NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION

MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH

MASONRY AND ITS TYPES

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP

Name:- Ratnesh Patel

Roll No.:- QH19154
Course:- QSCM
Section:- 3

Content

1) Introduction

2) Applications of Masonry SUBMITED TO:

 3) Brick Masonry

4) Types of Brick Masonry

 Brick work in mud

 Brick work in cement

5) Categorized Bricks By Raw Materials

6) Categorized Bricks By Its Shapes Types Of Bonds

 Stretcher Bond

 Header Bonds

 English Bonds

 Flemish Bonds

7) Stone Masonry

8) Random Rubble Masonry

 Coursed Rubble Masonry

 Un- Coursed Rubble Masonry

9) Ashlar Masonry

 Ashlar Fine Masonry

 Ashlar Rough Masonry

 Rock and quarry Masonry

 Chamfered Masonry

10) Concrete Masonry

Introduction
 Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by
mortar.
 The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite,
limestone, concrete block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form
of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and
 the pattern the units are put in, can strongly affect the durability of the overall masonry
construction.

Application of Masonry
Masonry is commonly used for walls and buildings. Brick and concrete block are the most
common types of masonry in use in industrialized nations and may be either weight-bearing
or a veneer. Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow cores, offer various possibilities in
masonry construction. They generally provide great compressive strength and are best suited
to structures with light transverse loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all
of the cores with concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much
greater tensile and lateral strength to structures.

Types of Masonry

Masonry

Concrete
Brick Masonry Stone Masonry
Masonry

1. Brick Masonry -> Brick masonry is a highly durable form of construction. It is built by
placing bricks in mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass that withstand exerted
loads. There are several types of bricks and number of mortars which can be used to construct
brick masonry.
The bond in brick masonry, which adheres bricks together, is produced by filling joints
between bricks with suitable mortar. Special cautions shall be practiced while mortar is
mixed and placed since it greatly affects the performance and durability of masonry structure.

Types pf Brick Masonry: -

1. Brick Work in Mud->

* The mud is used to fill up various joints brick masonry work.
* Thickness of the mortar joint is 12 mm.
* it is the cheapest type of brick masonry
* employed for construction of walls with maximum height of 4 m.
 Fig: Brick Work in Mud

i. Brick Work in Cement

This type of brick masonry is construction by laying bricks in cement mortar rather than mud
which is used in brick work in mud. There are three major classes of brick work in cement
which are summarized in Table 1.
Classes Descriptions
First Class 1. Cement of lime mortar is used,
2. The surface and edges of bricks are sharp,
3. And the thickness of mortar joints doesn’t exceed 10mm
Second Class 1. Ground moulded bricks are used,
2. Bricks are rough and shape is slightly irregular,
3.
The thickness of mortar joint is 12 mm.
Third Class 1. Bricks are not hard, rough surface with distorted shape,
2. Used for temporary structures,
3. Used in places where rainfall is not heavy.

Fig: Brick Work in Cement

 Categorizing Bricks by Raw Materials

Categorizing
Bricks by Raw
Materials

Sand lime bricks

Fly ash clay
(calcium silicate Concrete bricks Burnt clay bricks Firebrick
bricks
bricks)

Fig : Classification of Bricks

 Burnt Clay Bricks -->

Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, created by
pressing wet clay into moulds, then drying and firing them in kilns.

When these bricks are used in walls, they require plastering or rendering with mortar. Uses
for burnt clay bricks include:
• Masonry walls
• Foundations
• Columns

 Sand Lime Bricks

Sand lime bricks (also known as calcium silicate bricks) are made by mixing sand, fly ash
and lime. Pigments may also be added for colour. Sand lime bricks can offer some
advantages over clay bricks such as:
• Their colour appearance is grey instead of the regular reddish colour.
 • Their shape is uniform and presents a smoother finish that doesn’t require plastering.
• These bricks offer excellent strength for load-bearing structures.
• When pigments are added, the bricks can be used for ornamental purposes.
• Less mortar is required during construction.
• Edges are straight and precise, making construction easier.
• Bricks do not effloresce salts and minerals.
The uses for sand lime bricks include:
• Structural foundations and walls
• Exposed brick walls and pillars
• Ornamental uses (when pigments are added)

 Concrete Bricks
Concrete bricks are made from solid concrete and are growing in popularity among
homeowners. Concrete bricks are usually placed in facades, fences, and provide an excellent
aesthetic presence. These bricks can be manufactured to provide different colours if pigments
are added during production. Concrete bricks should not be used in below-ground
applications.
Common uses for concrete bricks include:
• Fences
• Internal (hidden) brickwork

 Fly Ash Clay Bricks

Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with clay and fly ash—a by-product of coal burning—
fired at about 1,000 degrees C. Because fly ash contains a high volume of calcium oxide.
Typical uses for fly ash clay brick include:
• Structural walls
• Foundations
• Pillars
• Anywhere that improved fire resistance is required

