a part of a vehicle equipment. The use of
refrigerated container in groupage distribution, the risk of
product quality loss is minimized during the loading and
unloading because the container is the cargo packaging at the
same time. In case of bulk distribution, the use of container
requires the place of loading and reloading equipped with a
ramp and forklifts. It is necessary as well to adjust vehicles to
the use of external power for refrigerated containers, which
can be a major limitation of the reasons to use only suitably
adapted for this purpose means of transport. The use of
refrigerated containers is also the most expensive solution,
therefore, it is especially used for the transport of highly
sensitive and valuable products. [6]
V. MONITORED STORAGE
Maintaining suitable temperatures requires special technical
equipment in warehouses and the proper management of the
storage space. Warehouses as the elements of the cold chain
should be constantly monitored in terms of temperature and
humidity in order to register and control the required
conditions. They should be fully air-conditioned, equipped
with modern protection solutions in terms of security
management of building and products stored inside. The goods
in storage should be kept away from organic or mechanical
contamination, microorganisms, pests as well as unauthorized
access. In addition in the warehouses, there should be an area
of high storage for the pallet units as well as special facilities
allowing to store the goods at specific temperatures. It is
required that the warehouses had a heating and cooling system
allowing to maintain a certain temperature anywhere in the
warehouse, at any time of the year. In order to control the
efficiency of installed equipment, it is recommended in the
warmest and the coldest month of the year to map the
warehouse, i.e. its detailed measurements of temperature and
humidity in the strategic points. If the results do not
correspond to norms, the systems responsible for the
appropriate conditions should be modified, repaired, replaced
or auxiliary equipment should be installed. The essential part
of warehouses is insulation of walls capable of maintaining
adequate temperature. Storage shelving should be
characterized by the appropriate strength and stable
construction. The walls and floors in the warehouse should be
finished in such a way that their cleaning meets the sanitary-
hygienic requirements. [10]
VI. RESTRICTIVE PACKAGING
The transport of fresh and the temperature-controlled products
is determined by restrictive regulations. The method of choice
for manufacturers and distributors of transport packaging may
have a significant impact to maintain appropriate physical and
chemical properties of the products in transport. The most
frequently used are insulated plastic containers, thermal
trolleys, and insulating covers. The law clearly states that the
products which do not have a packaging unit and those whose
packages do not provide adequate protection from damage,
contamination or deterioration of health must be transported in
sealed packages or containers. The choice of them depends on
type of product. In case of food products, it is required to use
packaging certified by the National Institute of Hygiene. In
case the cold chain, it is necessary to maintain the adequate
temperature using special means of transport and cold storage.
Safety guidelines regarding packaging include maintaining
proper temperature, constant monitoring and protection
against pests. The exact requirements for the transport
packaging are specified by the manufacturer who knows the
specificity of the product. Packages are specific to the
individual groups of products. In the case of fruit and
vegetables, the most commonly used packages are cardboard
boxes made of corrugated cardboard with locking elements in
the base enabling them to dam. Other packaging used to
distribute the vegetables are plastic bags as well as wooden
boxes. Boxes used in transport of fruit and vegetables and
other food products are gaining popularity due to their
flexibility. They are made of wood or plastic, so are easy to
transport by forklift truck, and they are stable and durable.
Insulated boards are smooth and thus easy to clean, so bacteria
and fungi do not carry on stored products. Pallets are also
made of HDPE - a material suitable for contact with food,
suitable for the storage of goods, both at room temperature and
in cold storage. In the transport of food, there are also mobile
containers possible to mount on all models of vans. They
guarantee the maintenance of temperature from -20oC up to 25
o
C. If there is a need, a mobile refrigerated container may be
moved to another means of transport and the required
temperature is not lost. Refrigerated containers can transport
almost all goods requiring the temperature-controlled
transportation. Another way of transportation to minimize the
risk of interruption of the cold chain is the truck insulated,
allowing transport without loss of quality of products by
maintaining the proper temperature. Some types of products
require special packaging types, as in the case of fish. Special
packaging enables the transport of fish in crushed ice and fish
are not able to escape outside while placed on the respective
pads to protect them from immersion in water if ice has
melted. The transport of products under controlled
temperature includes as well the use of thermal insulation
hoods which allow coverage of pallets during transportation of
frozen and refrigerated cargo that requires protection from
freezing and super cooling. Hoods advantage is light, easy and
fast in use and has high thermal performance. [15] For the
transport of pharmaceuticals isothermal polystyrene containers
are used, the ones of appropriate thickness of the pack along
with internal cooling cartridges to provide appropriate
conditions for transport. [4]
VII. PERTINENT MEANS OF TRANSPORT
Requirements for the transport itself are equally strict, because
of the need to maintain the cold chain cycle transport. Suitable
conditions for transport and sanitary safety of food during
transport are controlled by means of an international
agreement ATP on "International transport of perishable
foodstuffs and the special equipment for such carriage", which
is the current legal act in Poland. According to the document,
the international transport of food products requiring the
controlled temperature should be carried out using isothermal
transport, icehouse, cold and heated transport corresponding
precisely to the specific requirements. Regulations enforce
from the owners of specialized vehicles the control the cars'
tightness and efficiency of chillers. Transport companies must
control the vehicles with a certain frequency, older ones
require more frequent review. The transport of deep frozen
products require cooling compartments certified by ATP type
FRC, meaning semi highest standard of tightness and a full
range of temperature setting on the chiller. At the same time,
the aggregates must have enough power to maintain the proper
temperature throughout the transport. The carriers are obliged
to have safety certificates HACCP or IFS of the safety of food
products. It is common phenomenon that the customers
themselves enforce appropriate conditions of carriage besides
the law. A legal requirement is to have temperature recorders,
enabling customers to present printouts from thermograph of
each incoming batch. [9] An important element of verification
of the conditions is to record events occurring during
distribution. It is important to determine the actual road of the
cargo: the moment of loading, time, place and length of
handling and unloading. The transport company should record
the data using waybills, records with barcode scanner or RFID
reader. The records should be available to the involved entities
because only after comparing the actual road data delivery and
data received from monitoring devices can confirm the
correctness of operating of the cold chain. [6]
Currently, there is an increasing interest in solutions ensuring
the active maintenance of conditions during transport. The
search of new solutions is enforced by the need of providing
the right optimal conditions for products especially sensitive
to temperature fluctuations such as valuable goods or medical
products. Vehicles are equipped with the isothermal cargo
compartments, chillers and heating systems for recording and
measuring the temperature. In the warmest and the coldest
month of the year, there should be mapping of the cargo
compartments carried out. Vehicles can also have the device
to transmit data about the conditions of transport of products
requiring constant monitoring. Difficulties may arise in the
case of combined transport, the use of transshipment despite
the same vehicle equipment and the control of conditions in
each mode of transport requires the IT system. In the case of
combined transport it is also important to protect goods during
handling and providing the appropriate designation to ensure
proper identification. [10]
On the market there are many companies offering various
types of vehicles used for transport of fresh products. Despite
the plethora of bodybuilders and isothermal trailer, the used
technologies by them are similar. Most of vehicles bodies are
made of aluminium foil or laminate of polyester and glass.
