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Mecánica de los Fluidos. Teoría básica y problemas

Book · October 2018

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3 authors, including:

Reinier Jiménez Borges Sergio Carrasco


Universidad de Cienfuegos Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo
83 PUBLICATIONS   27 CITATIONS    5 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS   

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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Eficiencia energética en la industria azucarera View project

Potential improvements in thermal schemes sugarmill View project

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