 Fire Bricks
Also known as refractory bricks, these are manufactured from specially formulated earth with
a high aluminium oxide content. After burning, these bricks can withstand very high
Temperatures without their shape, size, or strength being affected.
Commonly used for this type of brick include:
• Lining of chimneys and furnaces
• Pizza ovens and outdoor brick barbecues

Bricks can also be categorized according to their shape. Some

common shapes include:
• Brick veneers: These bricks are thin and used for surface cladding.
• Airbricks: These bricks contain large holes to circulate air and lessen weight. They
are used in suspended floors and cavity walls.
 • Perforated bricks: These bricks contain many cylindrical holes drilled throughout
the brick. They are very light in weight.
• Bullnose brick: These are bricks moulded with round angles.
• Paving bricks: These bricks contain a good amount of iron. They are used in
underfoot paving applications.
• Capping bricks: These bricks are used to cap the tops of freestanding walls.
• Hollow bricks: About one-third of the weight of the normal bricks, these are used mostly
in partition walls where load-bearing is not required.

Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction:

The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are:
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond and
4. Flemish bond

 Stretcher Bond A brick, laid with its length horizontal and parallel with the face of the
wall or other masonry member is called a "Stretcher" and a course, in which, all the bricks are
laid as Stretchers is called a “Stretching course" or "Stretcher course".

Fig-: Stretcher Bond

 Header Bond  A brick laid, so that only its end shows on the face of a wall is called a
"Header" and a course, in which all the bricks are laid as headers, is known as "Heading
Course" or "Header course “.

Fig-: Header Bond

 English Bond  English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a
course of header above it, i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers.
Headers are laid cantered on the stretchers in course below and each alternate row is
vertically aligned.

Fig: English Bonds

 Flemish bond Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate
headers and stretchers in a single course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies
in the middle of the stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each course are
centered on the stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with
header at the corner.
 Fig: Flemish Bond

2. STONE MASONARY  Rock, that is removed from its natural site and
generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building
purposes, is called "Stone" and the art of building the
structure with stones as constructional units is called
"Stone masonry".
Main types of stone masonry: -
(1) Random Rubble masonry: -
(2) Ashlar masonry: -

Random Rubble Masonry  The stone masonry in which either undressed or roughly
dressed stones are laid is called "Rubble masonry".
In this masonry, the joints of mortar are not of uniform thickness.

The strength of rubble masonry depends on:

 The Quality of Mortar.
 The use of long through stones.
 The proper filling of mortar between the spaces of stones

Types of Random Rubble Mas onry

 COURSED RUBBLE MASONARY In coursed random rubble masonry, the
masonry work is carried out in courses such that the stones in a particular course are of equal
height.
 Fig: Coursed Rubble masonry

 UN-COURSED RUBBLE MASONARY  In un-coursed random rubble masonry,

the courses are not maintained regularly. The larger stones are laid first and the spaces
between them are then filled up by means of spalls or sneaks.

Fig: Un – Coursed Rubble Masonry

ASHLAR MASONARY 
The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in cement or lime mortar,
is known as "Ashlar masonry".
In this masonry all the joints are regular, thin, and of uniform thickness.
 This type of masonry is costly in construction as involves heavy cost of dressing of
stones.
 This masonry is used for heavy structures, arches, architectural buildings, high piers,
abutments of bridges, etc.
 Types of Ashlar Masonry
 ASHLAR FINE MASONARY  In this type ashlar masonry, each stone is cut to
uniform size and shape with all sides rectangular, so that the stone gives perfectly horizontal
and vertical joints with adjoining stone. This type of ashlar masonry is very costly.

Fig Ashlar Fine masonry

 ASHLAR ROUGH MASONARY  In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides
are finely chisel-dressed. But the face is made rough by means of tools. A strip, about 25mm
wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of the rough dressed face
of each stone.

Fig: Ashlar Rough Masonry

 ROCK & QUARRY FACED  In this type of ashlar masonry, a strip about 25mm
wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of every stone as in case
of rough-tooled ashlar masonry. But the remaining portion of the face is left in the same form
as received from quarry.
 Fig: Rock and Quarry Masonry

 ASHLAR CHAMFERED MASONARY  In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is

provided as below. But it is chamfered or bevelled at an angle of 45 degrees by means of
chisel for a depth of about 25mm.

Fig Ashlar Chamfered Masonry

4. Concrete Masonry  Concrete masonry construction (or as it is more

commonly called, concrete blockwork) is based on thousands of years’ experience in
building structures of stone, mud and clay bricks. Blockwork masonry units are
hollow and are filled with concrete and allow for the integration of reinforcing steel, a
feature essential for earthquake resistant design.
Concrete blockwork provides a structural and architectural advantage in one material and is
recognised worldwide as a major contributor to the construction and building industry.

Fig: Concrete Masonry