Polyurethane foam or polystyrene are used as insulation
material. It is also important to seal properly with isotherms
and chilling with multiple seals. Each vehicle is equipped with
the refrigeration unit inside or outside the refrigerator. Its
power depends on the requirements of the transport and
vehicle size. Choosing the right trailer or building isothermal
is not simple and adjusting the vehicle to the needs of the
distributor is important due to safety reasons. On the market,
there is a large number of types of specialized equipment and
technology. Among the leading Polish manufacturer is the
company Wielton offering refrigerated semi-trailers with
cabinets glued with the type of "sandwich" plates isolated with
the CFC-free polyurethane foam. The trailer has a low weight
and its inner skin and outer panels are made of polyester -
fibreglass laminate with gel coat. Among the foreign
companies on the Polish market, the Koegel's chillers can be
recognized. In the company's offer, a new silent cooling
system using aluminium floor structure reducing noise during
loading and unloading is included which also can prevent the
absorption of moisture. Effective insulation is done due to
reinforced 45 mm wall, 85 mm roof and 125 mm floor.
Vehicles of this type are particularly useful in groupage and
pallet cargo transportation. The company KRONE offers
trailers with the chassis slightly sunk into the floor, reinforced
against dents by sloped profiles at the back part. In the middle,
the aluminium side cover has been used, glued to the side
walls and welded to the plate floor. Schmitz Cargobull offers
solutions tailored to the needs of specific customers, for
example the system to transport 66 euro pallets, using special
cross beams mounted in the rails of the side walls. The
company also uses an insulated partition wall enabling the
division of semi-trailers into two independent temperature
chambers. The companies G.MAGYAR and Pro-Wam offer
thermally insulated tanks for the transport of liquid products,
vulnerable to quality modifications due to temperature
changes. The thermostats allow to monitor the temperature
range from -20 ° C to 120 ° C. In Poland, the greatest interest
do evoke the trailers for the semi-long-distance transport, with
three or four compartments enabling independent distribution
of temperature. [14]
Means for temperature-controlled transporting continuously
evolve and are directed at new technological solutions. The
built-ins and semi-trailers have systems not only constantly
monitoring the temperature but immediately informing about
the unit failure or loss of containment in the chamber. Modern
semi-trailers are equipped with protection against interference
by third parties, and the owner has the ability to monitor the
conditions of transported goods due to the recording and
transmission of data at any time. Internal temperature
measures also allow to control the level of humidity of the
cargo. The device can be connected to four temperature
sensors situated within strategic points on the trailer and the
door opening sensor, the thawing sensor or the sensor of
functioning of the chiller. The devices can also connect
wirelessly which enables the immediate reporting about the
conditions of transport of goods. Some types of temperature
recorders allow for the systematic transfer of data to the
server, their regular viewing, analyzing and making their
computerized reports as the final confirmation for the recipient
of the transport of goods at the correct temperature. [14]
Conclusion
Cold supply chains in their structure do not differ substantially
from the classic construction of the supply chain. An
important element is the maintenance of proper conditions for
product distribution in terms of temperature and humidity. In
each case, time and the quality of protection of cargo during
the transport, loading and unloading are significant[16].
Depending on the type of product, the temperature range
required to keep varies. The temperature going beyond the
accepted norms may cause damage to the products or loss of
their value. In cold supply chains, it is important to minimize
transportation costs, and ensure the safety of transported
products, since the loss of their physicochemical properties
leads to irrational material losses of the savings in transport.
Nowadays, there are many companies on the market offering
distribution in terms of cold chain providing special
equipment adapted to the needs of the customers and cargo
groups. In order to maintain the stability in cold chain, it is
necessary to control the temperature of cargo on each stage of
transportation, as well as the appropriate storage and the use of
adequate packaging for transport. Thus, the companies should
instantly look for modern technical solutions and innovative
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techniques that can help to maintain the adequate standards in
storage, packaging or vehicles equipment. Knowledge about
the specifications of products and their proper ways of
distribution is not only required, but it is absolutely
fundamental. Therefore, the managing staff should be fully
qualified. Future cold chain distribution will focus on the
complete implementation of information technology in each
stage of the chain, instant online monitoring and use of eco
friendly highly developed equipment that will provide no-error
delivery.
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