Fundamentals of Telecommunication System

 Telecommunication - is the transmission, emission, or reception of signs,

signals, writing, images, sounds, or information of any nature by wire, radio,

optical, or other electromagnetic systems.  Telecommunication System - uses

electricity, light (visible and infrared), or radio waves to transmit signals that carry

voice and data transmissions.

 Telecommunication systems function when a transmitter converts sound waves

(e.g., those created when a person speaks into a telephone mouthpiece) or data into

signals, which travel along wires or through the air before reaching their

destination.

 When a receiver intercepts the signals, they are converted back into useful data

or sound waves that become distinguishable by the human ear and recognized by

brain.

 A transceiver is a telecommunications device that functions as a transmitter and

receiver. Historically, telecommunications systems such as a telephone system

have used analog transmission. Modern systems use digital transmission

technology. The following is a description of these transmission formats: Analog

transmission in an electronic network is the conversion of useful sound or data into

electrical impulses. It is capable of transmitting both voice and non

voice messages (e.g., telex, telegrams, data). However, non-voice transmissions are

bulky when transmitted in an analog format, so they cannot be transmitted rapidly.

 Digital transmission in an electronic network involves a transmission of a signal

that varies in voltage to represent one of two separate states (e.g., on and off or 0

and 1). In an optical network, digital signaling can involve either pulsating (on and

off) light or a variation in the intensity of the light signal. Digital transmission over

radio systems (microwave, cellular, or satellite) can be accomplished by varying

the amplitude of the wave. Digital transmission technology offers a rapid method

of voice and non-voice transmission.

 In telecommunications systems, bandwidth is the range between the highest and

lowest frequencies of transmission, measured in hertz (Hz), cycles per second.

Bandwidth varies with the type and method of transmission. It is a measure of the

information capacity